"OKKIO alla salute 2014" results from the Tuscan sample.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is rapidly increasing in many countries. For this reason we decided to investigate the eating habits of 8-9 years old Tuscany children, by paying attention to the frequency of their meals per day and to their food choices, also in relation to children's Body Mass Index (BMI) classes. In addition, we considered some environmental factors that could affect children eating behaviors, such as parents' BMI. METHODS: Data from the 2014 Tuscany nutritional surveillance system (part of the national periodical survey) and collected from children, parents and teachers, have been linked to study of children's eating habits. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between incorrect dietary habits and the potential predictors of overweight and obesity. RESULTS: More than half of the 2,163 children (68.64% overall, 67.61% females, 69.56% males) reported to have eaten an appropriate breakfast in the morning, while 5.9% skipped breakfast and only 33.5% of children ate an appropriate mid-morning snack. Logistic regression showed that having breakfast and especially an adequate breakfast are protective factors against obesity (OR 0.57, p<0.01; OR 0.84; p=0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION: In Tuscany Region, unhealthy dietary habits are common among children. The identified deficiencies may be a harbinger of future public health problems.

Effects of nicotine on visuospatial attentional orienting in non-smokers.

Nicotine is a highly addictive substance, suggested to be in part due to its cognitive enhancing effects in the attentional domain. Improvements in stimulus selection with nicotine have been reported but its effects on visual-spatial selective attention are unclear. This study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the acute effects of nicotine on selective attention in non-smokers performing a Posner-type visuo-spatial task. The attentional processing of visual-spatial locations is reflected in the P1 ERP component, which represents earlier stages of visual analysis. 24 non-smokers received nicotine gum (6 mg) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated measures design. Behavioral performance and ERPs were assessed in response to target locations preceded by valid, invalid and neutral cues. Nicotine did not affect behavioral performance indices. P1 amplitudes were greater in valid and neutral cue trials compared to invalid cue trials and acute nicotine administration (vs. placebo) was found to increase P1 amplitudes in the right hemisphere, particularly in valid cue trials. In addition, in high symptomatic subjects (as indexed by greater increases in heart rate post-administration), nicotine (vs. placebo) produced greater P1 amplitudes in valid cue trials. The study concludes that nicotine enhanced visuospatial selective attention with regards to early visual encoding and analysis. These results demonstrate support in general for the attentional effects of nicotine and nicotinic agonists and they specifically extend these effects to include orienting of visual-spatial attention.

Tityus zulianus and Tityus discrepans venoms induced massive autonomic stimulation in mice

Venezuelan scorpion envenomation is a public health problem produced by Tityus discrepans (TD) and Tityus zulianus (TZ) species. Patients-envenomend by TD developed gastrointestinal and pacreatic disorders and scorpion accidents involving TZ are associated with high mortality rate, which showed cardiopulmonary clinical disorders may be associated to the high levels of plasma catecholamines levels. This distinctive clinical output seems to be associated to a toxin repertoire diversity, which has been previously demonstrated. Trying to mimic the human-envenomation, some toxinological studies have been performed using TD and TZ venoms in several biomedels such as mice and anesthetized rams. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vivo using biomodels (mice), the role of autonomic nervous system (sympathetic) stimulation producing some of the clinical signs, via the catecholamines release, on the patho-physiology of the TZ and TD induced envenomation. Thus, a clinical signs here reported during a period of 1 hr, after a single intra-peritoneal injection of sub-lethal doses of TZ or TD venom, which are related with diarrhea, diaphoresis, intense salivation, dehydratation, dyspnea and spasticity in hind limbs. However, these animals did not exhibit vomiting, which is the most frequent human-envenomed TD patients. All animals inoculated with (TD or TZ) venoms develped diarrhea being more pronounced in TD group. Diaphoresis, sialorrhea and dehydratation were mainly observed in TD group. Dyspnea and the hind limb spasticity were only developed in TZ mice. These clinical manifestations (diarrhea, sialorrhea, dehydratation and intense salivation) are related to an activation of autonomic nervous system, via an intense release of their related neurotransmitters. Thus, autonomic stimulation (sympathetic) was evaluated following the catecholamine (Nor-Epinephrine) (NE) plasma levels in a function of envenomation time. We found a significant increments at 1 hr,...

El escorpionismo en Venezuela es un problema actual de salud pública producido por las especies de Tityus discrepans (TD) y Tityus zulianus (TZ). Los pacientes que presentan escorpionismo producido por TD desarrollan trastornos gastrointestinales y pancreáticos mientras que los afectados por TZ presentan una alta mortalidad y muestran una sintomatología relacionada a desordenes cardiopulmonares, los cuales parecen estar asociados a niveles elevados de las catecolaminas plasmáticas. Esta clínica diferente parece estar asociada a una composición distinta de toxinas de dichos venenos, lo cual ha sido previamente demostrado. En un intento de mimetizar o reproducir el escorpionismo en humanos se han realizado estudios toxinológicos con los venenos de TZ y TD utilizando varios biomodelos como son ratones y carneros anestesiados. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar, “in vivo” usando un Biomodelo (ratones), el papel de la estimulación del sistema nervioso autónomo (simpático) para producir algunos signos clínicos, vía la liberación de catecolaminas, en la fisiopatología del escorpionismo producido por TZ y TD. Así, los signos clínicos aquí descritos y observados durante 1 hr., después de la inyección de una dosis sub-letal de los venenos de TZ y TD, fueron la presencia de diarrea, diaforesis, salivación intensa, deshidratación, disnea y parálisis en las extremidades posteriores. Sin embargo, estos animales no presentaron vómitos, el cual es uno de los signos más frecuentemente observado en los pacientes con accidentes escorpiónicos por TD. Todos los animales inyectados con los venenos de TD y TZ presentaron diarrea especialmente en grupo TD. La disnea y la parálisis en los miembros posteriores fueron sólo observadas en el grupo de ratones inyectados con TZ. Las manifestaciones clínicas como son diarrea, diaforesis y la salivación intensa están asociadas a una activación del sistema nervioso autónomo...

Cell-mediated and not humoral immune responseis responsible for partial protection against toxoplasmosis in SCID mice reconstituted with human PBMC

El objetivo de este estudio fue profundizar en el conocimiento de la respuesta inmunologica especifica contra Toxoplasma en humanos. Usamos ratones SCID reconstituidos con PBMC de donantes sanos con y (..)(CNS) (AU)

The aim of this study was to further our understanding of the human Toxoplasma-specific immune response. We used severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice that had been reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors with and without serum Toxoplasma antigens(PBMC Toxo+ and PBMC Toxo-, respectively) and subsequently infected with parasite cysts. The specific lymphocyte proliferation rate (LPR) was higher for PBMC from Toxoplasma-immune donors and these PBMC secreted more Th1 cytokines than those obtained from Toxoplasma-non-immune donors. The engraftmentof human parasite-immune cells significantly increased the survival rate following infection compared to in unreconstituted animals,where as the engraftment of human non-parasite-immune cells did not alter the survival rate. Specific human anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were found in both groups of humanised animals, suggesting that the humoral immune response does not play a major role in this protection. Ten days after infection, cytometry revealed that there were more human CD45+ cells in the spleen and peritoneum of mice from the PBMC Toxo+ group than from the PBMC Toxo- group. Furthermore, plasma levels of nitric oxide(NO) peaked at an early stage of infection in resistant animals.Finally, no human CD4 mRNA or IFN-¦Ã mRNA was found in the brain during infection. All together, our results suggest that the human cell-mediated immune response provides partial protection against toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in this model. However,the effector mechanisms involved may be located outside of the central nervous system (CNS) (AU)

Cell-mediated and not humoral immune response is responsible for partial protection against toxoplasmosis in SCID mice reconstituted with human PBMC

El objetivo de este estudio fue profundizar en el conocimientode la respuesta inmunológica específica contra Toxoplasma enhumanos. Usamos ratones SCID reconstituidos con PBMC dedonantes sanos con y sin antígenos séricos de Toxoplasma (PBMCToxo+ and PBMC Toxo-, respectivamente) y subsecuentementeinfectados con cistos de parásito. La proliferación linfocitaria especifica(LPR) fue mayor en los PBMC de los donantes immunes aToxoplasma y éstos PBMC secretaron más citocinas Th1 que losobtenidos de donantes no immunes a Toxoplasma. La implantaciónde células inmunológicas de humanos infectados augmentósignificativamente la supervivencia después de la infección silo comparamos con la de los animales no reconstituidos. Sinembargo, la implantación de células inmunológicas de humanosno infectados no alteró la supervivencia. Se encontraron anticuerposespecíficos humanos anti- Toxoplasma en los dos gruposde animales humanizados, lo que sugiere que la respuesta inmunológicahumoral no juega un papel determinante en ésta protección.Diez días después de la infección, los estudios de citometríarevelaron que había más células humanas CD45+ en el bazoy peritoneo de los ratones del grupo PBMC Toxo+ que en los delgrupo Toxo-. Además, los niveles plasmáticos de óxido nítrico(NO) alcanzaron un máximo en un estadío más temprano de lainfección en animales resistentes. Finalmente, no se encontróRNAm de CD4 o IFN-gama humanos en el cerebro durante la infección.Nuestros resultados sugieren que la respuesta humana inmunológicacellular aporta una protección parcial contra la encephalitistoxoplásmica (TE) en este modelo. Sin embargo, los mecanismosefectores involucrados podrían estar localizados fuera delsistema nervioso central (CNS)

The aim of this study was to further our understanding of thehuman Toxoplasma-specific immune response. We used severecombined immune deficiency (SCID) mice that had been reconstitutedwith peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fromhealthy donors with and without serum Toxoplasma antigens(PBMC Toxo+ and PBMC Toxo-, respectively) and subsequentlyinfected with parasite cysts. The specific lymphocyte proliferationrate (LPR) was higher for PBMC from Toxoplasma-immunedonors and these PBMC secreted more Th1 cytokines than thoseobtained from Toxoplasma-non-immune donors. The engraftmentof human parasite-immune cells significantly increased the survivalrate following infection compared to in unreconstituted animals,whereas the engraftment of human non-parasite-immunecells did not alter the survival rate. Specific human anti-Toxoplasmaantibodies were found in both groups of humanised animals, suggestingthat the humoral immune response does not play a majorrole in this protection. Ten days after infection, cytometry revealedthat there were more human CD45+ cells in the spleen andperitoneum of mice from the PBMC Toxo+ group than from thePBMC Toxo- group. Furthermore, plasma levels of nitric oxide(NO) peaked at an early stage of infection in resistant animals.Finally, no human CD4 mRNA or IFN-gamma mRNA was found in thebrain during infection. All together, our results suggest that thehuman cell-mediated immune response provides partial protectionagainst toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in this model. However,the effector mechanisms involved may be located outsideof the central nervous system (CNS)

Partial restoration of cytokine profile despite reconstitution of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during highly active antiretroviral treatment.

We reconstituted cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T-cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus-1-positive, CMV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). We used several combinations of functionality parameters to determine the degree of T-lymphocyte reconstitution obtained during 1 year of treatment. Untreated patients displayed CMV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity despite the absence of CMV-specific lymphoproliferative responses (LPRs) and despite the fact that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were not secreted. The absence of LPRs, IFN-gamma and IL-2 before antiretroviral treatment suggests that CMV-specific immunity was deregulated despite the high CD4+ T-cell counts presented by our cohort, which are critical to the reactivation of CMV disease. After 6 months of HAART, CTL activity had increased compared with the baseline, as had the levels of secreted IFN-gamma and LPR. However, the levels of specific IL-2 produced did not change during therapy, and no specific IL-2 was detected during the follow-up period. Taken together, our findings suggest that 1 year of HAART led to the recovery of some, but not all, CMV-specific responses in our cohort of patients.

Temporary restoration of immune response against Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-infected individuals after HAART, as studied in the hu-PBMC-SCID mouse model.

We studied immune reconstitution against the parasite T. gondii in HIV-infected patients treated for 1 years with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We used SCID mice, humanized with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients, which were then infected with T. gondii cysts. Mice humanized with PBMC from patients before the start of HAART were highly susceptible to infection. In contrast, mice humanized with PBMC from patients who had received HAART for 6 months displayed higher survival rates, correlating with lower intracerebral parasite loads. However, this resistance was lost during follow up because mice humanized with PBMC from patients treated with HAART for 12 months survived for no longer than mice that had not been humanized. Specific lymphocyte proliferation assays showed that the increase in proliferative response depended on treatment duration and that HAART induced changes in IFN-gamma secretion in the presence of Toxoplasma antigens. Thus, our results indicate partial immune reconstitution against T. gondii in HIV-infected patients following HAART, possibly due to changes in the patterns of specific IFN-gamma production and redistribution of functional memory CD4+ cells.

Efecto de la toxina pertussis sobre la actividad guanilil ciclasa dependiente de Mg²+ en el músculo liso traqueal de bovino / Effect of the pertussis toxins on the guanylate cyclase dependent activity of Mg² + in the tracheal musde smooth of bovine

Las membranas plasmáticas de músculo liso traqueal de bovino presentan una actividad de guanililciclasa dependiente de Mg²+, determinada utilizando radioinmunoensayo para GMPc, sobre la cual se estudió el efecto de la toxina pertussis. Se observó un comportamiento bimodal dependiente de la concentración de Mg²+: efecto estimulatorio hasta una concentración de Mg²+ 2mM y efecto inhibitorio a concentraciones mayores del ión. El agonista carbamilcolina también mostró un efecto dual sobre esta actividad enzimática: estimulatorio hasta 10-9 M e inhibitorio a concentraciones mayores. La toxina pertussis produce un efecto bloqueador de la guanililciclasa dependiente de Mg²+ y eso permite concluir que dicha actividad es modulada por proteína Go/Gi en forma similar a lo descrito previamente para la actividad guanililciclasa dependiente de Mn²+ en la misma fracción de membranas, pero en el caso de la actividad dependiente de Mg²+, aparentemente se requiere del componente inhibitorio de la proteína G para ejercer su función

Presencia de guanilil ciclasas sensibles a los péptidos natriuréticos ANP y CNP en el músculo liso traqueal de bovino / Guanylyl cyclases sensibility to natriuretic peptide ANP and CNP in the tracheal muscle smooth of bovine

La producción de GMP cíclico en el músculo liso traqueobronquial de bovino (MLTB) es catalizada por guanilil ciclasas soluble (sGC) y particulada (mGC). Para la identificación de la mGC involucrada en la regulación muscarínica, via receptores M2 y M3 del tono de MTLB, se amplificó a partir de cDNA obtenido del MLTB una región conservada en el dominio catalítico de todas las GC. La secuenciación de los productos de RT-PCR reveló que el 76 por ciento de los transcriptos codifican para la subunidad ß1 de sGC y el 24 por ciento para la isoforma B (sensible al péptido CNP) de la mGc. RT-PCRs con oligonucléotidos isoforma-específicos mostraron que las isoformas sensibles a los péptidos ANP y guanilina también se expresan en el MLTB. La activación máxima de mGC obtenida con CNP resultó significativamente (p<0.001) superior a la lograda con ANP, indicando que la isoforma B es la mGC predominante en este tejido

Caracterización epidemiológica y toxicológica del envenenamiento por tityus zulianus (scorpiones, buthidae) en el Estado Mérida Venezuela / Epidemiological and toxicological characterization of tityus zulianus poisoning (scorpiones buthidae) at the Mérida State Venezuela

El envenenamiento por escorpiones del género Tityus es causa de intoxicación grave y de muerte en niños menores de 8 años de edad en ciertos sectores del Estado Mérida. El tratamiento de estos casos requiere del uso de dosis elevadas del suero anti-Tityus discrepans. Con el fin de disectar geográficamente el problema, se revisaron los registros epidemiológicos regionales entre 1992 y 1998, revelándose un incremento sostenido de la tasa de incidencia en ese período para todo el Estado y la localización de la totalidad de los accidentes graves en los distritos sanitarios de El Vigía y Tovar. La especie más abundante del área endémica resultó Tityus zulianus Gónzalez-Sponga, que habita desde el límite Zulia-Mérida-Trujillo hasta el norte de Táchira. Los valores de DL50 en ratones del veneno de T. zulianus provenientes de Tucaní (El Vigía) (1.68 mg/Kg) y Mesa Bolívar (Tovar) (1.61 mg/Kg) fueron similares, aunque no se descartan diferencias cualitativas y/o cuantitativas en la composición que puedan ser responsables de las diferencias clínicas observadas en los accidentes de ambas áreas

Efecto de péptidos natriuréticos sobre la actividad de la guanililciclasa asociada a las membranas plasmáticas de vías aéreas de bovino / Natriurectic peptide effect over the guanylyl cyclase activity asociated to the plasma membranas of the airway of the bovine

En las membranas plasmáticas de la fracción P2, obtenida del fraccionamiento subcelular de las vías aéreas de bovino, está presente una guanililciclasa (GC) sensible a agentes muscarínicos y a inhibición por NaCl, este último efecto está mediado a través de una proteína G sensible a toxina pertussis. Al evaluar el efecto del ANP y CNP sobre esta GC, se encontró que los péptidos estimulan la actividad basal de la enzima y revierten el efecto inhibitorio del NaCl; indicando estos resultados la presencia de GC-A y GC-B en el sistema, y la existencia de una proteína G inhibitoria interviniendo en la regulación de estas enzimas. El mastoparán estimula el efecto del ANP y CNP sobre estas GCs, sugiriendo que en la regulación de estas enzimas interviene una proteína G activadora, a través de la cual media su efecto al mastoparán

Molecular and biochemical characterization of a CNP-sensitive guanylyl cyclase in bovine tracheal smooth muscle.

Muscarinic activation of bovine tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM) is involved in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production mediated through soluble (sGC) and membrane-bound (mGC) guanylyl cyclases. A muscarinic- and NaCl-sensitive mGC exists in BTSM regulated by muscarinic receptors coupled to G proteins. To identify the mGCs expressed in BTSM, reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from total RNA was performed using degenerate oligonucleotides for amplification of a region conserved among GC catalytic domains. Cloning of amplification products revealed that 76% of all BTSM GC transcripts corresponded to the sGC beta1 subunit and 24% to the B-type (C-type NP 1-22 [CNP]-sensitive) GC receptor. cGMP production by BTSM membrane and soluble fractions confirmed that sGC activity is 3-fold with respect to mGC activity. RT-PCR using specific oligonucleotides revealed that A (atrial NP-sensitive) and C (guanylin-sensitive) mGC subtypes are also expressed in BTSM. Stimulation of basal plasma membrane GC activity by CNP was higher than that by ANP, whereas guanylin showed no effect, indicating that CNP-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC-B) is the predominant functional BTSM mGC subtype. Strong adenosine triphosphate inhibition of CNP-stimulated mGC activity supports the finding that the tracheal mGC isoform belongs to the natriuretic peptide-sensitive mGCs. Additionally, CNP was able to reverse the chloride inhibition of BTSM mGC activity, suggesting that this is a novel G protein-coupled GC-B receptor.

Estado actual del programa de estudios individualizados de Maestría y Doctorado de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela / Current of the individualized studies for Master and Doctoral degrees in the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Central de Venezuela

En la actualidad 40 profesionales universitarios se encuentran cursando el programa de estudios individualizados de Maestría y de Doctorado (EIMD) de la Comisión de Estudios de Postgrado 8CEPG) de la Facultad de Medicina (FM) de al Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) iniciado en noviembre de 1996. La mayoríason adultos mayores, especialistas, médicos, biológos y bioanalistas, docentes e investigadores activos de la FM-UCV. Los proyectos de Trabajo Grado de Maestría y de Tesis Doctoral son en su mayoría de las áreas de clínica médica, inmunología y parasitología., y se realizan en Escuelas e Institutos de la FM-UCV. Este programa de EIMD en plena evolución, constituye una opción real para el desarrollo académico del personal dedicado a Ciencias de la Salud y una solución administrativa al requisito de doctorado para los profesores que quieren ascender al escalafón de Asociados o Títular de la UCV

Aterosclerosis aortica, coronaria y cardiopatia isquémica: aspectos nuevos de la patología con especial referencia a estudios realizados en Caracas / Atherosclerosis aortic, coronary and cardiopathy ischemic: aspect new of the pathology with special reference an studies realice in Caracas

La aterosclerosis es la primera causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. En este trabajo se exponen los conceptos patofisiológicos actuales sobre la aterosclerosis humana, haciendo hincapié en sus características anatomopatológicas. Se enfatiza el valor de los estudios postmortem (autopsias y angiografía coronaria), realizados en aortas y coronarias en diferentes tipos de poblaciones (PIA, PBDAY). Se presenta la clasificación de la AHA y las características de las lesiones ateroscleróticas aórticas y coronarias. Se reportan los resultados de cuatro estudios realizados en el IAP-UCV, en series de autopsias en poblaciones mayores de 20 años y en menores de 15 años. Se observó que el 87 por ciento de la población mayor de 20 tenían lesiones ateroscleróticas predominantemente en el género masculino, quienes presentaban en un 60,5 por ciento conjuntamente aterosclerosis aórtica y coronaria. En la serie infanto-juvenil se observaron lesiones de tipo I y II en lactantes, prescolares y escolares (24,3 por ciento). En este trabajo se mencionan los hallazgos anatomopatológicos observados en 50 casos de cardiopatía isquémica estudiados mediante coronariografía postmortem

Effects of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and Nomega(6)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME) on cyclic GMP levels during muscarinic activation of tracheal smooth muscle.

The effects of carbachol on the cyclic GMP (cGMP) content of bovine tracheal smooth muscle in the absence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors were evaluated. Carbachol (1 x 10(-5) M) induced two cGMP peaks, at 20 and 60 sec. Both cGMP signals were carbachol concentration-dependent (1 x 10(-11) to 1 x 10(-5) M), the first being higher than the second. The cGMP signal induction was studied using an inhibitor of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), and a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, Nomega(6)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME). ODQ (1 x 10(-7) M) did not affect the second cGMP peak but abolished the first peak, suggesting that a soluble GC may be involved. NAME (1 x 10(-4) M) did not affect the cGMP signals, but changed their 2:1 ratio and also induced a time-shift of the first peak to 10 sec and the second to 50 sec. These results indicate that the NO-soluble GC cascade is not responsible for these muscarinic effects on cGMP levels.

Two opposite signal transducing mechanisms regulate a G-protein-coupled guanylyl cyclase.

Membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase (GC) is regulated by muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). Carbamylcholine (CC) induces a "dual" biological response on GC activity. Thus, an activation is observed at 0.1 nM and a maximal response at 1 nM CC. However, at higher agonist concentration (> 100 nM), there is an agonist-dependent inhibition of GC. This CC dual response is affected by 4-DAMP and HDD (M3 antagonists), which produce a right-shift of the CC curve; the maximal CC dose response with 4-DAMP is more potent than that with HDD. Moreover, AFDX-DS (an M2 antagonist) increases basal activity and decreases the agonist-dependent inhibition. Neither the CC response nor the CC maximal dose responses are affected by pirenzepine (PZ, M1 antagonist). The agonist-dependent stimulation of GC activity is inhibited by 4-DAMP showing a -log IC50 = 8.4 +/- 0.4, while AFDX116 DS poorly inhibits such activity with a -log IC50 = 5.0 +/- 0.2. The agonist-independent (basal) GC activity also was inhibited by 4-DAMP, in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 = 8.5 +/- 0.2. Nonetheless, other muscarinic antagonists (PZ and HDD) were not able to inhibit this basal GC. Pertussis toxin treatment produces a complete blockade of the agonist-dependent inhibition of GC with a full expression of the agonist-dependent activation of membrane-bound GC. These results indicate that membrane-bound GC is regulated by muscarinic agents through two opposite signaling pathways; one involves the activation of GC via an M3 mAchR coupled to a PTX-insensitive G protein, while the GC inhibition is mediated through a PTX-sensitive Gi/o protein possibly coupled to an M2 mAChR.

Biochemical characterization of a V-ATPase of tracheal smooth muscle plasma membrane fraction.

A biochemical characterization of a Mg(2+)-ATPase activity associated with a plasma membrane fraction isolated from airway (tracheal) smooth muscle was performed. This enzyme is an integral part of the membrane remaining tightly bound after 0.6 M KCl extraction. This enzyme activity showed a cold inactivation in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Also, this Mg(2+)-ATPase was stimulated by monovalent anions being Cl-, the best anion for such stimulation, even though Br- and I- were good substitutes and F- was ineffective. This Cl--stimulated activity showed a powerful nucleosidetriphosphatase activity having the following divalent cation specificity: Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Ca2+, where Zn2+ and Fe2+ were ineffective. This ATPase activity was not inhibited by ouabain oligomycin C and vanadate indicating that neither P- or F-ATPases were associated with this enzyme activity. However, the existence of a V-ATPase was shown by the significant inhibition causes by bafilomycin A1. Additionally, this V-ATPase seems to be coupled to Cl- conductor because duramycin inhibited this ATPase activity. The presence of a H+ pump associated to this V-ATPase was shown indirectly, through the stimulatory effect produced by uncouplers such as FCCP and 1799, which were able to produce significant stimulation of this V-ATPase indicating the existence of a H(+)-ATPase. Finally, the immunodetection of a 72 kDa polypeptide using a specific antibody against the A subunit (72 kDa) of V-ATPase from chromaffin granule demonstrated the presence of a V-ATPase in this plasma membrane fraction.

A Ca2+/CAM protein kinase associated with Ca2+ transport in sarco(endo)plasmic vesicles from tracheal smooth muscle.

In this work, we show evidence to support the existence of a Ca2+ calmodulin (CAM) dependent protein kinase and a substrate, a 17 kilodaltons (KDA) polypeptide being both associated to sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum vesicles from tracheal smooth muscle. Anti-CAM drugs such as compound 48/80 inhibited this protein kinase activity and this inhibition was reversed in the presence of Ca2+CAM. Moreover, as a result of this phosphorylation, there is a significant increase in the ATP dependent Ca2+ transport in these sarco(endo)plasmic vesicles.

G-protein-sensitive guanylyl cyclase activity associated with plasma membranes.

A mammalian plasma-membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase is inhibited by NaCl and this inhibition is dependent on GTP concentrations and independent of the chloride salt type. This chloride inhibition is reversed by GTP analogs such as GTP gamma S, suggesting the involvement of G proteins. When the ability of bacterial toxins to affect this chloride-sensitive guanylyl cyclase was examined, pertussis toxin decreased the basal activity and the chloride sensitivity was greatly reduced. Cholera toxin induced a slight activation of the basal activity, without significant changes in the NaCl inhibition. These data indicate that G proteins regulate the chloride sensitivity of this guanylyl cyclase activity. Another property described here is the ability of ATP and analogs to inhibit the basal activity. However, these nucleotides did not modify the chloride sensitivity of the membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase activity.

Subcellular distribution and pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in tracheal smooth muscle.

Subcellular fractions isolated from tracheal smooth muscle have been identified using biochemical markers and measuring the [3H]QNB muscarinic receptor binding activity in these fractions. This muscarinic receptor (mAchR) activity was slightly enriched 1.6 times in the crude mitochondrial fraction (M), 2.6 times in the crude microsomal fraction (P), and greatly enriched in the highly purified plasma membranes fractions, being 5.3 times in a heavy plasma membrane fraction designed as P2 and 9.1 times in a light plasma membrane fraction named P1 fraction. The muscarinic receptor subtypes present in the subcellular fractions were identified using competition experiments. The binding of five selective antagonists, pirenzepine, AF-DX 116, hexahydrodifenidol, methoctramine and 4-DAMP were examined. In this sense, the M1 antagonist pirenzepine showed pKi's values between 6.44-7.45 and the M2 antagonist AF-DX 116 showed pKi's values ranging from 6.75 to 7.45 being the lowest pKi's values here described. The antagonist hexahydrodifenidol showed higher affinities than pirenzepine-derivated compounds with pKi's values from 7.25 to 7.65. The antagonist 4-DAMP exhibited pKi's values from 8.18-8.41. Finally, methoctramine showed similar affinities as 4-DAMP, with pKi's ranging from 8.09 to 8.22 suggesting the existence of M2 receptors in these fractions. These data suggest that M2 mAchR are present in all particulate fractions here studied. It is important to emphasize that the M2 muscarinic receptor presents in the light plasma membrane fraction (P1) shows poor selectivity towards the muscarinic antagonists being different from the M2 mAchRs associated with other subcellular fractions isolated from bovine tracheal smooth muscle.