Inter-relation between diabetes mellitus and hypertension in terms of incidence and prediction in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are interconnected metabolic disorders with escalating global incidence and prevalence. However, no longitudinal studies have specifically examined the incidence of HTN and T2DM in the same study population. This study aimed to elucidate the association between HTN and T2DM and ascertain their respective roles in the development of each other. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study encompassed 809 Saudi patients from primary healthcare centers in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. The sample was stratified into three cohorts: 226 patients with HTN but without T2DM, 274 patients with T2DM but without HTN, and 309 patients devoid of both T2DM and HTN. Over a retrospective follow-up period of approximately 5 years, incidence density rates (IDR) were computed for HTN in the T2DM cohort, T2DM in the HTN cohort, and both HTN and T2DM in the control cohort. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of HTN and T2DM. RESULTS: The IDR of T2DM among patients with HTN stood at 73.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 56, 92) per 1000 person-years, in contrast to 33.9 (95% CI 24, 44) per 1000 person-years in the control cohort (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 7.1, 95%CI 3.55, 14.13). Conversely, the IDR of HTN among patients with type-2 T2DM was 55.9 (95% CI 42, 70) per 1000 person-years, while in the control cohort, it was 20.8 (95% CI 13, 28) per 1000 person-years (adjusted OR = 5.8, 95% CI 3.11, 11.09). Significant predictors of HTN in the logistic regression model encompassed age, smoking status, family history of HTN, T2DM status, and body mass index (BMI). Similarly, significant predictors of T2DM in the logistic regression model included age, sex, family history of T2DM, HTN, and BMI. CONCLUSION: This study unveils HTN and T2DM as mutually significant risk factors. The IDR of each condition in the presence of the other significantly exceeded that among individuals devoid of HTN or T2DM.

Impact of Illness Perception on the Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Dialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem worldwide that is increasing in incidence, prevalence, and cost. Both the disease itself and negative illness perceptions negatively affect patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL), morbidity, and mortality. This study assessed the relationship between illness perception and HRQoL. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 342 patients at five dialysis centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We used a self-administered questionnaire that containing demographic questions, the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using t-tests, analyses of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analyses. Results The mean (SD) age was 46.1 (16.5) years and the majority were men (53.8%). Except for treatment control, all domains of illness perception were significantly correlated with HRQoL; however, the correlations were positive only for personal control and illness coherence. Identity, disease timeline (acute/chronic), consequences, illness coherence, and emotional representations were independent predictors of HRQoL; together explaining 35% of the variance. Lower emotional response was the only domain of illness perception significantly associated with better HRQoL in both dialysis modalities across all dialysis centers. Conclusion There were clear effects of illness perception on HRQoL, with emotional representations being the strongest predictor. As such, emotional representations should be targeted in interventions.

Comparison of Saudi Arabian hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients' illness perceptions.

The clinical outcome of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may differ according to their beliefs concerning their illness and its treatment. Both the disease itself and negative perceptions of the illness may increase patients' morbidity and mortality. This study aims to compare hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients' illness perceptions and their related factors. This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in five dialysis centers. After excluding patients with psychiatric comorbidities, 342 stable dialysis patients (HD, n = 267; PD, n = 75) completed a demographic questionnaire and the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). The data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVAs. Out of the 342 patients, 53.8% were male and 46.2% were female. Their mean age was 46.1 ± 16.5 years. Compared to the HD patients, the PD patients perceived their illness to be significantly less chronic (p = .029) and more controllable, whether through personal or treatment control (p = .012, p = .017). Patients' most common cause of attributions were stress, worry, or poor past medical care. PD showed an advantage over HD in terms of perceptions of ESRD chronicity and controllability. Intervention programs targeting illness perception are needed to support dialysis patients.