Endurance Exercise Training Attenuates the Waterpipe Smoke Inhaling-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats: Role of Neurotrophic Factors and Apoptotic System.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and its detrimental effects on memory function have been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on the detrimental effects of WTS on learning and spatial memory in rats. AIMS AND METHODS: Animals were divided into the Control group (CTL), the exercise group (Ex) which trained for 8 weeks, the WTS group (Wp) exposed to smoke inhalation (30 minutes per day, 5 days each week, and for 8 weeks), and the group that did exercise training and received waterpipe smoke together (Ex + Wp). Thereafter, learning and spatial memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test and hippocampal molecular measurements were done. RESULTS: Waterpipe smoke significantly impaired learning and spatial memory, decreased expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and BDNF (p < .01 and p < .05 vs. CTL group, respectively), increased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. CTL group) in hippocampal tissue, and increased the percent of damaged neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area (p < .05 vs. CTL group). Combination of exercise training with WTS prevented learning and spatial memory disturbances and recovered expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 (p < .05 vs. Wp group), decreased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. Wp group), and reduced percentage of damaged neurons (p < .05 vs. Wp group). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that moderate-intensity endurance exercise training can ameliorate learning and memory impairment caused by waterpipe smoke in rats. This effect partly results from increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF and IGF-1 and correcting pro/anti-apoptotic proteins balance in the hippocampal tissue. IMPLICATIONS: The popularity of WTS especially among youth is increasing. We assessed the effect of hookah smoke with/without exercise on learning and memory. Hookah smoke leads to CA1-neural injury and impairs learning and memory in rats. A combination of exercise training with hookah smoke attenuates these complications. This positive effect of exercise is partially mediated by the balancing of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and also the BAX to BCL-2 ratio, a significant predictor of cell susceptibility to apoptosis. Extrapolation of these positive findings to humans needs complementary studies.

The correlation between IgM and IgG antibodies with blood profile in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the levels of IgM and IgG antibody response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with different disease severity. METHODS: IgM and IgG antibody levels were evaluated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 100 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled in this study and viral RNA was detected by using Real-time PCR technique. Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed after hospital admission for COVID-19 and two months post-admission. RESULTS: The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG was significantly higher in the severe patients than those in moderate and mild groups, 2 months after admission. Also, level of IgG was positively associated with increased WBC, NUT and LYM counts in sever than mild or moderate groups after admission to hospital. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that patients with severe illness might experience longer virus exposure times and have a stronger antibody response against viral infection. Thus, they have longer time immunity compared with other groups.

Aquaporin 4 in Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Target.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known as an acute degenerative pathology of the central nervous system, and has been shown to increase brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression. Various molecular mechanisms affect AQP4 expression, including neuronal high mobility group box 1, forkhead box O3a, vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1 α) sirtuin 2, NF-κB, Malat1, nerve growth factor and Angiotensin II receptor type 1. In addition, inhibition of AQP4 with FK-506, MK-801 (indirectly by targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor), inactivation of adenosine A2A receptor, levetiracetam, adjudin, progesterone, estrogen, V1aR inhibitor, hypertonic saline, erythropoietin, poloxamer 188, brilliant blue G, HIF-1alpha inhibitor, normobaric oxygen therapy, astaxanthin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, sesamin, thaliporphine, magnesium, prebiotic fiber, resveratrol and omega-3, as well as AQP4 gene silencing lead to reduced edema upon TBI. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence on the relationship between AQP4 and TBI, and the potential mechanisms involved.

Neuroprotective effects of probiotics bacteria on animal model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-associated, progressive, and common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis in PD has been confirmed and probiotics also have the ability to regulate the mentioned mechanisms. Here, we assessed probiotics supplementation effects on experimental model of PD. Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups for a 14-day treatment. It was shown that a mixture of probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus fermentum could improve rotational behavior, cognitive function, lipid peroxidation, and neuronal damage in the group received probiotic supplementation compared to the other groups (P < 0001, P < .001, and P = .026, respectively). Taken together, these findings revealed that probiotics supplementation could be an appropriate complementary treatment for PD.

Molecular analysis and the toxin, MSCRAMM, and biofilm genes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pemphigus wounds: A study based on SCCmec and dru typing.

INTRODUCTION: Pemphigus is a chronic autoimmune blistering disease. Pemphigus blisters can damage the natural skin barrier and increase the risk of life-threatening conditions. Colonization of pemphigus wounds with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prolongs wound healing and increases mortality rate. Assessing MRSA prevalence, types, and toxin and adhesion genes can facilitate the detection of MRSA strains which cause infections, selection of appropriate treatments, and healing of pemphigus wounds. This study aimed to determine the SCCmec, the direct repeat unit (dru) types (dts), and the toxin, MSCRAMM, and biofilm genes of MRSA strains isolated from pemphigus wounds. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 118 S. aureus isolates were gathered from 118 patients with pemphigus. MRSA detection was performed using the mecA gene. Using the polymerase chain reaction method, all MRSA isolates were assessed for the presence of the sea, seb, sec, tst, eta, pvl, hla, hlb, MSCRAMM, and ica genes. Typing and subtyping were performed through respectively SCCmec typing and dru typing methods. The Bionumerics software was used for analyzing the data and drawing the minimum spanning tree. FINDINGS: From 118 S. aureus isolates, 51 were MRSA. SCCmec typing revealed the prevalence of SCCmec II with a prevalence of 64.7% (33 out of 51 isolates) and SCCmec III with a prevalence of 35.3% (18 out of 51 isolates). Dru typing indicated seven dts, namely dts 10a, 10g, 10m, 13i, 8h, 8i, and 9ca in two main clusters. The dt9ca was a new dru type and was registered in the dru-typing database (www.dru-typing.org). The prevalence rates of the hla, sea, and sec genes in MRSA isolates were respectively 54.9%, 27.4%, and 1.9%, while the hlb, seb, eta, and pvl genes were not detected at all. Only one MRSA with SCCmec III and dt10a carried the tst encoding gene. MSCRAMM gene analysis revealed the high prevalence of the eno (31.3%) and the fib (21.5%) genes. The prevalence rates of the icaA and icaD biofilm formation genes were 3.9% and 5.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two detected SCCmec types and between the two detected dts clusters respecting the prevalence of the encoding genes of virulence factors and MSCRAMMs. CONCLUSION: The toxin genes hla and sea are prevalent among MRSA strains with SCCmec II and III isolated from pemphigus wounds. The most prevalent dts are dt10a and dt10g among MRSA with SCCmec III and dt8h and dt8i among MRSA with SCCmec II.