Acupuncture for pain and pain-related disability in deep infiltrating endometriosis.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture in relieving symptoms (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain and dyschezia) intensity, improving functional disability, reducing the number of days per months of dysmenorrhea, the frequency and the efficacy of analgesic use in deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). The safety profile was also evaluated. Methods: The study sample was 34 patients with DIE; for 2 months (T-2, T-1) the women recorded diary notes on the numbers of days of menstruation, the presence, intensity, and disability related to dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and dyschezia. They then received a total of 15 acupuncture treatments over 6 months (T1-T6; once a week for 12 weeks, then once a month for 3 months). Results: Dysmenorrhea intensity was decreased during treatment. A decrease of at least 50% in number of days of dysmenorrhea, and a decrease in moderate-to-severe disability starting from T1 to T6 was recorded for 58.6% of patients. Dyspareunia intensity steadily decreased starting at T2; the percentage of women with moderate-to-severe disability declined from 73.3% at T-2, to 36.9% at T3, T4, and T5. A decrease in pelvic pain score was noted starting at T1; the percentage of disability decreased from 83.3% at T-2 to 33.3% at T3 and T6. The intensity of dyschezia decreased from T-2 to T3 and T4 and then increased slightly. Analgesic drug use was lower during treatment and its efficacy appeared to be greater. Conclusions: The limitations notwithstanding our study-findings show that acupuncture was safe and effective in reducing pain intensity and symptoms-related disability. Larger-scale studies are needed to compare acupuncture and pharmacotherapy for endometriosis-related pain.

The Role of the Combination Paracetamol/Caffeine in Treatment of Acute Migraine Pain: A Narrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: Thirty years ago, the first migraine-specific drugs (triptans) appeared. Today two new categories (gepants and ditans) are marketed for acute migraine treatment. That said, is there still a role for conventional therapy? The aim of the present narrative review is to provide an expert overview examining the possible role of the combination paracetamol/caffeine in treatment of acute migraine pain. METHODS: To understand possible settings for more appropriate use of paracetamol/caffeine (1000 mg/130 mg) in treatment of acute migraine, a structured literature search was performed using the PubMed database by a panel of experts from major Italian headache centers; articles not referring to migraine pain were excluded from this review; review articles were prioritized. RESULTS: Overall response, even to newer specific and selective trigeminal targeted drugs (TTTs), is not over 60%; thus, there is still room for conventional therapies in acute migraine treatment. The panel identified settings in which the use of paracetamol/caffeine combination to treat acute migraine attacks might offer benefit considering the consolidated use through years, despite the lack of studies directly addressing the efficacy of paracetamol/caffeine in the identified populations: subjects > 65 years of age; presence of cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities; TTTs non-responders; pregnancy and breastfeeding; subjects < 18 years of age; paracetamol/caffeine as add-on therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Paracetamol is included in the World Health Organization (WHO) essential drug list and has a high level of popularity among patients. Caffeine enhances the analgesic effect of other drugs including paracetamol. In early treatment of acute migraine pain, prescribing physicians might consider using the paracetamol/caffeine combination among other options.

Triptans utilization in Italian population: A real-life study in community pharmacies.

The term Headache Disorders (HD) refers to a number of nervous system pathologies characterised by recurrent headaches. Despite the serious impact HD have on the health system, society, and the economy, these are an underestimated, underdiagnosed, and, hence, undertreated phenomenon. Triptans are the first-line therapy for the acute treatment of moderate to severe migraine but their utilization is still inadequate, perhaps also because in Italy no triptan can be bought without a medical prescription. In this article, the data from a 2016-2017 study has been further analysed with the aim of evaluating any associations between the use of triptans and the other series of variables identified in the questionnaire. This further analysis has been connected to the role that community pharmacies could play on this issue. The questionnaire was administered to 4,424 pharmacy users by 610 purposely trained pharmacists working in 514 pharmacies. The survey was carried out in 19 of the 20 Italian regions. The data shows that only 25% of patients suffering from HDs are prescribed triptans. Older patients, those with definite migraines, and those with a chronic disorder resort more frequently to this class of pharmaceuticals, as do those patients in care at a specialist headache centre. The multivariable analysis also confirmed these results. Our study, which performed a direct detection, in real life, on patients requesting pharmacological treatment for a migraine headache, therefore confirmed the need to investigate the reasons behind the low use and prescription of triptans in the Italian population. Moreover, any future studies should take advantage of community pharmacies, plan actions that would allow a series of evaluations over time of the requirements of migraineurs, and establish a process to put these patients under the care of the pharmacy to ensure adherence to therapy.

New onset headache during delivery and postpartum: Clinical characteristics of a case series.

Introduction: There are abundant studies on headache and migraine in women but few or none about their occurrence during labor, delivery, and postpartum (2 hours after delivery) owing to the low incidence. A headache attack can be debilitating when a woman is trying to manage labor pain. Research at our Women's Headache Center within the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics has begun to shed light on this potential association. Methods: For the present study 474 women with singleton pregnancy were enrolled. A headache questionnaire was administered at two time points. Headache history was investigated on admission to prenatal care at 36 weeks gestation. The women were followed by a midwife who monitored labor progression and recorded the onset and features of headache pain. During examination before hospital discharge at 3 days post-delivery, the headache questionnaire was reviewed by a headache specialist who differentiated headache type according to International Classification of Headache Disorders (3rd edition) criteria. Results: Data analysis showed that 145/474 women had a history of headache: 65/145 (44.82%) reported a diagnosis of migraine. Eight reported experiencing a probable migraine attack (4 with aura) and one reported probable tension-type headache during labor or postpartum. All nine women who reported migraine/headache attack during labor had no previous history of headache or neurological illness. All had vaginal delivery. No onset of headache pain in patients with a previous history of headache was noted during delivery and postpartum. Discussion: The onset of a headache attack during labor in women who usually do not experience headache suggests other pathogenic mechanisms underlying the attack and merits further study.

The safety of acupuncture for migraine prevention during pregnancy.

Relief from migraine attacks may be obtained through non-pharmacological therapy during pregnancy when most drugs are contraindicated. There is accumulating evidence for the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for migraine in the general population but very little to no data on acupuncture during pregnancy. With this retrospective study, we wanted to determine whether an association exists between acupuncture treatment and preterm delivery and side effects of therapy. The initial study group was 68 women with migraine (29.78% with aura and 70.21% without aura), 47 of which responded to a questionnaire on acupuncture safety within 6 weeks of delivery. A so-called Formula Acupuncture was used for all these patients in order to permit comparison. Influence of acupuncture on gestational age at birth was carried out according to number of treatment sessions (more than and fewer than 10) and stratifying the study sample by age group (over and under 30 years) and risk pregnancy. Analysis showed no statistically significant difference in gestational duration between the two groups or an association between the number of acupuncture sessions and preterm delivery. Symptoms during treatment were generally transient or mild. The most common symptoms were relaxation, pain at the insertion sites, mild bleeding, and paresthesia. Our preliminary data indicate that acupuncture may be safe during pregnancy in women with migraine.

Narrative Medicine to integrate patients', caregivers' and clinicians' migraine experiences: the DRONE multicentre project.

BACKGROUND: Although migraine is widespread and disabling, stigmatisation and poor awareness of the condition still represent barriers to effective care; furthermore, research on migraine individual and social impact must be enhanced to unveil neglected issues, such as caregiving burden. The project investigated the migraine illness experience through Narrative Medicine (NM) to understand daily life, needs and personal resources of migraneurs, their caregivers and clinicians, and to provide insights for clinical practice. METHODS: The project involved 13 Italian headache centres and targeted migraneurs, their caregivers and migraine specialists at these centres. Written narratives, composed by a sociodemographic survey and illness plot or parallel chart, were collected through the project's webpage. Illness plots and parallel charts employed open words to encourage participants' expression. Narratives were analysed through Nvivo software, interpretive coding and NM classifications. RESULTS: One hundred and seven narratives were collected from patients and 26 from caregivers, as well as 45 parallel charts from clinicians. The analysis revealed migraine perception in social, domestic and work life within the care pathway evolution and a bond between chaos narratives and day loss due to migraine; furthermore, narratives suggested the extent of the caregiving burden and a risk of underestimation of migraine burden in patients' and caregivers' life. CONCLUSION: The project represents the first investigation on migraine illness experience through NM simultaneously considering migraneurs', caregivers' and clinicians' perspectives. Comparing narratives and parallel charts allowed to obtain suggestions for clinical practice, while NM emerged as able to foster the pursuing of migraine knowledge and awareness.

Effectiveness of ketogenic diet in treatment of patients with refractory chronic migraine.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ketogenic diet (KD) is based on restriction of carbohydrate intake. Metabolism is forced to obtain energy starting from ß-oxidation of fatty acids which, turned into ketone bodies, can also be used by central nervous system (CNS). KD use in treatment of chronic migraine has recently been considered. We set out to verify modification of symptoms in patients with refractory chronic migraine in response to KD. METHODS: Fifty patients were enrolled of which 38 completed the procedures the study and 23 were considered in the statistics. All of the patients considered in our study were affected by medication overuse headache (MOH). They were on a KD for 3 months. The following parameters have been checked at t = 0 and every 30 days for 6 months: migraine episode length (n. hours/day), frequency (n. days/month), level of pain of every episode measured on a scale from 1 to 3 (1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe), and n. analgesic drugs taken/month. RESULTS: Days with symptoms decreased from 30 (median value) to 7.5 with p < 0.0001. The duration of the migraine episodes decreased from 24 h (median value) to 5.5 h with p < 0.0016. The patients' pain level, initially at maximum value for 83% of the participants, improved for 55% of them (p < 0.0024). The number of drugs taken in a month decreased from 30 doses (median value) to 6 doses. CONCLUSIONS: It can be stated that a 3-month KD resulted in a reduction of painful symptoms of drug refractory chronic migraine. This result may suggest an improvement in quality of life of the patients, even without a tabulated data collection.

Gender-related differences in migraine.

Migraine is considered mostly a woman's complaint, even if it affects also men. Epidemiological data show a higher incidence of the disease in women, starting from puberty throughout life. The sex-related differences of migraine hold clinical relevance too. The frequency, duration, and disability of attacks tend to be higher in women. Because of this, probably, they also consult specialists more frequently and take more prescription drugs than men. Different mechanisms have been evaluated to explain these differences. Hormonal milieu and its modulation of neuronal and vascular reactivity is probably one of the most important aspects. Estrogens and progesterone regulate a host of biological functions through two mechanisms: nongenomic and genomic. They influence several neuromediators and neurotransmitters, and they may cause functional and structural differences in several brain regions, involved in migraine pathogenesis. In addition to their central action, sex hormones exert rapid modulation of vascular tone. The resulting specific sex phenotype should be considered during clinical management and experimental studies.

Acupuncture vs. Pharmacological Prophylaxis of Migraine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Introduction: Migraine is a chronic paroxymal neurological disorder characterized by attacks of moderate to severe headache and reversible neurological and systemic symptoms. Treatment of migraine includes acute therapies, that aim to reduce the intensity of pain of each attack, and preventive therapies that should decrease the frequency of headache recurrence. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for the prophylaxis of episodic or chronic migraine in adult patients compared to pharmacological treatment. Methods: We included randomized-controlled trials published in western languages that compared any treatment involving needle insertion (with or without manual or electrical stimulation) at acupuncture points, pain points or trigger points, with any pharmacological prophylaxis in adult (≥18 years) with chronic or episodic migraine with or without aura according to the criteria of the International Headache Society. Results: Nine randomized trials were included encompassing 1,484 patients. At the end of intervention we found a small reduction in favor of acupuncture for the number of days with migraine per month: (SMD: -0.37; 95% CI -1.64 to -0.11), and for response rate (RR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.16-1.84). We found a moderate effect in the reduction of pain intensity in favor of acupuncture (SMD: -0.36; 95% CI -0.60 to -0.13), and a large reduction in favor of acupuncture in both the dropout rate due to any reason (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.84) and the dropout rate due to adverse event (RR 0.26; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74). Quality of evidence was moderate for all these primary outcomes. Results at longest follow-up confirmed these effects. Conclusions: Based on moderate certainty of evidence, we conclude that acupuncture is mildly more effective and much safer than medication for the prophylaxis of migraine.

Migraine during pregnancy and in the puerperium.

Pregnancy can be seen as a positive time for women migraineurs because the elevated estrogen and endogenous opioid levels raise the pain threshold and the stable hormone levels, which no longer fluctuate, eliminate a major trigger factor for the attacks. In a great majority of cases, indeed, migraine symptoms spontaneously improve throughout pregnancy. Generally, migraine without aura (MO) improves better than migraine with aura (MA), which can occur ex novo in pregnancy more frequently than MO. After childbirth, the recurrence rate of migraine attacks increases, especially during the first month; breastfeeding exerts a protective effect against the reappearance of attacks. Migraine and pregnancy share a condition of hypercoagulability; therefore, attention must be paid to the risk of cardiovascular disorders, like venous thromboembolism and ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. Some of these diseases can be linked to preeclampsia (PE), a serious complication of pregnancy, characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, or other findings of organ failure. This condition is more common in migraineurs compared with non-migraineurs; furthermore, women whose migraines worsen during pregnancy had a 13-fold higher risk of hypertensive disorders than those in which migraine remitted or improved. Pregnancy is generally recognized to exert a beneficial effect on migraine; nonetheless, clinicians should be on the alert for possible cardiovascular complications that appear to be more frequent in this patient population.

Prevention, education and counselling: the worldwide role of the community pharmacist as an epidemiological sentinel of headaches.

Headache disorders are the third among the worldwide causes of disability, measured in years of life lost to disability. Given the pharmacies' importance in general in headache patient and, in particular in migraine patient management, various studies have been carried out in recent years dealing with this issue. Indeed, in 2014, our research group first analysed publications on a number of studies conducted worldwide. As five years have passed since our first analysis of the literature and having carried out a number of specific studies in Italy since 2014, we wish to analyse once again the studies carried out globally on this topic to evaluate how the situation has evolved in the meantime. The key words used for the bibliographic search were "community pharmacy" and "headache"; we considered articles published between 2014 and 2018. The selected studies regarded Sweden USA, Belgium, Ireland, Jordan and Ethiopia. From the analysis of the international research papers, it is evident that, despite the time that has passed since the previous analyses and the general agreement that pharmacists find themselves in an ideal position to offer adequate levels of counselling to headache patients, the knowledge of pharmacists is not yet sufficient. Clearly, there is a strong need to develop training programmes specifically focused on this subject. Regarding Italy, a national study, commenced in 2016, was designed as a cross-sectional survey employing face-to-face interviews between pharmacist and patient using a questionnaire drawn up by experts in compliance with best practice from scientific literature. Six hundred ten pharmacists followed a specific training course; 4425 questionnaires were correctly completed. The use of pharmacies as epidemiological sentinels, given their capillarity and daily contact with the local population in Italy, enabled us to obtain an epidemiological snapshot closer to the real-life situation compared to specialist headache centres. Over the course of this study, data on headaches were gathered in Italian pharmacies with the highest levels of numerosity in the world.

Self-medication for migraine: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Italy.

Headache disorders are considered the second leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide, and 90% of people have a headache episode at least once a year, thus representing a relevant public health priority. As the pharmacist is often the first and only point of reference for people complaining of headache, we carried out a survey in a nationwide sample of Italian pharmacies, in order to describe the distribution of migraine or non-migraine type headaches and medicines overuse among people entering pharmacies seeking for self-medication; and to evaluate the association, in particular of migraine, with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and with the pathway of care followed by the patients. A 14-item questionnaire, including socio-demographic and clinical factors, was administered by trained pharmacists to subjects who entered a pharmacy requesting self-medication for a headache attack. The ID Migraine™ Screener was used to classify headache sufferers in four classes. From June 2016 to January 2017, 4424 people have been interviewed. The prevalence of definite migraines was 40%, significantly higher among women and less educated people. About half of all headache sufferers and a third of migraineurs do not consider their condition as a disease and are not cared by any doctor. Among people seeking self-medication in pharmacies for acute headache attacks, the rate of definite or probable migraine is high, and a large percentage of them is not correctly diagnosed and treated. The pharmacy can be a valuable observatory for the study of headaches, and the first important step to improve the quality of care delivered to these patients.

Estrogen, migraine, and vascular risk.

Migraine has a predilection for female sex and the course of symptoms is influenced by life stage (presence of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, puerperium, menopause) and use of hormone therapy, such as hormonal contraception and hormone replacement therapy. Hormonal changes figure among common migraine triggers, especially sudden estrogen drop. Moreover, estrogens can modulate neuronal excitability, through serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphin regulation, and they interact with the vascular endothelium of the brain. The risk of vascular disease, and ischemic stroke in particular, is increased in women with migraine with aura (MA), but the link is unclear. One hypothesis posits for a causal association: migraine may cause clinical or subclinical brain lesions following repeated episodes of cortical spreading depression (CSD) and a second hypothesis that may explain the association between migraine and vascular diseases is the presence of common risk factors and comorbidities. Estrogens can play a differential role depending on their action on healthy or damaged endothelium, their endogenous or exogenous origin, and the duration of their treatment. Moreover, platelet activity is increased in migraineurs women, and it is further stimulated by estrogens.This review article describes the course of migraine during various life stages, with a special focus on its hormonal pathogenesis and the associated risk of vascular diseases.

Community pharmacies as epidemiological sentinels of headache: first experience in Italy.

Migraine is a disabling neurovascular syndrome which affects 12-15% of the global population and it represents the third cause in years lived with disability in both males and females aged 15-49 years. Among migraineurs, the symptomatic drug abuse may be a risk factor in the development of medication overuse headache (MOH). Detecting cases of MOH is not straightforward; community pharmacists may, therefore, be in a strategic position to identify individuals who self-medicate, particularly with respect to prevent the development of MOH. In 2014, our group published the results of a survey conducted in Piedmont, Italy, on the patterns of use and dispensing of drugs in patients requesting assistance from pharmacists for relief of a migraine attack. We decided, now, to expand the scope of the model to a national level. The study is based on cross-sectional face-to-face interviews using questionnaires, presented in this paper, consisting of a first part regarding the socio-economic situation and a second part which aimed to classify the disease and any excessive use of drugs. Of the 610 pharmacists trained with an online course, 446 gathered a total of 4425 correctly compiled questionnaires. The participation of community pharmacies has highlighted various criticalities especially of an organisational nature; however, it also revealed the power of this method as a means of gathering epidemiological data with a capillarity which few other methods can match. The objective was also to identify each territory's requirements and facilitate the decision-making process in terms of understanding what patients/citizens actually require.

Treating migraine with contraceptives.

At least 18% of women suffers from migraine. Clinically, there are two main forms of migraine: migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) and more than 50% of MO is strongly correlated to the menstrual cycle. The high prevalence of migraine in females, its correlation with the menstrual cycle and with the use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) suggest that the estrogen drop is implicated in the pathogenesis of the attacks. Although CHCs may trigger or worsen migraine, their correct use may even prevent or reduce some forms of migraine, like estrogen withdrawal headache. Evidence suggested that stable estrogen levels have a positive effect, minimising or eliminating the estrogenic drop. Several contraceptive strategies may act in this way: extended-cycle CHCs, CHCs with shortened hormone-free interval (HFI), progestogen-only contraceptives, CHCs containing new generation estrogens and estrogen supplementation during the HFI.