Personal data usage and privacy considerations in the COVID-19 global pandemic. / Preservação da privacidade no enfrentamento da COVID-19: dados pessoais e a pandemia global.

Data has become increasingly important and valuable for both scientists and health authorities searching for answers to the COVID-19 crisis. Due to difficulties in diagnosing this infection in populations around the world, initiatives supported by digital technologies are being developed by governments and private companies to enable the tracking of the public's symptoms, contacts and movements. Considering the current scenario, initiatives designed to support infection surveillance and monitoring are essential and necessary. Nonetheless, ethical, legal and technical questions abound regarding the amount and types of personal data being collected, processed, shared and used in the name of public health, as well as the concomitant or posterior use of this data. These challenges demonstrate the need for new models of responsible and transparent data and technology governance in efforts to control SARS-COV2, as well as in future public health emergencies.

Dados ganham cada vez mais importância e valor na busca de respostas para enfrentar a COVID-19 tanto para a ciência quanto para as autoridades sanitárias. Em virtude da dificuldade de realizar diagnóstico da infecção na população em geral, iniciativas apoiadas em tecnologias digitais vêm sendo desenvolvidas por governos ou empresas privadas para possibilitar rastreamentos de sintomas, contatos e deslocamentos de modo a apoiar estratégias de acompanhamento e avaliação na vigilância de contágios. A despeito da importância e necessidade dessas iniciativas, questionamentos acerca da quantidade e tipos de dados pessoais coletados, processados, compartilhados e utilizados em nome da saúde pública, bem como os concomitantes ou posteriores usos desses dados, suscitam questionamentos éticos, legais e técnicos. Desafios que apontam para a necessidade de novos modelos de governança de dados e de tecnologias, responsáveis e transparentes, para controlar o Sars-Cov2 e as futuras emergências de saúde pública.

Personal data usage and privacy considerations in the COVID-19 global pandemic

Data has become increasingly important and valuable for both scientists and health authorities searching for answers to the COVID-19 crisis. Due to difficulties in diagnosing this infection in populations around the world, initiatives supported by digital technologies are being developed by governments and private companies to enable the tracking of the public's symptoms, contacts and movements. Considering the current scenario, initiatives designed to support infection surveillance and monitoring are essential and necessary. Nonetheless, ethical, legal and technical questions abound regarding the amount and types of personal data being collected, processed, shared and used in the name of public health, as well as the concomitant or posterior use of this data. These challenges demonstrate the need for new models of responsible and transparent data and technology governance in efforts to control SARS-COV2, as well as in future public health emergencies.

Personal data usage and privacy considerations in the COVID-19 global pandemic / Preservação da privacidade no enfrentamento da COVID-19: dados pessoais e a pandemia global

Data is becoming ever more critical and valuable for both scientists and health authorities searching for answers to the COVID-19 crisis. Due to difficulties in diagnosing this infection in populations around the world, initiatives supported by digital technologies have been developed by governments or private companies which enable the tracking of the public's symptoms, contacts and movements. Considering the current scenario, these initiatives, designed to support the surveillance and monitoring of contagion, are essential and necessary.  Nonetheless, ethical, legal and technical questions remain unanswered regarding the amount and types of personal data being collected, processed, shared and used in the name of public health, as well as the concomitant or later use of this data. These challenges demonstrate the need for new models of responsible and transparent data and technology governance in efforts to control Sars-Cov2 as well as future public health emergencies.

Dados ganham cada vez mais importância e valor na busca de respostas para enfrentar a COVID-19 tanto para ciência quanto para as autoridades sanitárias. Em virtude da dificuldade de realizar diagnóstico da infecção na população em geral, iniciativas apoiadas em tecnologias digitais vem sendo desenvolvidas por governos ou empresas privadas para possibilitar rastreamentos de sintomas, contatos e deslocamentos para apoiar estratégias de acompanhamento e avaliação na vigilância de contágios. A despeito da importância e necessidade dessas iniciativas, questionamentos acerca da quantidade e tipos de dados pessoais coletados, processados, compartilhados e utilizados em nome da saúde pública, bem como os concomitantes ou posteriores usos desses dados, suscitam questionamentos éticos, legais e técnicos. Desafios que apontam para a necessidade de novos modelos de governança de dados e de tecnologias, responsáveis e transparentes, para controlar o Sars-Cov2 e as futuras emergências de saúde pública.

The global scientific research response to the public health emergency of Zika virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Science studies have been a field of research for different knowledge areas, and they have been successfully used to analyse the construction of scientific knowledge, practice and dissemination. In this study, we aimed to verify how the Zika epidemic has moulded the scientific articles published worldwide by analysing international collaborations and the knowledge landscape through time, as well as research topics and country involvement. METHODOLOGY: We searched the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus and PubMed for studies published up to 31st December 2018 on Zika using the search terms "zika", "zkv" or "zikv". We analysed the scientific production regarding which countries have published the most, on which topics, as well as country level collaboration. We performed a scientometric analysis of research on Zika focusing on knowledge mapping and the scientific research path over time and space. FINDINGS: We found two well defined research areas divided into three subtopics accounting for six clusters. With regard to country analysis, the USA and Brazil were the countries with the highest numbers of publications on Zika. China entered as a new player focusing on specific research areas. When we took into consideration the epidemics and reported cases, Brazil and France were the leading research countries on related topics. As for international collaboration, the USA followed by England and France stand out as the main hubs. The research areas most published included public health-related topics from 2015 until the very beginning of 2016, followed by an increase in topics related to the clinical aspects of the disease in 2016 and the emergence of laboratory research in 2017/2018. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping the response to Zika, a public health emergency, demonstrated a clear pattern of the participation of countries in the scientific advances. The pattern of knowledge production found in this study represented varying country perspectives, research capacity and interests based first on their level of exposure to the epidemic and second on their financial positions regarding science.

Preservação da privacidade no enfrentamento da COVID-19: dados pessoais e a pandemia global / Personal data usage and privacy considerations in the COVID-19 global pandemic

Resumo Dados ganham cada vez mais importância e valor na busca de respostas para enfrentar a COVID-19 tanto para a ciência quanto para as autoridades sanitárias. Em virtude da dificuldade de realizar diagnóstico da infecção na população em geral, iniciativas apoiadas em tecnologias digitais vêm sendo desenvolvidas por governos ou empresas privadas para possibilitar rastreamentos de sintomas, contatos e deslocamentos de modo a apoiar estratégias de acompanhamento e avaliação na vigilância de contágios. A despeito da importância e necessidade dessas iniciativas, questionamentos acerca da quantidade e tipos de dados pessoais coletados, processados, compartilhados e utilizados em nome da saúde pública, bem como os concomitantes ou posteriores usos desses dados, suscitam questionamentos éticos, legais e técnicos. Desafios que apontam para a necessidade de novos modelos de governança de dados e de tecnologias, responsáveis e transparentes, para controlar o Sars-Cov2 e as futuras emergências de saúde pública.

Abstract Data has become increasingly important and valuable for both scientists and health authorities searching for answers to the COVID-19 crisis. Due to difficulties in diagnosing this infection in populations around the world, initiatives supported by digital technologies are being developed by governments and private companies to enable the tracking of the public's symptoms, contacts and movements. Considering the current scenario, initiatives designed to support infection surveillance and monitoring are essential and necessary. Nonetheless, ethical, legal and technical questions abound regarding the amount and types of personal data being collected, processed, shared and used in the name of public health, as well as the concomitant or posterior use of this data. These challenges demonstrate the need for new models of responsible and transparent data and technology governance in efforts to control SARS-COV2, as well as in future public health emergencies.

Administrative Data Linkage in Brazil: Potentials for Health Technology Assessment.

Health technology assessment (HTA) is the systematic evaluation of the properties and impacts of health technologies and interventions. In this article, we presented a discussion of HTA and its evolution in Brazil, as well as a description of secondary data sources available in Brazil with potential applications to generate evidence for HTA and policy decisions. Furthermore, we highlighted record linkage, ongoing record linkage initiatives in Brazil, and the main linkage tools developed and/or used in Brazilian data. Finally, we discussed the challenges and opportunities of using secondary data for research in the Brazilian context. In conclusion, we emphasized the availability of high quality data and an open, modern attitude toward the use of data for research and policy. This is supported by a rigorous but enabling legal framework that will allow the conduct of large-scale observational studies to evaluate clinical, economical, and social impacts of health technologies and social policies.

Paradigmas e trajetórias tecnológicas em saúde: desafios da inovação no cuidado da diabetes / Technological paradigms and trajectories in health: challenges of innovation in the care of diabetes

RESUMO No setor da saúde, a incorporação de inovações tem contribuído para um aumento da demanda por serviços públicos, bem como por tecnologias e materiais utilizados na prestação de serviços de saúde. Um dos segmentos que mais pressionam os serviços em termos da incorporação de seus produtos é a indústria farmacêutica. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever as trajetórias tecnológicas no segmento de medicamentos para a diabetes lançados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2012. Essas drogas representam uma importante proporção de gastos com medicamentos no País. Ao empregar uma metodologia qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, este estudo buscou responder às seguintes perguntas: houve mudanças nas trajetórias tecnológicas aqui consideradas ao longo do referido período de tempo? As inovações incorporadas no País têm sido de natureza incremental ou radical? Quais são as evidências que apoiam as mudanças de direção? À luz dos dados coletados a partir de uma variedade de bases de dados, foi possível verificar que os medicamentos contra a diabetes introduzidos durante esse período representaram inovações incrementais em relação às trajetórias tecnológicas aqui consideradas.

ABSTRACT In the health sector, the incorporation of innovations has contributed to an increased demand for public services, as well as technologies and the supplies used in the provision of health services. One of the health sectors which causes most pressures on services in terms of the incorporation of its products is the pharmaceutical industry. This study aims to describe the technological trajectories in the segment of anti-diabetic medication launched in Brazil between 1998 and 2012. These drugs represent a significant proportion of spending on medicine in the Country. By using a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory methodology, the present study endeavored to answer the following questions: have changes taken place in the technological trajectories over the time period considered herein? Have the innovations incorporated in the Country been of an incremental or radical nature? What are the evidences that support these changes in direction? In light of the data collected from a variety of databases, it was possible to verify that the anti-diabetic medications introduced during this period represented incremental innovations with respect to the technological trajectories considered herein.

R&D in Vaccines Targeting Neglected Diseases: An Exploratory Case Study Considering Funding for Preventive Tuberculosis Vaccine Development from 2007 to 2014.

Based on an exploratory case study regarding the types of institutions funding the research and development to obtain new tuberculosis vaccines, this article intends to provoke discussion regarding the provision of new vaccines targeting neglected disease. Although our findings and discussion are mainly relevant to the case presented here, some aspects are more generally applicable, especially regarding the dynamics of development in vaccines to prevent neglected diseases. Taking into account the dynamics of innovation currently seen at work in the vaccine sector, a highly concentrated market dominated by few multinational pharmaceutical companies, we feel that global PDP models can play an important role throughout the vaccine development cycle. In addition, the authors call attention to issues surrounding the coordination of actors and resources in the research, development, manufacturing, and distribution processes of vaccine products arising from PDP involvement.

Política nacional de ciência, tecnologia e inovação em saúde e a necessidade de educação permanente / National politics on science, technology and innovation in health and the need of permanent education / Política nacional de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en salud y la necesidad de una educación permanente

O ensaio aborda a importância da formação, da capacitação e do aperfeiçoamento de competências e habilidades dos trabalhadores de saúde. O recorte levou em consideração aspectos relacionados à produção, difusão e utilização de informações e conhecimentos emconsonância com as necessidades do Sistema Único de Saúde. Com o intuito de apontar caminhos, o ensaio ressalta algumas estratégias da Política Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde e da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde.

TThis paper addresses the importance of formation, training and improvement of competences and abilities of the health care workers. It took into consideration aspects that are related to the production, diffusion and use of information and knowledge in accordance with the needs of the Unified Health System (SUS). With the purpose of pointing out newways, this paper highlights some strategies of the National Politics on Science, Technology and Innovation in Health and of the National Policy on Permanent Education in Health.

Este ensayo aborda la importancia de la capacitación, formación y mejora de las competencias y habilidades de los trabajadores de la salud. El estudio tomó en cuenta aspectos relacionados con la producción, difusión e uso de informaciones y el conocimiento en línea con las necesidades del Sistema Único de Salud. A fin de señalar el camino, el ensayoresalta algunas estrategias de la Política Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Salud y de la Política Nacional de Educación Permanente en Salud.

Redes interinstitucionais e inovação na área de biotecnologia aplicada à saúde humana / Interinstitutional networks and innovation in biotechnology applied to human health / Redes interinstitucionales e innovación en el área de la biotecnologia aplicada a la salud humana

A organização da Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) na área de biotecnologia aplicada à saúde humana dá-se, predominantemente, através de estabelecimento de redes. Estudos que incorporam essa abordagem têm proliferado na literatura, que trabalha na perspectiva de explicar a dinâmica de inovação da indústria farmacêutica. No esforçode contribuir para a compreensão das abordagens e aplicações dessa natureza na indústria farmacêutica, este artigo faz um levantamento da literatura com foco em trabalhos representativos que envolvem uma análise longitudinal. Buscou-se destacar as contribuições empíricas baseadas em distintas abordagens de cunho predominantemente econômico, muitas vezes complementares. A maioria dos estudos selecionados cobriu um período temporal que permitiu uma análise da evolução do padrão de colaboração nas redes. Os resultados permitiram concluir-se que há uma estreita relação entre a ampliação de colaborações em P&D e o desempenho inovador, bem como que aumentou o papel central das grandes firmas farmacêuticas nas redes de P&D.

The organization of Research and Development (R&D) in biotechnology asapplied to human health occurs predominantly through networks. Studies that incorporate this approach and seek to explain the innovation dynamic of the pharmaceutical industry have proliferated in the literature. In an attempt to contribute to an understanding of approaches and applications of this nature to the pharmaceutical industry, this article conducted a survey of the literature with a focus on representative works of longitudinal analysis. The article also seeks to highlight empirical contributions based on distinct approaches of a predominantly economic, and often-complementary nature. Most of the selected studies covered a time period, which enabled an analysis of the evolution of the pattern of collaboration through networks. The results indicate a close relationship between the application of collaboration in R&D and innovative performance. They also indicated the expansion of the central role of large pharmaceutical companies in R&D networks.

La organización de la Investigación y Desarrollo (P&D) en el área debiotecnología aplicada a la salud humana se produce principalmente por las redes. Los estudios que incorporan este enfoque han proliferado en la literatura que trabaja con el propósito de explicar la dinámica de innovación de la industria farmacéutica. En un esfuerzo por contribuir a la comprensión de los enfoques y aplicaciones de este tipo en la industria farmacéutica, este artículo es un análisis de la literatura con foco en trabajos representativos que implican un análisis longitudinal. Se buscó de destacar las contribuciones empíricas basadas en distintos enfoques, predominantemente económico, y en muchas ocasiones complementarias. La mayoría de los estudios seleccionados abarcó un período de tiempo que permitió un análisis de la evolución del modelo de colaboración en las redes. Se concluye que hay una estrecha relación entre la ampliación de colaboraciones en P&D y el desempeño innovador, bien como, apuntan para el aumento del papel central de las grandes empresas farmacéuticas en las redes de P&D.

[Community-based health workers: building the identity of this hybrid, polyphonic character]. / O agente comunitário de saúde: construção da identidade desse personagem híbrido e polifônico.

This article analyzes the identity-building process for community-based health workers in the context of their role in the Health Family Program team and their interaction with the residents of communities where they work. Based on this analysis we specifically emphasize conflicts of interpretation, power relationships between both sides of identity-building for community-based health workers from three perspectives: that included in the official training of these workers, that produced by workers concerning themselves, and that transmitted by the community. The fact that community-based health workers live the reality of health practices in the neighborhoods where they live and work and are trained with biomedical references makes them actors that convey both the contradictions and the possibility for a deep dialogue between these two forms of knowledge and practice.

O agente comunitário de saúde: construçäo da identidade desse personagem híbrido e polifônico / Community-based health workers: building the identity of this hybrid, polyphonic character

O presente artigo analisa o processo de construçäo de identidade dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) a partir de sua inserçäo na equipe do Programa de Saúde da Família e da interaçäo com os moradores dos bairros onde atuam. Destacaremos dessa análise especialmente os aspectos que dizem respeito aos conflitos de interpretaçöes, as relaçöes de poder que se estabelecem entre os usuários do programa na construçäo identitária do ACS a partir de três perspectivas: aquela que vem inscrita na formaçäo oficial desses agentes, aquela produzida pelo próprio agente acerca de si mesmo e da sua prática e aquela veiculada pela comunidade. Pode-se dizer que o fato de ser o ACS uma pessoa que convive com a realidade e as práticas de saúde do bairro onde mora e trabalha, e ser formado a partir de referenciais biomédicos, faz deste um ator que veicula as contradiçöes e, ao mesmo tempo, a possibilidade de um diálogo profundo entre esses dois saberes e práticas