Macroporous latex biomembrane from Hancornia speciosa modulates the inflammatory process and has a debridement effect on wound healing in rats.

PURPOSE: The angiogenic, osteogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of latex of Hancornia speciosa has been evidenced and indicates pharmacological potential with great applicability in the health area, especially in the wound healing process. The present work aimed to compare the effects of the H. speciosa macroporous latex biomembrane with saline on wound healing. METHODS: Forty-three Wistar rats were submitted to excisional wound induction procedure and divided into groups according to treatment: saline (G1), and macroporous biomembrane (G2). The animals were euthanized at three, seven, 14, and 21 days after injury induction (DAI), and three animals were used for the debridement test. Morphometric, macroscopic, and microscopic analyses of general pathological processes were performed. RESULTS: The macroporous biomembrane minimized necrosis and inflammation during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of the healing process, confirmed by the lower intensity of the crust and the debridement effect. In addition, the wounds treated with the macroporous biomembrane presented greater contraction rates in all the experimental periods analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The macroporous biomembrane presents angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and debridement effects, contributing to the healing process, and can be considered a potentially promising new biomaterial to be used as a dressing.

Synergic vascular photodynamic activity by methylene blue-curcumin supramolecular assembly.

A supramolecular assembly was obtained by combining methylene blue (MB) with a natural plant extract, curcumin (Curc), in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:4 in aqueous solution (90% PBS + 10% ethanol) at room temperature. The MB-Curc supramolecular assembly was evidenced by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, and the stoichiometry and bonding constant were obtained using Cielens model. Its stability and photostability were evaluated by chromatographic analysis and UV-Vis absorption. The MB-Curc avoids the aggregation of both isolated compounds and efficiently produces singlet oxygen (ΦΔ= 0.52 ± 0.03). Its potential for photodynamic antiangiogenic treatments was evaluated through the vascular effect observed in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The results showed intense damage in CAM vascular network by MB-Curc after irradiation, which is higher than the effect of isolated compounds, indicating a synergistic vascular effect. This combination can be essential to prevent cancer revascularization after photodynamic application and improve the efficacy of this approach. The characteristics exhibited by MB-Curc make it a potential candidate for use in cancer treatments through photodynamic antiangiogenic therapy.

Spring water quality monitoring using multiple bioindicators from multiple collection sites.

The aim of this study was to examine the water quality of the Extrema River spring in a Brazilian Cerrado area. Three collection sites (P1 - P3) were sampled in the dry and rainy seasons, which are close to industries from different sectors. In the physicochemical analysis, a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels (<5 mg/L) and pH (< 6) at P3 was detected. An increase in heterotrophic bacteria count was recorded at all sites (> 500 colonies/ml). In ecotoxicological analyses, P2 and P3 exhibited toxicity using Vibrio fischeri (> 20%). In evaluating toxicity, the reduction in seed germination was significant utilizing Lactuca sativa at all locations and with Allium cepa only at P2; rootlet length was decreased at P3 on L. sativa and at all sites with A. cepa. In contrast, loss of membrane integrity and mitochondrial function of meristems was adversely affected at all locations using both L. sativa and A. cepa assays. Principal components analysis (PCA) approach indicated that seasonality apparently did not markedly interfere with the obtained data, but it is important to include more collection locations to be evaluated with multiple bioindicators in the spring region. Our data indicate the urgent need for more rigorous programs to monitor the discharge of effluents into water springs.

Macroporous latex biomembrane from Hancornia speciosa modulates the inflammatory process and has a debridement effect on wound healing in rats

Purpose: The angiogenic, osteogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of latex of Hancornia speciosa has been evidenced and indicates pharmacological potential with great applicability in the health area, especially in the wound healing process. The present work aimed to compare the effects of the H. speciosa macroporous latex biomembrane with saline on wound healing. Methods: Forty-three Wistar rats were submitted to excisional wound induction procedure and divided into groups according to treatment: saline (G1), and macroporous biomembrane (G2). The animals were euthanized at three, seven, 14, and 21 days after injury induction (DAI), and three animals were used for the debridement test. Morphometric, macroscopic, and microscopic analyses of general pathological processes were performed. Results: The macroporous biomembrane minimized necrosis and inflammation during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of the healing process, confirmed by the lower intensity of the crust and the debridement effect. In addition, the wounds treated with the macroporous biomembrane presented greater contraction rates in all the experimental periods analyzed. Conclusions: The macroporous biomembrane presents angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and debridement effects, contributing to the healing process, and can be considered a potentially promising new biomaterial to be used as a dressing.

Tissue healing changes on wounds in rats after treatment with Hancornia speciosa latex in cream-gel formulation.

PURPOSE: Hancornia speciosa latex has shown pharmacological potential in wound healing processes due to its angiogenic, osteogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The aims of this study were to carry out a cream-gel formulation with 5, 10 and 25% of H. speciosa serum latex and to evaluate its potential to stimulate the skin regeneration in rats' wounds. METHODS: One hundred and twenty rats were divided into five groups: neutral control with saline (G1), cream-gel based on H. speciosa latex serum at 5% m/v (G2), cream-gel at 15% m/v (G3), cream-gel at 25% m/v (G4), and cream-gel (G5). The animals were euthanized at three, seven, 14 and 21 days after the injury induction, and some parameters were analyzed: wound contraction, necrosis, fibrin, polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltrates, fibroblast, angiogenesis, hemorrhage, and collagen. RESULTS: The therapeutic treatment with cream-gel at 15 and 25% is beneficial in the inflammatory phase of healing processes since it increased the angiogenesis and proliferation of mononuclear infiltrations in wounds. Regarding wound contraction, the treatment with cream-gel (5 and 15%) induced a higher rate of contraction in the proliferative phase. The 15% cream-gel formulation stimulated a greater production of collagen in the injured tissues. CONCLUSIONS: H. speciosa cream-gel is a low-cost herbal medicine which can aid in tissue repair.

O fim anunciado da Rede Cegonha ­ que decisões tomaremos para o nosso futuro? / The announced end of the Rede Cegonha ­ what decisions shall we make for our future? / El fin anunciado de la Rede Cegonha: ¿qué decisiones tomaremos para nuestro futuro?

Objetivo: contextualizar as mudanças anunciadas para as políticas públicas de saúde, incluindo a Rede Cegonha, como momento histórico decisivo para o futuro da Enfermagem no Brasil, e para a garantia de direitos das mulheres e seus filhos. Conteúdo: O percurso histórico e político das lutas da Associação Brasileira de Obstetrizes e Enfermeiros Obstetras, amparado pela legislação e marcos regulatórios da Enfermagem brasileira e das Políticas Públicas de Saúde da Mulher, enfatiza a importância do papel das Enfermeiras Obstétricas como sujeitos políticos, para a tomada de decisões frente ao futuro da Enfermagem. Porém, apesar dos avanços na mudança de modelo de assistência obstétrica e neonatal por meio da Rede Cegonha, a implementação da Rede de Atenção Materna e Infantil ameaça tanto a atuação da Enfermagem Obstétrica como a garantia dos direitos humanos das mulheres. Considerações finais: O desmonte da Rede Cegonha intensificada os desafios e exige decisões para o futuro da Enfermagem.

Objective: to contextualize changes announced in public health policies, including the Rede Cegonha, as a decisive historical moment for the future of Nursing in Brazil and for guaranteeing the rights of women and their babies. Content: the historical and political trajectory of the struggles of the Brazilian Association of Obstetricians and Obstetric Nurses, supported by Brazil's legislative and regulatory frameworks for Nursing and its public policies on women's health, underlines the importance of obstetric nurses' role as political subjects in decision making for the future of Nursing. However, in spite of advances in changing the obstetric and neonatal care model, through Brazil's "Stork Network", implementation of the new Mother and Child Care Network threatens both the work of Obstetric Nursing and existing guarantees for women's human rights. Final considerations: the dismantling of the "Stork Network" has intensified the challenges, and demands decisions for the future of Nursing.

Objetivo: contextualizar los cambios anunciados en cuanto a las políticas públicas de salud, incluyendo a la Rede Cegonha, como un momento histórico decisivo para el futuro de la Enfermería, y para la garantía de los derechos de las mujeres y sus bebés. Contenido: la trayectoria histórica y política de las luchas de la Associação Brasileira de Obstetrizes e Enfermeiros Obstetras, apoyada en la legislación y los marcos normativos de la Enfermería Brasileña y las Políticas Públicas de Salud de la Mujer, destaca la importancia del papel de las Enfermeras Obstétricas como sujetos políticos, para la toma de decisiones sobre el futuro de la Enfermería. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances en el cambio del modelo de atención obstétrica y neonatal, a través de la Rede Cegonha, la implementación de la Red de Atención Materno Infantil amenaza tanto el desempeño de la Enfermería Obstétrica como la garantía de los derechos humanos de las mujeres. Consideraciones finales: el desmantelamiento de la Rede Cegonha intensifica los desafíos y exige decisiones para el futuro de la Enfermería.

What can the Allium cepa test say about pesticide safety? A review.

The increasing use of pesticides has caused global concerns about the toxic effects and adverse consequences of pesticides on humans and the environment. Among the ways to understand the impact of pesticides, the Allium cepa bioassay stands out. This test is suitable to evaluate different toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic outcomes. In this context, the present review aimed to summarize the history of using the A. cepa bioassay to investigate pesticide damages. Data on the experimental conditions were also discussed. The reviewed studies showed the toxicity profile of 113 active ingredients primarily tested in the laboratory, using water for exposure. The most used biomarkers were the mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and nuclear abnormalities. All active ingredients caused some toxicity levels in A. cepa, showing the efficiency and sensibility of this bioindicator and the adverse effect of pesticides on humans and the environment. Furthermore, it was evident that pesticides have great potential to damage the mitotic spindle and DNA because almost all active ingredients tested induced chromosomal aberrations and nuclear abnormalities. The current review showed that the A. cepa bioassay is an effective and appropriate model to evaluate pesticide toxicity, and it might indicate research gaps and recommendations for further studies.

Phytochemical Composition and Protective Effect of Vernonanthura polyanthes Leaf against In Vivo Doxorubicin-Mediated Toxicity.

Vernonanthura polyanthes (Spreng.) A.J. Vega & Dematt. (syn.: Vernonia polyanthes Less) is popularly known as "assa-peixe" and its leaves are used in folk medicine mainly to treat respiratory diseases. In this study, we evaluated the cytogenotoxic and anticytogenotoxic potential of the V. polyanthes leaf aqueous extract (VpLAE) and its n-butanol fraction (n-BF) in the presence or absence of doxorubicin (DXR) (pre-, co-, and post-treatments) on a murine model for 24 h or 120 h. The micronucleus test (MN) and the comet assay were used to assess the cytogenotoxic and anticytogenotoxic potential of VpLAE and n-BF (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) administered via gavage to Swiss Webster mice. The chemical profiles of VpLAE and n-BF were assessed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and their metabolites were putatively identified. Lastly, the possible biological activities related to the (anti) cytogenotoxicity of the compounds were predicted using the PASS online webserver. The in vivo results showed that different doses of VpLAE and n-BF did not present cytotoxic activity; however, the MN test revealed a slight mutagenic activity for the 24 h treatments. Moderate genotoxic effects were demonstrated for all treatments in the comet assay. Regarding anticytotoxicity and antimutagenicity, VpLAE and n-BF presented a high cytoprotective potential against DXR toxic effects. In the co-treatment, VpLAE reduced the DXR genotoxicity by ~27%, and n-BF did not demonstrate antigenotoxic potential. In contrast, an antigenotoxic effect was observed for both VpLAE and n-BF in the pre- and post-treatments, reducing DXR genotoxicity by ~41% and ~47%, respectively. Chemical analysis of VpLAE and n-BF showed the presence of eight phenolic compounds, including seven chlorogenic acids and a flavonoid. The PASS online tool predicted antimutagenic, anticancer, antineoplastic, chemoprotective, antioxidant, and radical scavenging activities for all constituents identified in VpLAE and n-BF. V. polyanthes leaves presented a protective effect against DXR cytogenotoxicity. In general, VpLAE and n-BF showed a greater antigenotoxic potential in the pre- and post-treatments. The metabolites putatively identified in VpLAE and n-BF exhibited antioxidant and chemoprotective potential according to computational prediction analysis. Altogether, our results highlight the potential application of V. polyanthes to protect against toxic manifestations induced by DXR.

Toxic Potential of Cerrado Plants on Different Organisms.

Cerrado has many compounds that have been used as biopesticides, herbicides, medicines, and others due to their highly toxic potential. Thus, this review aims to present information about the toxicity of Cerrado plants. For this purpose, a review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web Of Science databases. After applying exclusion criteria, 187 articles published in the last 20 years were selected and analyzed. Detailed information about the extract preparation, part of the plant used, dose/concentration tested, model system, and employed assay was provided for different toxic activities described in the literature, namely cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, antiparasitic, and molluscicidal activities. In addition, the steps to execute research on plant toxicity and the more common methods employed were discussed. This review synthesized and organized the available research on the toxic effects of Cerrado plants, which could contribute to the future design of new environmentally safe products.

The role of enzymes in the angiogenic activity of Hancornia speciosa latex

The Hancornia speciosa latex has shown angiogenic activity. Angiogenesis plays a major role in wound healing, and materials that stimulate this process could be used to develop drugs. This study aimed to explain the role of proteins in the H. speciosa serum fraction latex in angiogenesis. Hence, this material was treated with proteinase K and the proteins were inactivated. After protein inactivation, angiogenic activity was assessed with the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The result showed that the proteins in the serum fraction are responsible for angiogenic activity. Then, the total protein content in the serum fraction and its enzymatic activity were investigated. The low protein content observed in the H. speciosa serum fraction latex suggests that this biomaterial could be used to develop new drugs with a hypoallergenic response. Despite the low protein content, there was a significant enzymatic activity of at least three enzymes in the serum fraction latex: ß-1,3 glucanase, ß-glucosidase, and proteases. These enzymes seem to influence the healing process, assisting debridement, extracellular matrix remodeling, and collagen deposition, and decreasing the chances of contamination by microorganisms. In conclusion, the enzymes in the H. speciosa serum latex are associated with the angiogenic activity of this biomaterial and may be used to assist the wound healing process.

In vitro hematotoxicity of Vernonanthura polyanthes leaf aqueous extract and its fractions.

Vernonanthura polyanthes, popularly known as 'assa-peixe', is widely used in Brazil for therapeutic purpose mainly to treat respiratory tract problems. However, few studies investigated its chemical safety. In this way, we first obtained the V. polyanthes leaf aqueous extract (VpLAE) and three fractions (aqueous; n-butanol, n-BF; and ethyl acetate), and we chemically characterized this material. Then, the cytogenotoxic potential of the VpLAE and its fractions was investigated against human erythrocytes and lymphocytes using Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability and CometChip. The phytochemical screening of V. polyanthes leaf revealed the presence of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, terpenic compounds, and cardioactive heterosides. n-BF presented the highest total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins contents and, consequently, the highest antioxidant activity, according to the DPPH free radical scavenging method. Although the VpLAE and its fractions did not cause death of erythrocytes, the cells acquired an echinocytic form. Regarding lymphocytes, VpLAE and its fractions presented cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. When VpLAE or its fractions were co-treated with doxorubicin (DXR), a recognized cytotoxic drug, we observed an enhancement of DXR cytotoxicity against lymphocytes, but the DXR genotoxicity decreased around 15%. Since the VpLAE and its fractions increased the DXR cytotoxicity and decreased its genotoxicity, further studies should be conducted for the development of an adjuvant drug from this extract to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. Moreover, the indiscriminate use of 'assa-peixe' by local people should be discouraged.

Effects of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4) aggregation on its spectral and kinetic characteristics and singlet oxygen production.

The present work reports the effects of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4) aggregation on its excited states absorption spectra, triplet states quenching by molecular oxygen and singlet oxygen production. Experimental techniques such as optical absorption, Z-scan with a white light continuum source and the Laser Flash Photolysis were used to fulfil the study. J-aggregates possess reverse saturable absorption in the 505-660 nm spectral range with a peak centered close to 540 nm. These facts together with their fast relaxation time suggest that they can be employed as material for ultrafast optical limiting and switching. Even though aggregation reduces the porphyrin excited-state lifetimes and quantum yields, it does not reduce the probability of the contact between the quencher and the excited aggregate. Aggregation does not change the contribution of energy transfer mechanisms to triplet state quenching by molecular oxygen. The production of singlet oxygen, the intense absorption in the phototherapeutic window and the high efficiency of conversion of light energy into heat, allow consider J-aggregates as a theranostic agent for photomedicine. It is proposed to use J-aggregates for diagnostics by photoacoustic images and in combination with a near-infrared photodynamic/photothermal dual mode therapy, thus improving synergistically the therapeutic response.

As vivências interseccionais da violência em um território vulnerável e periférico / Intersectional experiences of violence in a vulnerable and peripheral territory

Resumo A violência é um fenômeno sociocultural que viola direitos e acentua desigualdades sociais. Suas implicações são perceptíveis na vida cotidiana e na saúde da população. Sob o referencial teórico da interseccionalidade e da psicologia sócio-histórica, este artigo discute formas de violência produzidas na intersecção de gênero, raça e classe em uma comunidade periférica e em situação de alta vulnerabilidade localizada na cidade de Cubatão/SP, a partir do relato de quatro lideranças comunitárias. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de três pesquisas realizadas anteriormente e concomitantemente ao contexto da pandemia da covid-19, de junho de 2017 a novembro de 2020, extraídos mediante entrevistas e diários de campo para, depois, serem analisados segundo a Hermenêutica de Profundidade. Os resultados apontam para violências estruturais articuladas a raça, classe e gênero, expressas na inacessibilidade a condições dignas de moradia, alimentação e renda básica. A violência contra mulheres, destacada como resultado, aparece intermediada pelo Estado ou pelo tráfico organizado. Os dados sugerem que as violências são agravadas pela ineficiência da operacionalização das políticas públicas, no que tange à promoção do cuidado à população majoritariamente negra e pobre, indicando que a interseccionalidade é uma ferramenta essencial para a análise e o enfrentamento das desigualdades sociais.

Abstract Violence is a socio-cultural phenomenon that violates rights and accentuates social inequalities with noticeable implications in the health and daily life of the population. This article discusses forms of violence produced at the intersection of gender, race and class in a peripheral and highly vulnerable community located in the city of Cubatão, state of São Paulo. The research was guided by the theoretical framework of intersectionality and socio-historical psychology. Data were obtained using three surveys conducted from June, 2017 to November, 2020, partially during COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews and field diaries were conducted, analyzed according to Depth Hermeneutics. The material collected from four community leaders served as the basis for this article. The results point to a structural violence articulated to race, class and gender, expressed in the inaccessibility to decent conditions of housing, food and basic income. The violence against women emphasized as a result appears intermediated by the State or the organized drug trafficking. The data suggest that these forms of violence are aggravated by the inefficiency of the public policy operationalization in promoting care for the mostly black and poor population, indicating that intersectionality can be an essential tool for analysis and confrontation of social inequalities.

Tissue reaction and anti-biofilm action of new biomaterial composed of latex from Hancornia speciosa Gomes and silver nanoparticles.

In this work, the natural latex extracted from Harconia speciosa was incorporated with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) to compose a functional biomaterial associating the intrinsic angiogenic activity of the latex and the antimicrobial activity of AgNP. Tissue reaction after subcutaneous implantation in dorsum of rats of membranes without AgNP and with 0.05%, 0.4% AgNP was compared at 3, 7 and 25 days. No statistically significant difference in the tissue response of the different biomaterials was observed, indicating that AgNP did not interfere with the inflammatory reaction (p > 0.05) or with the angiogenic activity of latex. Biomembranes were also tested against bacterial biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and the antimicrobial activity of the new biomaterial can be found with bacteria crenation (0.05% AgNP) and no biofilm deposition (0.4% AgNP). Therefore, this biomaterial has interesting properties for the tissue repair process and may be feasible for future applications as dressing.

Hancornia speciosa serum fraction latex stimulates the angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling processes.

The Hancornia speciosa latex reveals angiogenic, osteogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which present its potential for developing of wound healing drugs; however, the latex compounds responsible for angiogenesis remain unknown. One strategy to screen these active compounds is evaluation of latex fractions. This study aimed to obtain different fractions of latex and evaluate its angiogenic activity separately using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The serum (SE) fraction was responsible for angiogenesis, which was subject to biochemical characterization and computational simulations in order to understand the contribution of H. speciosa latex in wound healing process. Our results revealed weak antioxidant potential and absence of antimicrobial activity in the SE fraction. Phytochemical analysis identified chlorogenic acids (CGA) as the main compound of SE fraction. CGA bioactivity predictions identify different molecules associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, such as metalloproteinases, which also are overexpressed in our CAM assay experiment. Docking simulations revealed the interactions between CGA and matrix metalloproteinase 2. In conclusion, SE latex fraction stimulates angiogenesis and may influence ECM remodeling. These properties may contribute to the wound healing process, and also confirm the widespread use of this plant.

Effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the excited-state properties of meso-tetrakis(sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4).

To infer changes in the photophysical properties of porphyrins due to complexation with albumin, a combination of Z-scan and conventional spectroscopic techniques was employed. We measured the characteristics of excited states of meso-tetrakis(sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin bound to bovine serum albumin and observed that the binding reduces the intersystem crossing quantum yield and increases the internal conversion one. A reverse saturable absorption process was observed in the nanosecond timescale. These results are important for prediction of the efficiency of this complex in medical and optical applications, because associating porphyrins to proteins enables better accumulation in tumors and improves its stability in optical devices, but at the same time, decreases its triplet quantum yield.

The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay as a model for the study of angiogenesis / Ensaio da membrana corioalantóide de embrião de galinha como modelo para o estudo da angiogênese

Angiogenesis is a fundamental physiological process with strong implications in tissue homeostasis. Animal models helping to identify how angiogenesis is regulated are fundamental to answer many biological questions. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is one of the most employed methods to study angiogenesis. In this study we applied a scientometric approach to evaluate the employment of CAM assay in published articles. Temporal trends indicated that CAM assay was the preferred method to investigate angiogenesis over time. The publications had a significant number of citations and the impact factor of journals publishing articles is relevant for the scientific community. A total of 52 different research areas have articles published using this particular technique. Oncology is the research field in which CAM assay was mostly used. Accordingly, tumor-derived cell lines were the most frequent sample tested on CAM. We also identified that 73,6% of articles published used only CAM assay to answer questions concerning angiogenesis. We concluded that although the CAM assay is a classical approach, that does not need so much infrastructure and financial support to be performed, it is a well-accepted technique by the scientific community. In addition, this methodology has gain attention in scientific community because no pain is experienced by the chick and they are minor ethical concerns to employ this method. Moreover, this data can help researchers who are unfamiliar with the CAM assay to identify if this particular method is suitable for their research.

A angiogênese é um processo fisiológico fundamental com fortes implicações na homeostase tecidual. Modelos animais que ajudam a entender como a angiogênese é regulada, são fundamentais para responder a muitas questões biológicas. O ensaio de membrana corioalantóide de embrião de galinha (CAM) é um dos métodos mais empregados para estudar a angiogênese. Neste estudo foi aplicada uma abordagem cientométrica para avaliar o emprego do ensaio CAM em artigos científicos já publicados. Tendências temporais indicaram que o ensaio CAM foi o método mais usado para investigar a angiogênese ao longo do tempo. Os artigos científicos que usaram a metodologia CAM foram publicados em periódicos com significativos números de citações e fator de impacto. No total 52 diferentes áreas de conhecimento usaram a técnica CAM, sendo a oncologia o campo o qual produziu maior número de artigos usando essa metodologia. Consequentemente o material biológico mais testado foi as linhagens celulares tumorais. Também foi identificado que 73,6% dos artigos publicados utilizaram apenas o teste CAM para responder questões relacionadas à angiogênese. Pode se concluir que embora o ensaio CAM seja uma abordagem clássica, que não necessita de muita infraestrutura e apoio financeiro para ser realizado, é uma técnica bem aceita pela comunidade científica. Além disso, esta metodologia tem ganhado atenção na comunidade científica porque os animais testados não sofrem dor e por essa razão esse modelo experimental exige mínimas preocupações éticas. Além disso, esses dados podem ajudar os pesquisadores que não estão familiarizados com o ensaio CAM a identificar se esse método específico é adequado para sua pesquisa.

Fronteiras, mobilidades e desigualdades: uma reflexão sobre a escola de/na fronteira / Borders, mobilities and inequalities: a reflection on the school of/at international border / Fronteras, movilidades y desigualdades: una reflexión sobre la escuela de/ en la frontera

As fronteiras são consideradas como zona de tensão e conflitos vivenciados nas relações dialéticas de exclusão/inclusão, espaços de incessante reconstrução identitária e cultural. Nessa perspectiva, compreendendo a educação como um processo social, este estudo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre a educação formal no contexto de/na fronteira de Corumbá (Brasil), Puerto Suarez e Puerto Quijarro (Bolívia), com foco nos alunos de origem boliviana que estudam em escolas do lado brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo teórico com referência empírica, respaldado em projetos de pesquisa e fundamentado na perspectiva da Psicologia histórico-cultural. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, e os resultados destacam a necessidade de políticas de educação voltadas para o trânsito entre diferenças e territórios identitários, assim como de discussões que passem pelo campo das políticas linguísticas e educacionais para a diversidade.

International borders are considered a zone of tension and conflicts experienced in the dialectical relations of exclusion/inclusion, spaces of incessant identity and cultural reconstruction. From this perspective, considering education as a social process, this study aims to reflect on formal education in the context of/on the border of Corumbá (Brazil), Puerto Suarez and Puerto Quijarro (Bolivia), focusing on students of Bolivian origin who study at schools on the Brazilian side of the border. This is a theoretical study with empirical reference, supported by research projects and based on the perspective of historical-cultural Psychology. The methodology used was literature research, and the results highlight the need for education policies aimed at the transit between identity and territories differences, as well as discussions that go through the field of linguistic and educational policies for diversity.

Las fronteras son consideradas zonas de tensión y conflictos experimentados en las relaciones dialécticas de exclusión/inclusión, espacios de identidad incesante y reconstrucción cultural. En esa perspectiva, se considera la educación como un proceso social. Este estudio tiene como objetivo hacer una reflexión sobre la educación formal en el contexto de/en la frontera de Corumbá (Brasil), Puerto Suárez y Puerto Quijarro (Bolivia), centrándose en los estudiantes de origen boliviana que estudian en escuelas del lado brasileño de la frontera. Se trata de un estudio teórico con referencia empírica, apoyado en proyectos de investigación que fundamenta sus datos en la perspectiva de la Psicología histórico-cultural. Se utilizó una metodología de investigación bibliográfica y los resultados destacan la necesidad de políticas educativas destinadas al tránsito entre las diferencias y los territorios de identidad, así como las discusiones que atraviesan el campo de las políticas lingüísticas y educativas para la diversidad.

Toxicity of silver nanoparticles released by Hancornia speciosa (Mangabeira) biomembrane.

Recent research has shown that latex from different species is able to produce tissue replacement and regeneration. Particularly, biomembranes obtained from Hancornia speciosa latex (HSB) have shown high angiogenic and osteogenic activity. Considering new materials for wound healing, it would be interesting to develop a product combining antibacterial and antifungal activities. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been commonly used for this purpose in medicinal products and devices for decades. In order to combine angiogenic, antibacterial and antifungal properties on the same platform, we developed an HSB containing 3 concentrations of AgNP. It was observed that the HSB successfully accommodated the AgNP in the matrix and released them in a controlled way. The release dynamics of AgNP by HSB was described by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The released nanoparticles were evaluated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements. In addition, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were evaluated using the Allium cepa assay. The results showed no cytotoxic effect of HSB-AgNP in all studied concentrations. The genotoxic effect was observed in HSB-AgNP at the two highest concentrations, however not at the lowest concentration. Thus, the addition of AgNP at the lowest concentration can improve the pharmacological activity of HSB without causing a toxic effect on vegetal cells. Therefore, the H. speciosa latex biomembrane presented in this paper combines angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties and can be considered potentially new biomaterial for wound-healing.

Antiangiogenic potential of Jatropha curcas latex in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model / Potencial antiangiogênico do látex de Jatropha curcas em modelo de membrana corioalantoica de embrião de galinha

AIMS: To perform a physicochemical and phytochemical characterization of Jatropha curcas latex and to investigate its antiangiogenic potential. METHODS: We performed an initial physicochemical characterization of J. curcas latex using thermal gravimetric analyses and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. After that, phenols, tannins and flavonoids were quantified. Finally, the potential of J. curcas latex to inhibit angiogenesis was evaluated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Five groups of 20 fertilized chicken eggs each had the chorioallantoic membrane exposed to the following solutions: (1) water, negative control; (2) dexamethasone, angiogenesis inhibitor; (3) Regederm®, positive control; (4) 25% J. curcas latex diluted in water; (5) 50% J. curcas latex diluted in water; and (6) J. curcas crude latex. Analysis of the newly-formed vascular net was made through captured images and quantification of the number of pixels. Histological analyses were performed to evaluate the inflammation, neovascularization, and hyperemia parameters. The results were statically analyzed with a significance level set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Physicochemical characterization showed that J. curcas latex presented a low amount of cis-1.4-polyisoprene, which reduced its elasticity and thermal stability. Phytochemical analyses of J. curcas latex identified a substantial amount of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids (51.9%, 11.8%, and 0.07% respectively). Using a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, we demonstrated the antiangiogenic potential of J. curcas latex. The latex induced a decrease in the vascularization of the membranes when compared with neutral and positive controls (water and Regederm®). However, when compared with the negative control (dexamethasone), higher J. curcas latex concentrations showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: J. curcas latex showed low thermal stability, and consisted of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids, but little or no rubber. Moreover, this latex demonstrated a significant antiangiogenic activity on a chick chorioallantoic membrane model. The combination of antimutagenic, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antiangiogenic properties makes J. curcas latex a potential target for the development of new drugs.

OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma caracterização físico-química e fitoquímica do látex de Jatropha curcas e investigar o seu potencial antiangiogênico. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma caracterização físico-química inicial do látex de J. curcas utilizando as análises termogravimétricas e a espectroscopia com a Transformada de Fourier. Depois disso, fenóis, taninos e flavonoides foram quantificados. Finalmente, o potencial do látex de J. curcas em inibir a angiogênese foi avaliado através do uso de modelo de membrana corioalantoica de embrião de galinha. Cinco grupos, cada um com 20 ovos de galinha fertilizados, tiveram a membrana corioalantoica exposta às seguintes soluções: (1) água, controle negativo; (2) dexametasona, inibidor da angiogênese; (3) Regederm®, controle positivo; (4) 25% de látex de J. curcas diluído em água; (5) 50% de látex de J. curcas diluído em água; e (6) látex bruto de J. curcas. A análise da rede vascular recém-formada foi feita por meio de imagens capturadas e quantificação do número de pixels. Análises histológicas foram realizadas para avaliar os parâmetros de inflamação, neovascularização e hiperemia. Os resultados foram analisados estaticamente com nível de significância estabelecido em p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A caracterização físico-química mostrou que o látex de J. curcas apresenta uma baixa quantidade de cis-1,4-poliisopreno, o que reduz sua elasticidade e estabilidade térmica. Análises fitoquímicas do látex de J. curcas identificaram uma quantidade significativa de fenóis, taninos e flavonoides (51,9%, 11,8% e 0,07% respectivamente). Usando o modelo de membrana corioalantoica de ovo de galinha embrionado, demonstrou-se o potencial antiangiogênico do látex de J. curcas. O látex induziu a diminuição da vascularização das membranas, em comparação aos grupos controle neutro e positivo (água e Regederm®). CONCLUSÕES: O látex de J. curcas apresentou baixa estabilidade térmica, ausência ou pouca quantidade de borracha e presença de fenóis, taninos e flavonoides em sua composição. Além disso, apresentou alta atividade antiangiogênica no modelo de membrana corioalantoica de embrião de galinha. A combinação de propriedades antimutagênicas, citotóxicas, anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes e antiangiogênicas faz com que o látex de J. curcas seja um alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.