Persistence and Intra-Host Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus Infection in Symptomatic Adults: A Special View in the Male Reproductive System.

We followed the presence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in four healthy adults (two men and two women), for periods ranging from 78 to 298 days post symptom onset. The patients were evaluated regarding the presence of the virus in different body fluids (blood, saliva, urine and semen), development of immune responses (including antibodies, cytokines and chemokines), and virus genetic variation within samples collected from semen and urine during the infection course. The analysis was focused primarily on the two male patients who shed the virus for up to 158 days after the initial symptoms. ZIKV particles were detected in the spermatozoa cytoplasm and flagella, in immature sperm cells and could also be isolated from semen in cell culture, confirming that the virus is able to preserve integrity and infectivity during replication in the male reproductive system (MRS). Despite the damage caused by ZIKV infection within the MRS, our data showed that ZIKV infection did not result in infertility at least in one of the male patients. This patient was able to conceive a child after the infection. We also detected alterations in the male genital cytokine milieu, which could play an important role in the replication and transmission of the virus which could considerably increase the risk of ZIKV sexual spread. In addition, full genome ZIKV sequences were obtained from several samples (mainly semen), which allowed us to monitor the evolution of the virus within a patient during the infection course. We observed genetic changes over time in consensus sequences and lower frequency intra-host single nucleotide variants (iSNV), that suggested independent compartmentalization of ZIKV populations in the reproductive and urinary systems. Altogether, the present observations confirm the risks associated with the long-term replication and shedding of ZIKV in the MRS and help to elucidate patterns of intra-host genetic evolution during long term replication of the virus.

Persistence and intra-host genetic evolution of zika virus infection in symptomatic adults: A special view in the male reproductive system

We followed the presence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in four healthy adults (two men and two women), for periods ranging from 78 to 298 days post symptom onset. The patients were evaluated regarding the presence of the virus in different body fluids (blood, saliva, urine and semen), development of immune responses (including antibodies, cytokines and chemokines), and virus genetic variation within samples collected from semen and urine during the infection course. The analysis was focused primarily on the two male patients who shed the virus for up to 158 days after the initial symptoms. ZIKV particles were detected in the spermatozoa cytoplasm and flagella, in immature sperm cells and could also be isolated from semen in cell culture, confirming that the virus is able to preserve integrity and infectivity during replication in the male reproductive system (MRS). Despite the damage caused by ZIKV infection within the MRS, our data showed that ZIKV infection did not result in infertility at least in one of the male patients. This patient was able to conceive a child after the infection. We also detected alterations in the male genital cytokine milieu, which could play an important role in the replication and transmission of the virus which could considerably increase the risk of ZIKV sexual spread. In addition, full genome ZIKV sequences were obtained from several samples (mainly semen), which allowed us to monitor the evolution of the virus within a patient during the infection course. We observed genetic changes over time in consensus sequences and lower frequency intra-host single nucleotide variants (iSNV), that suggested independent compartmentalization of ZIKV populations in the reproductive and urinary systems. Altogether, the present observations confirm the risks associated with the long-term replication and shedding of ZIKV in the MRS and help to elucidate patterns of intra-host genetic evolution during long term replication of the virus

Persistence and intra-host genetic evolution of Zika virus infection in symptomatic adults: a special view in the male reproductive system

We followed the presence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in four healthy adults (two men and two women), for periods ranging from 78 to 298 days post symptom onset. The patients were evaluated regarding the presence of the virus in different body fluids (blood, saliva, urine and semen), development of immune responses (including antibodies, cytokines and chemokines), and virus genetic variation within samples collected from semen and urine during the infection course. The analysis was focused primarily on the two male patients who shed the virus for up to 158 days after the initial symptoms. ZIKV particles were detected in the spermatozoa cytoplasm and flagella, in immature sperm cells and could also be isolated from semen in cell culture, confirming that the virus is able to preserve integrity and infectivity during replication in the male reproductive system (MRS). Despite the damage caused by ZIKV infection within the MRS, our data showed that ZIKV infection did not result in infertility at least in one of the male patients. This patient was able to conceive a child after the infection. We also detected alterations in the male genital cytokine milieu, which could play an important role in the replication and transmission of the virus which could considerably increase the risk of ZIKV sexual spread. In addition, full genome ZIKV sequences were obtained from several samples (mainly semen), which allowed us to monitor the evolution of the virus within a patient during the infection course. We observed genetic changes over time in consensus sequences and lower frequency intra-host single nucleotide variants (iSNV), that suggested independent compartmentalization of ZIKV populations in the reproductive and urinary systems. Altogether, the present observations confirm the risks associated with the long-term replication and shedding of ZIKV in the MRS and help to elucidate patterns of intra-host genetic evolution during long term replication of the virus.

Persistence and intra-host genetic evolution of Zika virus infection in symptomatic adults: a special view in the male reproductive system

We followed the presence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in four healthy adults (two men and two women), for periods ranging from 78 to 298 days post symptom onset. The patients were evaluated regarding the presence of the virus in different body fluids (blood, saliva, urine and semen), development of immune responses (including antibodies, cytokines and chemokines), and virus genetic variation within samples collected from semen and urine during the infection course. The analysis was focused primarily on the two male patients who shed the virus for up to 158 days after the initial symptoms. ZIKV particles were detected in the spermatozoa cytoplasm and flagella, in immature sperm cells and could also be isolated from semen in cell culture, confirming that the virus is able to preserve integrity and infectivity during replication in the male reproductive system (MRS). Despite the damage caused by ZIKV infection within the MRS, our data showed that ZIKV infection did not result in infertility at least in one of the male patients. This patient was able to conceive a child after the infection. We also detected alterations in the male genital cytokine milieu, which could play an important role in the replication and transmission of the virus which could considerably increase the risk of ZIKV sexual spread. In addition, full genome ZIKV sequences were obtained from several samples (mainly semen), which allowed us to monitor the evolution of the virus within a patient during the infection course. We observed genetic changes over time in consensus sequences and lower frequency intra-host single nucleotide variants (iSNV), that suggested independent compartmentalization of ZIKV populations in the reproductive and urinary systems. Altogether, the present observations confirm the risks associated with the long-term replication and shedding of ZIKV in the MRS and help to elucidate patterns of intra-host genetic evolution during long term replication of the virus.

Urticária crônica espontânea refratária aos anti-histamínicos: opção por ciclosporina / Antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria: opting for cyclosporine

Introdução: Anti-histamínico de segunda geração (AH1 2ªG) é o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com urticária crônica espontânea (UCE). Porém, cerca de 50% dos pacientes não responde a este tratamento. A ciclosporina é uma opção para os quadros mais graves. A ciclosporina tem propriedades imunossupressoras potentes, mas, apesar de sua eficácia, seu uso é limitado devido a diversos efeitos colaterais importantes. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta à ciclosporina em pacientes com UCE refratária aos anti-histamínicos. Método: Estudo retrospectivo baseado no prontuário eletrônico de pacientes com UCE refratária aos AH1 2ªG e que não responderam à introdução de outros medicamentos para controle da urticária. A ciclosporina foi indicada para todos os pacientes. A dosagem de D-dímero foi realizada em alguns pacientes. Resultados: Trinta pacientes participaram do estudo. Desses pacientes, 80% eram do sexo feminino, e a média de idade era de 42,8 anos. Previamente à introdução da ciclosporina, todos estavam em uso de AH1, 60% de AH2, 67% de montelucaste, 33,3% de hidroxicloroquina, e 56,7% de corticoide oral. A mediana de tempo de uso da ciclosporina foi de 11,5 meses. Em relação à eficácia, 40% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora dos sintomas, 40% não responderam ao tratamento, e em 20% dos pacientes a resposta não foi avaliada por suspensão da ciclosporina devido a efeitos colaterais, ou não foi introduzida devido a alterações clínicas ou laboratoriais prévias. Houve aumento dos níveis pressóricos em 9 pacientes (30%), e nefrotoxicidade em 5 pacientes (16,7%). Conclusões: Embora a ciclosporina seja uma boa opção terapêutica para pacientes com UCE refratária aos AH1, os efeitos colaterais são frequentes e devem ser monitorados.

Introduction: Second-generation antihistamines (sgAH1) are the treatment of choice for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). However, about 50% of the patients do not respond to this treatment. Cyclosporine is an option for more severe presentations. This drug has potent immunosuppressive properties. Despite its effectiveness, use is limited due to several serious side effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess response to cyclosporine in patients with antihistamine-refractory CSU. Method: This retrospective study was based on the electronic records of patients with sgAH1-refractory CSU who did not respond to the introduction of other drugs to control urticaria. Cyclosporine was indicated for all patients. D-dimer dosage was performed in some patients. Results: Thirty patients participated in the study. Of these, 80% were female and the mean age was 42.8 years. Prior to the introduction of cyclosporine, all patients were using AH1, 60% AH2, 67% montelukast, 33.3% hydroxychloroquine, and 56.7% oral corticosteroids. Median time of cyclosporine use was 11.5 months. Regarding efficacy, 40% of the patients showed improvement of symptoms, 40% did not respond to treatment, and in 20% response was not evaluated because the medication was withdrawn due to side effects or was not introduced based on previous clinical or laboratory abnormalities. There was an increase in blood pressure levels in 9 patients (30%) and nephrotoxicity in 5 (16.7%). Conclusions: Even though cyclosporine is a good therapeutic option for patients with AH1-refractory CSU, side effects are frequent and should be monitored.

Adrenalectomia laparoscópica em teratoma de supra-renal / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in adrenal teratoma

Os teratomas constituem um tumor de células embrionárias que podem ter evolução benigna e maligna. Localizam-se na região gonadal ou extragonadal. Dentro da última inclui-se a localização adrenal, que é rara e produz poucos sintomas. O tratamento de escolha é a ressecção cirúrgica. Relata-se um caso de teratoma localizado na supra-renal em uma criança de nove anos tratada por adrenalectomia laparoscópica.