Cognitive impairment and its association with clinical variables in Mexican persons with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment has a substantial impact on the daily function of people living with demyelinating diseases. However, the study of cognitive failures and their association with clinical variables in people suffering from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) has been scarce, especially in the latin american (Mexican) population at early and middle stages of the disease. METHOD: We applied the Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological tests and obtained data of lesion burden through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), expression of AQPQ4-IgG antibodies, and degree of disability in 30 patients with NMOSD and 30 healthy participants as a control group. RESULTS: About half of the NMOSD patients (47%) showed some degree of cognitive impairment, especially in the executive domain compared to the control group. Executive function scores were positively associated with the degree of physical disability. We found no associations between cognitive dysfunction and disease duration, AQPQ4-IgG antibodies, lesion burden, nor depression. CONCLUSIONS: Executive functioning impairment is present in NMOSD and may predict the degree of functional disability in patients. Cognitive failures were not associated with immunological or radiological data, which emphasizes the relevance of applying systematic neuropsychological assessments in this clinical population.

Frequency and Focus of in Vitro Studies of Microglia-Expressed Cytokines in Response to Viral Infection: A Systematic Review.

It is well known that as part of their response to infectious agents such as viruses, microglia transition from a quiescent state to an activated state that includes proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory phases; this behavior has been described through in vitro studies. However, recent in vivo studies on the function of microglia have questioned the two-phase paradigm; therefore, a change in the frequency of in vitro studies is expected. A systematic review was carried out to identify the microglial cytokine profile against viral infection that has been further evaluated through in vitro studies (pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory), along with analysis of its publication frequency over the years. For this review, 531 articles published in the English language were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and ResearchGate. Only 27 papers met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. In total, 19 cytokines were evaluated in these studies, most of which are proinflammatory; the most common are IL-6, followed by TNF-α and IL-1ß. It should be pointed out that half of the studies were published between 2015 and 2022 (raw data available in https://github.com/dadriba05/SystematicReview.git ). In this review, we identified that evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines released by microglia against viral infections has been performed more frequently than that of anti-inflammatory cytokines; additionally, a higher frequency of evaluation of the response of microglia cells to viral infection through in vitro studies from 2015 and beyond was noted.

Exploratory study of the prevalence of food addiction and its relationship with executive functioning, depression, and reinforcement sensitivity in a sample of Mexican adults.

Introduction: The study of food addiction (FA) has become relevant due to its high prevalence, the negative impact on quality of life, and its association with neuropsychological and psychiatric symptoms. Several studies have provided scientific support for these associations, however, the results are contradictory. Additionally, studies have unsuccessfully elucidated the true nature of the failures in executive functioning in people with FA symptomatology, particularly when it comes to executive deficits. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to establish whether the presence of executive dysfunction, depressive symptoms and binge eating problems, as well as high reward sensitivity entails a greater severity in FA traits and high body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods: The sample consisted of Mexican men and women between 21-59 years (n = 36); who completed self-report questionnaires and performance tests to measure the study variables. Additionally, BMI was estimated with self-reported height and weight. Results: Our results showed that a high number of FA symptoms were associated with higher executive dysfunction scores, greater reward sensitivity, and more severe depressive and binge eating problems. Furthermore, factors that are more strongly associated with higher scores of FA include severe executive deficits, greater activation of the punishment avoidance system, and persistence in the search for reward when the depressive symptoms increased. The factors that best explained changes in the estimated BMI of women were a decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and the inability to control food intake as the number of FA symptoms increased. Discussion: In summary, the cognitive functioning profile characterized by general failure of the executive functioning, as well as a greater activation of the Punishment Avoidance System and persistence in the search for reward, were associated with greater severity of FA symptoms, especially when the depressive symptomatology was severe. In parallel, the psychopathology in participants associated with FA confirms the contribution of anxious and depressive symptomatology and borderline personality traits which could facilitate the expression of clinically relevant FA symptoms in women. Finally, we found that decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and inability to control food intake were linked to higher BMI when the number of FA symptoms increased.

Examining the Features of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (ANMDARE) is a neuroimmunological disorder that frequently improves with immunotherapy. Symptomatic treatment with antipsychotics is common in the early stages when psychiatric symptoms predominate, and their use has been associated with serious side effects including neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The observation of an adverse response to antipsychotics, raising the suspicion of NMS, has been included as a criterion for possible autoimmune psychosis. METHODS: This case-control study included patients who received antipsychotics before referral to the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, where they were diagnosed as having definite ANMDARE, and patients with ANMDARE who did not receive antipsychotics before referral. The neurologic and systemic features that are used to measure an adverse response to antipsychotics, raising the suspicion of NMS, were measured in both groups, including akinesia, autonomic instability, generalized rigidity, elevated concentrations of creatine phosphokinase, and hyperthermia. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the previous use of antipsychotics and the occurrence of NMS-like reactions. RESULTS: A total sample of 112 patients with definite ANMDARE were included in the study. Fifty patients received antipsychotics before being referred to our institution. In this group, thirty-six patients (72%) were initially classified as having an adverse response, raising the suspicion of NMS, with the following features: akinesia (64%), autonomic instability (58%), generalized rigidity (52%), elevated concentrations of creatine phosphokinase (50%), and hyperthermia (14%). Six patients fulfilled the criteria for NMS (12%). The comparison with patients who did not receive antipsychotics before the clinical assessment did not show a significant difference between groups regarding the frequency of akinesia, autonomic instability, generalized rigidity, elevated concentrations of creatine phosphokinase, or hyperthermia. Among different antipsychotics, only haloperidol was significantly associated with generalized rigidity as compared to patients who did not receive antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports previous observations about the high frequency of autonomic dysfunction, hyperthermia, tachycardia, rigidity, and elevated creatine phosphokinase levels in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis following the administration of antipsychotic medications. Nevertheless, our study does not suggest a causal link between atypical antipsychotics and the onset of these neurological symptoms, as they were equally frequent among the group of patients who did not receive antipsychotic treatment.

Quantifying carbon storage and sequestration by native and non-native forests under contrasting climate types.

Non-native trees may have significant impacts on the carbon sink capacity of forested lands. However, large-scale patterns of the relative capacity of native and non-native forests to uptake and store carbon remain poorly described in the literature, and this information is urgently needed to support management decisions. In this study, we analyzed 17,065 plots from the Spanish Forest Inventory (covering c. 30 years) to quantify carbon storage and sequestration of natural forests and plantations of native and non-native trees under contrasting climate types, while controlling for the effects of environmental factors (forest structure, climate, soil, topography, and management). We found that forest origin (non-native vs. native) highly influenced carbon storage and sequestration, but such effect was dependent on climate. Carbon storage was greater in non-native than in native forests in both wet and dry climates. Non-native forests also had greater carbon sequestration than native ones in the wet climate, due to higher carbon gains by tree growth. However, in the dry climate, native forests had greater carbon gains by tree ingrowth and lower carbon loss by tree mortality than non-native ones. Furthermore, forest type (classified by the dominant species) and natural forests versus tree plantations were important determinants of carbon storage and sequestration. Native and non-native Pinus spp. forests had low carbon storage, whereas non-native Eucalyptus spp. forests and native Quercus spp., Fagus sylvatica, and Eurosiberian mixed forests (especially not planted ones) had high carbon storage. Carbon sequestration was greatest in Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus ilex, and Pinus pinaster forests. Overall, our findings suggest that the relative capacity of native and non-native forests to uptake and store carbon depends on climate, and that the superiority of non-native forests over native ones in terms of carbon sequestration declines as the abiotic filters become stronger (i.e., lower water availability and higher climate seasonality).

El consumo de bebidas dulces incrementa diferencialmente la expresión de Oxitocina en núcleos hipotalámicos / The consumption of sweet drinks differentially increases the expression of oxytocin in hypothalamic nuclei

Resumen Se reconoce la participación de la oxitocina en el control de la alimentación, pero su mecanismo de acción no se ha establecido totalmente. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del acceso intermitente a una solución de sacarosa, sobre la expresión de las neuronas del núcleo paraventricular (PVN) y del núcleo supraótico (SON) que producen oxitocina (Oxt), y caracterizar la microestructura de la conducta de beber en ratas saciadas. Se tuvieron tres grupos de ratas macho Wistar saciadas, y en la primera hora al inicio del periodo de luz, el grupo Control tuvo agua, el grupo Restringido 5g de una solución de sacarosa al 20% y el grupo Ad libitum acceso libre a la solución de sacarosa. Los sujetos incrementaron el consumo de la solución de sacarosa a pesar de estar saciados; debido a la interrupción del estado de saciedad y la demora de la satisfacción. La actividad de las neuronas de Oxt se incrementó en ambos núcleos, en el grupo Restringido la mayor expresión se observó en el SON y en el grupo Ad libitum en el PVN. No se encontró correlación entre la cantidad de bebida ingerida y la actividad de las neuronas Oxt.

Abstract The role of oxytocin in feeding control is recognized, but its mechanism of action has not been fully established. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of intermittent access to a sucrose solution on the expression of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraotic nucleus (SON) neurons that produce oxytocin (Oxt), and to characterize the microstructure of drinking behavior in satiated rats. Three groups of male Wistar rats satiated were used, and in the first hour at the beginning of the light period, a Control group had water, a Restricted group 5g of a 20% sucrose solution and Ad libitum group with free access to sucrose solution. The experimental subjects increased the consumption of the sucrose solution despite being satiated, due to the interruption of the state of satiety and the delay of the satiation process. Oxt neurons increased their activity in both nuclei, in the Restricted group the highest expression was observed in the SON and in the Ad libitum group in the PVN. No correlation was found between the amount of drink ingested and the activity of Oxt neurons.

Corrigendum: Intra-accumbens raclopride administration prevents behavioral changes induced by intermittent access to sucrose solution.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00074.].

The central blockade of the dopamine DR4 receptor decreases sucrose consumption by modifying the microstructure of drinking behavior in male rats.

Sugar solutions promote hedonic feeding and increase the risk of obesity and binge-type behavior. In rodents, ingestion of sugar solutions enhances dopamine release to mesolimbic regions, suggesting changes in hedonic intake and brain reward processes. Moreover, dopaminergic D2R/D3R receptors contribute to the hedonic intake of palatable solutions. Although the experimental evidence indicate that the dopaminergic D4 receptor (D4R) modulates feeding at homeostatic levels, it is currently unknown whether D4R also regulate the hedonic intake of sugar solutions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the central blockade of D4R on the consumption of a 20% sucrose solution, the drinking microstructure parameters, and levels of locomotor activity in sated rats. In the first experiment, male Wistar rats were daily exposed to a 20% sugar solution in the first hour of the light phase of the light:dark cycle. On day 10, rats received i.c.v injections of the D4R antagonist, L-745870 (0, 1 or 2 µg/5 µl) and sucrose consumption and drinking microstructure parameters (latency to start drinking, bouts, drinking duration, bout size, inter-bout interval, time in activity and time in resting) were evaluated. In the second experiment, rats were trained to receive the 20% sucrose solution as described in experiment 1. On day 10, after the 1 h of sucrose access, the rats were placed in the open field for 5-min (habituation phase). Then, rats received i.c.v injections of L-745870 (0, 1 or 2 µg/ 5 µl), and were placed again in the open-field test for 10-min (pharmacological phase). The number or crosses trough squares and number of rears were scored for both the habituation and pharmacological phase. Here we found that administration of L-745870 decreased the consumption of sucrose in a dose-depended manner. Moreover, L-745870-treated rats displayed microstructural changes, including greater number of bouts and reduced drinking duration, bout size and inter-bout intervals. Furthermore, the number of crosses and number of rears in the open field test remained unchanged for habituation and pharmacological phase. Finally, present findings suggest that D4R modulates the consumption of sugar solutions by alteration of hedonic responses, but the contribution of homeostatic systems is discussed. These results open perspectives for the potential use of the D4R antagonists for treating obesity or binge-eating behavior.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) differentially affects satiation in mice fed a regular or a high fat diet.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) is a widely used food additive and the toxicity after oral consumption is still under research, although it has been already banned in some countries. The consumption of this additive occurs mainly through ultra-processed food products which also contain high amounts of fat. High fat diets (HFD) impair the physiological system controlling satiation and satiety, which are responsible for control of food intake and energy status. The impact of E171 on animal behavior has been poorly explored and here we hypothesize that E171 could worsen the effects on feeding behavior induced by HFD. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of E171 on the feeding pattern and the behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) of mice fed with a regular diet (RD) or a HFD after 1 and 16 weeks of exposure. The results showed that RD + E171 increased food intake and feeding time, but the prototypical structure of the BSS pattern (feeding→ grooming-activity → resting), was preserved. Conversely, food consumption was not altered in HFD + E171, but the BSS pattern was disrupted as the animals prolonged resting time and spent less time being active. Our findings suggest that E171 delayed the onset of satiation in mice fed with RD but induced the opposite effect in mice fed with HFD.

Prevalencia del tubérculo de Carabelli en una población infantil / Prevalência do tubérculo de Carabelli em uma população infantil / Prevalence of Carabelli tubercle in a child population

Introducción: Las anomalías de la forma, en niños y niñas, son en gran medida frecuentes, por ello su estudio es importante para precisar diagnósticos, dado que pueden tener diferentes implicancias odontológicas. A la altura de la cúspide mesiopalatina de los segundos molares superiores temporarios, primeros molares superiores permanentes, y con menor frecuencia en los segundos molares superiores permanentes, es posible reconocer una cúspide accesoria o tubérculo denominada de Carabelli (TC).Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia del TC en pacientes del Hospital de Odontología Infantil (HOI) "Don Benito Quinquela Martín" de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Asimismo, comprender, con respecto a su etiología, si existe alguna relación con el origen étnico de la familia. Para ello se incorporó la variable nacionalidad de los padres para examinar el posible vínculo entre la presencia del TC y la procedencia étnica del paciente.Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó una muestra de 363 niños que ingresaron por primera vez al Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del HOI durante el período comprendido entre agosto 2019 y marzo 2020.Resultados: La prevalencia del TC observada fue del 34 %, por lo menos en alguna de las piezas dentarias, con una mayor tendencia en el sexo masculino en un 55%, y un 45% en el sexo femenino.Conclusiones: La hipótesis propuesta fue que la prevalencia del TC en los pacientes que acuden al del HOI es inferior al 50 % y fue validada debido a que el 34% de los pacientes presentan el TC.

Introdução: As anomalias de forma em meninos e meninas são bastante frequentes, por isso seu estudo é importante para especificar diagnósticos, pois podem ter diferentes implicações odontológicas. Na altura da cúspide mesiopalatina dos segundos molares superiores temporários, primeiros molares superiores permanentes e, menos frequentemente, nos segundos molares superiores permanentes, é possível reconhecer uma cúspide ou tubérculo acessório, denominado Carabelli (TC). Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência de TC em pacientes do Hospital de Odontologia Infantil "Don Benito Quinquela Martín" (HOI) de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Materiais e métodos: Uma amostra de 363 crianças entre dois e quinze anos de idade foi avaliada por inspeção visual direta ­realizada com instrumentos de exploração­, considerando admissões, na Clínica HOI e Serviço de Orientação durante o período abrangido. agosto de 2019 e março de 2020. Resultados: 34% dos pacientes apresentaram TC em um dos dentes, com maior tendência para o sexo masculino em 55%. Conclusões: Embora a prevalência de DC nos pacientes que compareceram ao HOI tenha sido inferior a 50%, ter observado o traço em 34% sugere a importância de sua detecção precoce, pois é fundamental informar ao paciente que o traço o acompanhará durante todo o sua vida e exige maior higiene bucal. Além disso, avise ao paciente que a cúspide não está relacionada a uma doença, mas corresponde à herança genética

Introduction: Shape abnormalities in children are recurrent, so their study is important to make an accurate diagnosis because they can have several dental implications. This anatomical structure is generally found on the mesial palatal side of the tooth, just below the mesial palatal cusp, specifically on the upper first deciduous molars, less frequently in the upper second permanent molars, it is possible to recognize an accessory cusp or a tubercle identified as Carabelli. Aim: To determine the prevalence of the Carabelli ́s tubercle (CT) in patients of the Clinical Service and Orientation from the Quinquela Martín Hospital of Pediatric dentistry (HOI) Government of Buenos Aires City- Aires, Argentina. Materials and methods: A sample of 363 children, between two and fifteen years of age, was evaluated by direct visual inspection ­carried out with exploration instruments­, taking into account admissions and readmissions, to the HOI Clinic and Orientation Service during the period covered between August 2019 and March 2020. Results: The prevalence of CT observed was 34% in at least some teeth, with a greater tendency in the male gender of 55% and 45% in the female. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of CT in patients who attended the HOI was less than 50%, having observed the trait in 34% suggests the importance of its early detection, since it is essential to inform the patient that the trait it will accompany you throughout his life and requires effective oral hygiene. Also, warn the patient that the cusp is not related to a disease, but corresponds to genetic inheritance.

Tomografía computarizada con reconstrucción 3D para el diagnóstico de lesiones traumáticas de uretra / Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction for the diagnosis of traumatic urethral injuries

RESUMEN La uretrografía retrógrada es la técnica de referencia (gold standard) utilizada clásicamente para hacer diagnóstico de lesiones de uretra. En este contexto se presenta un caso en el que se realizó tomografía computarizada con reconstrucción 3D con contraste intravenoso y endouretral, pudiendo reconstruir la uretra en toda su extensión en forma tridimensional. De esta manera se arribó al diagnóstico de certeza de la lesión de uretra. Como ventaja del método se menciona la posibilidad de diagnosticar ‒ con un solo estudio por imágenes‒ lesiones de todo el tracto urinario, órganos sólidos, huecos y lesión del anillo pélvico asociados al traumatismo, con una alta sensibilidad y especificidad sin necesidad de requerir otros estudios complementarios.

ABSTRACT Retrograde urethrography is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of urethral injuries. In this setting, we report the use of computed tomography with intravenous injection and urethral administration of contrast medium and 3D reconstruction of the entire urethra. The definitive diagnosis of urethral injury was made. The advantage of this method is the possibility of making the diagnosis of traumatic injuries of the entire urinary tract, solid organs, hollow viscera and of the pelvic ring within a single imaging test, with high sensitivity and specificity, with no need to perform other complementary tests.

Fist report on fumagillin production by Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto gliotoxigenic strains recovered from raw cow milk and clinical samples in Argentina / Primer reporte en Argentina sobre la producción de fumagilina por cepas deAspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto productoras de gliotoxina, aisladas de lechecruda y de casos clínicos

Abstract In Argentina there are no reports on Aspergillus fumigatus fumagillin-producingstrains. In this study we describe the isolation and mycotoxin production capacity of ten A.fumigatus strains isolated from farm and clinical samples. Farm strains were isolated frommilk samples taken from dairy cows in Córdoba province, some of which were associated withsubclinical mastitis. A culture medium was defined to optimize fumagillin production and adetection method was developed by HPLC chromatography. It is known that in addition to thehost immune status, strain virulence is a fundamental characteristic that will determine itspathogenicity and, in this sense, fumagillin is considered to be among the virulence factors. Inthe present work, all the strains tested for the production of fumagillin were able to synthesizeit, highlighting that the strain A. fumigatus RC2243, from a milk sample from a cow with clinicalmastitis, was the most productive. The existence of fumagillin-producing strains represents apotential risk of mycotoxins being transferred to raw milk, constituting a public health risk.

Resumen En Argentina no existen reportes sobre cepas de Aspergillus fumigatus productoras de fumagilina. En este trabajo se describe el aislamiento y la producción de dicha micotoxina clínicaspor 10 cepas, provenientes del medioambiente rural y aisladas de muestras clínicas. Las cepasde origen rural fueron aisladas de vacas lecheras en tambos de la provincia de Córdoba, yalgunas de esas cepas se asociaron a casos de mastitis subclínica. Se definió la composición deun medio de cultivo para optimizar la producción de fumagilina y se desarrolló un método decromatografía HPLC para su determinación. Es conocido que, además del estado inmunitario delhuésped, la virulencia de la cepa es una de las características fundamentales que determinansu potencial patogénico y, en este sentido, la fumagilina es considerada un factor de virulencia. En el presente trabajo todas las cepas estudiadas fueron capaces de sintetizarla y la cepa A.fumigatus RC2243, proveniente de leche de una vaca con mastitis subclínica, se destacó comola cepa más productora. La existencia de cepas productoras de fumagillina representa un riesgopotencial por el pasaje de dicha micotoxina a la leche, lo cual constituye un problema para lasalud pública.

Fist report on fumagillin production by Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto gliotoxigenic strains recovered from raw cow milk and clinical samples in Argentina.

In Argentina there are no reports on Aspergillus fumigatus fumagillin-producing strains. In this study we describe the isolation and mycotoxin production capacity of ten A. fumigatus strains isolated from farm and clinical samples. Farm strains were isolated from milk samples taken from dairy cows in Córdoba province, some of which were associated with subclinical mastitis. A culture medium was defined to optimize fumagillin production and a detection method was developed by HPLC chromatography. It is known that in addition to the host immune status, strain virulence is a fundamental characteristic that will determine its pathogenicity and, in this sense, fumagillin is considered to be among the virulence factors. In the present work, all the strains tested for the production of fumagillin were able to synthesize it, highlighting that the strain A. fumigatus RC2243, from a milk sample from a cow with clinical mastitis, was the most productive. The existence of fumagillin-producing strains represents a potential risk of mycotoxins being transferred to raw milk, constituting a public health risk.

Milroy disease with predominant preputial involvement.

Milroy disease is a form of congenital primary lymphedema that usually affects the lower limbs. Predominant genital lymphedema in Milroy disease is uncommon and disabling. When conservative management is ineffective, surgical treatment becomes necessary. Here, we present a rare case of congenital primary penile lymphedema in a 4-year-old child.

Accuracy of Digital Dental Implants Impression Taking with Intraoral Scanners Compared with Conventional Impression Techniques: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the in vitro accuracy of dental implants impressions taken with intraoral scanner compared with impressions taken with conventional techniques. Two independent reviewers conducted a systematic electronic search in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Some of the employed key terms, combined with the help of Boolean operators, were: "dental implants", "impression accuracy", "digital impression" and "conventional impression". Publication dates ranged from the earliest article available until 31 July 2021. A total of 26 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 14 studies simulated complete edentation (CE), nine partial edentation (PE) and only two simulated a single implant (SI); One study simulated both CE and SI. In cases of PE and SI, most of the studies analyzed found greater accuracy with conventional impression (CI), although digital impression (DI) was also considered adequate. For CE the findings were inconclusive as six studies found greater accuracy with DI, five found better accuracy with CI and four found no differences. According to the results of this systematic review, DI is a valid alternative to CI for implants in PE and SI, although CI appear to be more accurate. For CE the findings were inconclusive, so more studies are needed before DI can be recommended for all implant-supported restorations.

Impact of rituximab in Mexican patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). B cells have an essential role in the disease pathogenesis and therefore selective B-cell depletion are commonly used to treat the disease. Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody had demonstrated reduced inflammatory activity and radiological activity in MS patients. Due to economic constrains and treatment access limitations, RTX is often used as a treatment alternative in these patients. Here, we described our center experience in RTX -treated MS patients. METHODS: A single-center observational retrospective study was conducted in a Mexican cohort MS during 2010 to 2020. All patients had a confirmed MS diagnosis.All patients received fixed scheme involving induction with 1 g on day one and day 15, followed by 500 mg-1 g every six months for maintenance. Annual Relapse Rate (ARR), Progression index (PI), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and MRI activity of the disease were evaluated. Comparison between naïve and non-naïve patients was also conducted. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 33.13 (±8.90) years with 73 (85.9%) being RRMS. 39 (34.1%) were treatment-naïve. While treated with RTX, 62(72.9%) patients reached a free-of-relapse status, with statistically significant decrease in the mean ARR from 0.82 to 0.36 [0.14 (95%CI: 0.09-0.20), p = 0.0001 and EDSS [0.25 CI 0-0.5 (p = 0.034)] and a decrease in their T1 Gd-enhancing MRI lesions (1.64 vs. 0.12 CI 0.70-2.30, p = 0.004. 29 (29.4%) patients achieved NEDA-3. Among all patients, only 2 (2.4%) experienced infusion-related mild adverse events. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: We found significant clinical and radiological improvement in naïve and non-naïve MS patients treated with RTX.