RESUMEN
The antiphospholipid syndrome is an antibody mediated hypercoagulable state characterized by recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolic events. Several studies have determined that the frequency of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with a venous thromboembolic event is between 4% and 14%. Classical criteria include the presence of anticardiolipin antibody or lupus anticoagulant with typical complications of thrombosis or pregnancy loss. Other common associated manifestations include livedo reticularis, thrombocytopenia, valvular heart disease, and nephropathy with renal insufficiency, hypertension and proteinuria. Because of the high risk for recurrent thromboembolism in these patients, current recommendations suggest a longer, potentially lifelong, course of antithrombotic therapy following an initial event. For an initial venous thromboembolic event, a target INR of 2.0 to 3.0 is supported by two prospective, randomized clinical trials. In contrast, relatively limited data exist for an initial arterial thromboembolic event in patients who have the antiphospholipid syndrome, and therapeutic recommendations range from aspirin to warfarin with a high target INR. Recurrent thromboembolic events can be extremely difficult to treat, and some patients may benefit from the addition of immunosuppressive therapies. It is very important to evaluate in this setting additional, coincident prothrombotic risk factors.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome Antifosfolípido , Aborto Espontáneo/etiología , Acenocumarol/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anticuerpos Anticardiolipina/sangre , Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/clasificación , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/complicaciones , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/diagnóstico , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome Antifosfolípido/etiología , Aspirina/uso terapéutico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapéutico , Heparina/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Inhibidor de Coagulación del Lupus/análisis , Masculino , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/uso terapéutico , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Recurrencia , Factores de Riesgo , Trombofilia/complicaciones , Trombosis/complicaciones , Trombosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Trombosis/prevención & control , Warfarina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
El síndrome antifosfolípido afecta al campo de la practica médica de varias especialidades; es un estado de hipercoagulabilidad mediado por anticuerpos caracterizado por episodios de tromboembolismos arteriales y venosos, su frecuencia en pacientes que sufren un episodio de tromboembolismo venoso oscila entre un 14 a un 45%. Los criterios clásicos incluyen la presencia de anticuerpos anticardiolipina o anticoagulante lúpico, las complicaciones trombóticas y los abortos espontáneos. Otras manifestaciones frecuentes incluyen la livedo reticularis, trombocitopenia, enfermedad valvular cardiaca, nefropatía con insuficiencia renal, hipertensión y proteinuria. Se aconseja un tratamiento anticoagulante prolongado después del primer episodio trombótico, en caso de que ocurra un tromboembolismo venoso, se recomienda mantener el INR entre 2 y 3, por el contrario existen menos datos referentes al tratamiento en caso de que la afectación sea arterial en cuyo caso se aconseja el uso de aspirina y/o warfarina manteniendo niveles mas altos de INR. En caso que se presenten episodios tromboembólicos recurrentes de tromboembolismo algunos pacientes se pueden beneficiar del tratamiento con inmunosupresores, y en cualquier caso se debe de realizar un estudio que valore la existencia de factores protrombóticos
The antiphospholipid syndrome is an antibody mediated hypercoagulable state characterized by recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolic events. Several studies have determined that the frequency of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with a venous thromboembolic event is between 4% and 14%. Classical criteria include the presence of anticardiolipin antibody or lupus anticoagulant with typical complications of thrombosis or pregnancy loss. Other common associated manifestations include livedo reticularis, thrombocytopenia, valvular heart disease, and nephropathy with renal insufficiency, hypertension and proteinuria. Because of the high risk for recurrent thromboembolism in these patients, current recommendations suggest a longer, potentially lifelong, course of antithrombotic therapy following an initial event. For an initial venous thromboembolic event, a target INR of 2.0 to 3.0 is supported by two prospective, randomized clinical trials. In contrast, relatively limited data exist for an initial arterial thromboembolic event in patients who have the antiphospholipid syndrome, and therapeutic recommendations range from aspirin to warfarin with a high target INR. Recurrent thromboembolic events can be extremely difficult to treat, and some patients may benefit from the addition of immunosuppressive therapies. It is very important to evaluate in this setting additional, coincident prothrombotic risk factors
