Trasplante renal en el paciente con peso igual o menor a 11 kg / Kidney transplantation in children weighing 11 kg or less

Objetivos. Analizar los resultados de los trasplantes renales en pacientes con peso bajo. Material y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes con peso igual o menor a 11 kg que recibieron un trasplante renal entre el año 2001 y el 2013 en nuestro centro. Resultados. Se realizaron 59 trasplantes renales en pacientes pediátricos, doce en pacientes con peso ≤11 kg (20%). La edad media del receptor en el momento del trasplante fue de 2 años (1-3,5); el peso medio, de 9,4 ± 1,1 kg (8,3-11). La causa de la enfermedad renal fue malformativa en un 42% de los pacientes, hereditaria en el 33%, glomerular en un 8% y por otras causas en un 17%. Dos pacientes no recibieron tratamiento sustitutivo previo al trasplante (16,7%); nueve, diálisis peritoneal (75%) y uno, hemodiálisis (8,3%). Once de los injertos fueron de cadáver (91,7%) y uno, de donante vivo (8,3%). La edad media del donante fue de 10 años (0,5-29). Hubo un caso de trombosis aguda del injerto (8,3%) y un caso de eventración que requirió reintervención, sin otras complicaciones mayores. El seguimiento medio fue de 59 meses (4-130). La supervivencia del paciente fue del 100% a 1 año y del 91,7% a los 5 años. Hubo un exitus, en un paciente con enfermedad mitocondrial con injerto funcionante. La supervivencia del injerto fue del 92% al 1 año y del 75% a los 5 años. Conclusiones. El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para la enfermedad renal terminal en el niño pequeño. Ofrece buenos resultados en cuanto a supervivencia del paciente y del injerto

Results. Fifty-nine kidney transplantations were performed in pediatric patients in our center, 12 of them were performed in patients weighing 11 kg or less (20%). The mean age of the recipient at the time of transplantation was 2 years (1-3.5); the mean weight was 9.4 ± 1.1kg (8.3-11). The etiology of kidney failure was malformative in 42% of patients, inherited in 33%, glomerular in 8% and other etiologies in 17% of the patients. Two patients did not receive replacement therapy before transplantation (16.7%), nine received peritoneal dialysis (75%)and one of them hemodialysis (8.3%). Eleven of the grafts were from cadaveric donor (91.7%) and one of them from a living donor (8.3%). The mean donor age was 10 years (0.5-29). There was one case of acute graft thrombosis (8.3%) and one case of event ration requiring reoperation; there were no other major complications. Mean follow-up was 59 months (4-130). Overall survival (OS) was 100% at 1 year and 91,7% at 5 years. There was one death in a patient with mitochondrial disease with a functioning graft. Graft survival (GS) was 92% at 1 year and 75% at 5 years. Conclusion. Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney failure in the young child. It provides good results in terms of patient and graft survival

[Kidney transplantation in children weighing 11 kg or less]. / Trasplante renal en el paciente con peso igual o menor a 11 kg.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the outcome of kidney transplantation in children with low weight. METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of patients weighing 11 kg or less that received kidney transplantation between 2001 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-nine kidney transplantations were performed in pediatric patients in our center, 12 of them were performed in patients weighing 11 kg or less (20%). The mean age of the recipient at the time of transplantation was 2 years (1-3.5); the mean weight was 9.4 ± 1.1 kg (8.3-11). The etiology of kidney failure was malformative in 42% of patients, inherited in 33%, glomerular in 8% and oiler etiologies in 17% of the patients. Two patients did not receive replacement therapy before transplantation (16.7%), nine received peritoneal dialysis (75%) and one of them hemodialysis (8.3%). Eleven of the grafts were from cadaveric donor (91.7%) and one of them from a living donor (8.3%). The mean donor age was 10 years (0.5-29). There was one case of acute graft thrombosis (8.3%) and one case of eventration requiring reoperation; there were no other major complications. Mean follow-up was 59 months (4-130). Overall survival (OS) was 100% at 1 year and 91.7% at 5 years. There was one death in a patient with mitochondrial disease with a functioning graft. Graft survival (GS) was 92% at 1 year and 75% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney failure in the young child. It provides good results in terms of patient and graft survival.

La disfunción eréctil y su severidad están en relación con el número de factores de riesgo cardiovascular / Erectile Dysfunction and Its Severity Are Related to the Number of Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Objetivos: La disfunción eréctil (DE) es un estado muy común entre la población. Está en clara relación con la hipertensión arterial (HTA), la diabetes mellitus (DM), la dislipemia (DLP) y el síndrome metabólico (SM). El objetivo del presente estudio es esclarecer si la presencia y severidad de la DE están en relación con el número de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Material y métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente las características de 242 varones derivados a nuestro centro para la realización de biopsia prostática entre septiembre de 2007 y diciembre de 2009. Se recogieron prospectivamente las siguientes variables: edad, altura, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), HTA, DM, DLP y obesidad (IMC < 30 kg/m2). Para describirla función eréctil utilizamos el cuestionario Erection Hardness Score. Analizamos la relación entre la presencia y severidad de DE y la presencia de HTA, DM, DLP y obesidad. Analizamos las variables clínicas en función de la presencia o ausencia de DE y en relación con su severidad. Resultados: La presencia de DE se relaciona con HTA (OR: 1,805 [1,128-2,887]; p = 0,013), DM (OR: 3,585 [1,613-7,966]; p = 0,001) y DLP (OR: 1,928 [1,062-3,500]; p = 0,029). La función eréctil no se relacionó con obesidad (OR: 0,929 [0,522-1,632]; p = 0,795). Los pacientes con DE eran más susceptibles de tener más FRCV (p = 0,009) y la severidad de la DE se encontró en relación con HTA (p < 0,001), DM (p < 0,001), DLP (p = 0,001) y el número FRCV (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La presencia y severidad de la DE se encuentra en relación con la HTA, la DM, la DLP y el número de FRCV (AU)

Aim: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a very common condition in the general population. ED isclosely related to Hypertension (HT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Dyslipidemia (DLP) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS). This study has aimed to clarify whether the presence and severity of ED are related to the presence and number of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). Material and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of 242 males referred to our center for a prostate biopsy from September 2007 to December 2009. The following variables were collected prospectively: age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), AHT, DM, DLP and obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2). The Erection Hardness Score Questionnaire was used to assess erectile function. We analyzed the relation between the presence and severity of ED and the presence of HT, DM, DLP and obesity. We analyzed the clinical variables based on the presence or absence of ED and in relationship to its severity. Results: The presence of ED was related to HT (OR: 1.805 [1.128-2.887]; p = 0.013), DM (OR3.585 [1.613-7.966]; p = 0.001) and Dyslipidemia (OR: 1.928 [1.062-3.500]; p = 0.029). Erectile function was not related to Obesity (OR: 0.929 [0.522-1.632]; p = 0.795). Patients with ED were more likely to have more CVRF (p = 0.009) and the severity of ED was related to the presence of HT (p < 0.001), DM (p < 0.001), DLP (p = 0.001) and the number of CVRF (p < 0.001).Conclusions: The presence and severity of ED correlate with the presence of HT, DM, Dyslipidemia and the number of DVR (AU)

[Erectile dysfunction and its severity are related to the number of cardiovascular risk factors]. / La disfunción eréctil y su severidad están en relación con el número de factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

AIM: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a very common condition in the general population. ED is closely related to Hypertension (HT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Dyslipidemia (DLP) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS). This study has aimed to clarify whether the presence and severity of ED are related to the presence and number of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of 242 males referred to our center for a prostate biopsy from September 2007 to December 2009. The following variables were collected prospectively: age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), AHT, DM, DLP and obesity (BMI<30 kg/m(2)). The Erection Hardness Score Questionnaire was used to assess erectile function. We analyzed the relation between the presence and severity of ED and the presence of HT, DM, DLP and obesity. We analyzed the clinical variables based on the presence or absence of ED and in relationship to its severity. RESULTS: The presence of ED was related to HT (OR: 1.805 [1.128-2.887]; p=0.013), DM (OR 3.585 [1.613-7.966]; p=0.001) and Dyslipidemia (OR: 1.928 [1.062-3.500]; p=0.029). Erectile function was not related to Obesity (OR: 0.929 [0.522-1.632]; p=0.795). Patients with ED were more likely to have more CVRF (p=0.009) and the severity of ED was related to the presence of HT (p<0.001), DM (p<0.001), DLP (p=0.001) and the number of CVRF (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence and severity of ED correlate with the presence of HT, DM, Dyslipidemia and the number of DVRF.

Audit of an initial 100 cases of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to analyze variables related to the surgical technique and postoperative evolution of kidney donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis describes 100 laparoscopic nephrectomies from living donors performed in our hospital between February 2002 and July 2007. The variables were age, family relationship, surgical time, warm ischemia time, hospital stay, oral feeding resumption, morphine use, return to work, and complications. RESULTS: The average age of the donors was 49.5 years and their male:female ratio was 1:2. The left kidney was extracted from 82% of patients. The warm ischemia time was 2.5 minutes (range = 1.09-5.10). There was only one case of multiple vessels. The surgical time was 149.5 minutes (range = 80-255). The mean hospital stay was 4.8 days (range = 1-18). Food intake was resumed after 24 hours, with morphine needed for 0.9 days. The time to return to work was 39 days (range = 7-120). The complications included kidney rupture (n = 1), liver tear (n = 1), hematoma (n = 6), including four requiring blood transfusions; fever and leukocytosis (n = 5) and one collection. No patients died as a result of the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Living-donor laparoscopic nephrectomy constitutes the gold standard among surgical options.

Third and fourth kidney transplant: still a reasonable option.

INTRODUCTION: At present, a second kidney transplant is considered an established therapeutic option for patients who have lost a previous graft. Second transplants show similar graft survival as first transplants. A debate exists about the benefit of submitting the patient to a third or fourth renal transplant, or to maintain dialysis. OBJECTIVE: We sought to analyze graft and patient survivals as well as associated variables and surgical complications of third and fourth transplantations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From July 1985 to December 2008, we performed 74 third and 8 fourth transplantations among 2763 cases. We prospectively collected the variables of age, gender, graft origin, hyperimmunization, time on dialysis, location, bench surgery, acute rejection episodes, graft survival, and operative complications. RESULTS: Third and fourth trasplantations were performed in 49 men and 33 women, with an overall mean age of 40.26 years who were on dialysis for an average of 126.89 months before transplantation. Mean graft survivals of their first and second grafts were 35.6 and 50.1 months, respectively. Acute or chronic rejection was reason for renal failure in 71% and 75% of cases, respectively. Patient survivals at 1 and 5 years were 92.7% and 90.6%, for third and both 85.7% for the fourth transplantation. The third and fourth transplantations showed 1- and 5-year graft survivals of 88% and 76.4% and 71.4% and 42.9%, respectively. Sixty-eight cases underwent cadaveric donor and 14 living donor (mean age, 42.1 years) transplantations. Nine patients were hyperimmunized. In 60 cases, we used the left kidney. Orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed in 15 cases; heterotopic transplant to the right iliac fossa in 40 and in the left iliac fossa in 17 cases. Arterial bench surgery was necessary in 6 cases and venous in 3. We performed 3 hepatorenal and 1 cardiorenal transplantation. The complications included 29 cases (35.4%) of postoperative acute tubular necrosis, 14 of acute rejection episodes (17.1%); 12 of perirenal hematoma (14.6%); 1 urinary fistula (1.2%); 4 lymphocele (4.9%); 2 ureteral stenosis (2.4%); variables arterial kink requiring surgery (1.2%), and 1 venous thrombosis with graft loss (1.2%). The 4 patients who died in the perioperative period succumbed to intravascular disseminated coagulation (n = 1) cardiac failure (n = 2), and septic shock (n = 1). Induction antibody therapy, hyperimmunized status, or operative complications were not independent prognostic factors for patient or graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Third or fourth renal transplantations constitute a valid therapeutic option with reasonable short- and long-term patient and graft survivals. Although orthotopic kidney transplantation was used in selected patients, we preferred an iliac fossa approach for most.

[Large series of 114 cases with long-term follow-up of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors]. / Carcinoma urotelial de tracto urinario superior: 114 casos con largo seguimiento.

PURPOSE: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) represents 5% of all urothelial tumors and has uncertain prognostic. Exist few series which describes clinical-pathological parameters of tumor progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical and pathological parameters and determine their value as prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 114 cases of radical nephroureterectomy or partial ureterectomy collected between 1991-2004. Variables analyzed were age, sex, pathological tumor stage, histological tumor grade, CIS, tumor localization, multiplicity, bladder cancer history, pathological nodes and adjuvant chemotherapy. Spearman test was used for correlations. The probabilities of progression free survival and cancer-specific survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves. In the multivariate analysis forward stepwise Cox regression was performed. RESULTS: Pathological stage was: 15 pTa, 25 pT1, 26 pT2, 32 pT3 and 16 pT4. There were 10 G1 (9%), 52 G2 (45.5%) and 52 G3 (45.5%). Fifteen patients presented pathological nodes at the moment of diagnosis. Fourteen percent of 114 patients received adjuvant treatment (Platin-based regimen). Mean follow-up: 74.8 months; 30.7% of the patients developed tumor progression. Death from the disease: 24.6%. Five-years overall and cancer-specific survival: 59.3% and 72.9%, respectively. Five-year progression-free survival: 68%. Mean time of tumor progression: 12.2 months and 23.3 months for cancer-specific death. In the multivariate analysis the independent predictive variables of death and tumor progression were histological grade and pathological stage. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that histological grade and pathological stage constitute independent prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival in UUTUC.

Carcinoma urotelial de tracto urinario superior: 114 casos con largo seguimiento / Large series of 114 cases with long-term follow-up of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors

Introducción: Los tumores uroteliales del aparato urinario superior representan el 5% de los tumores uroteliales. Existen pocos estudios que definan los parámetros clínicos y patológicos de progresión tumoral. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar dichos parámetros y determinar su valor como factores pronósticos de progresión tumoral y mortalidad cáncer específica. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 114 pacientes sometidos a nefroureterectomía o ureterectomía parcial entre 1991 y 2004. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad, grado histológico y estadio patológico, CIS, localización del tumor, multiplicidad, antecedentes de tumor vesical, presencia de adenopatías y tratamiento quimioterapéutico adyuvante. Se utilizó la prueba de Spearman para establecer correlaciones. El estudio de supervivencia se llevó a cabo mediante las curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Para el estudio multivariable se utilizó la regresión de Cox por pasos. Resultados: La distribución por estadio y grado de los tumores fue: 15 pTa, 25 pT1, 26 pT2, 32 pT3, 16 pT4, 10 (9%) G1, 52 (45,5%) G2 y 52 (45,5%) G3, respectivamente. Quince pacientes tenían afectación adenopática en el momento del diagnóstico. El 14% de los 114 pacientes recibieron tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia (régimen basado en platino). Tras un seguimiento medio de 74,8 meses, el 30,7% de los pacientes presentaron progresión tumoral y el 24,6% mortalidad específica por cáncer. La supervivencia global y la cáncer específica a los 5 años fue del 59,3% y 72,9%, respectivamente. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los 5 años fue del 68%. Los tiempos medios hasta la progresión tumoral y hasta la muerte específica por cáncer fueron de 12,2 y 23,2meses, respectivamente. El análisis multivariable mostró como factores independientes de progresión tumoral y mortalidad específica por cáncer el grado histológico y el estadio patológico. Conclusión: El grado histológico y el estadio patológico son factores pronósticos independientes de progresión tumoral y mortalidad específica por cáncer en el carcinoma urotelial del aparato urinario superior (AU)

Purpose: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) represents 5% of all urothelial tumors and has uncertain prognostic. Exist few series which describes clinical-pathological parameters of tumor progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical and pathological parameters and determine their value as prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 114 cases of radical nephroureterectomy or partial ureterectomy collected between 1991–2004. Variables analyzed were age, sex, pathological tumor stage, histological tumor grade, CIS, tumor localization, multiplicity, bladder cancer history, pathological nodes and adjuvant chemotherapy. Spearman test was used for correlations. The probabilities of progression free survival and cancer-specific survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves. In the multivariate analysis forward stepwise Cox regression was performed. Results: Pathological stage was: 15 pTa, 25 pT1, 26 pT2, 32 pT3 and 16 pT4. There were 10 G1 (9%), 52 G2 (45.5%) and 52 G3 (45.5%). Fifteen patients presented pathological nodes at the moment of diagnosis. Fourteen percent of 114 patients received adjuvant treatment (Platin-based regimen). Mean follow-up: 74.8 months; 30.7% of the patients developed tumor progression. Death from the disease: 24.6%. Five-years overall and cancer-specific survival: 59.3% and 72.9%, respectively. Five-year progression-free survival: 68%. Mean time of tumor progression: 12.2 months and 23.3 months for cancer-specific death. In the multivariate analysis the independent predictive variables of death and tumor progression were histological grade and pathological stage. Conclusions: We demonstrated that histological grade and pathological stage constitute independent prognostic factors of tumor progression and cancer-specific survival in UUTUC (AU)

[Cell energetic loading in experimental renal transplant with different periods of warm ischemia]. / Estudio de la carga energética celular en el trasplante renal experimental con diferentes periodos de isquemia caliente (0-30-45 y 90').

INTRODUCTION AND GOALS: Renal procurement after a period of heart st op demands a previous knowledge of ischemia-reperfusion injuries means. To study cell injury mechanisms an experimental study has been designed in pigs, with different rangres of warm ischemia (0-30-45 and 90 min). The main goal was to research on the basis of ischemic injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biochemical parameters (creatinine, urine output), energetic loading (ATP, ADP, AMP and global energetic loading) and pathological studies as long as survival analysis by 5th day were completed. RESULTS: Animal survival and graft viability range from 100% at 5th day in control and 30 min warm ischemia groups to 60% in 90 min warm ischemia group. Creatinine levels rises at 1st, 3rd and 5th day, especially in those non-viable organs. ATP levels decrease after warm ischemia period, increases ADP and AMP levels after reperfusion in those viable organs. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged periods of warm ischemia do not result necessarily in non-viable kidneys. Viable organs recover nucleotide levels early. Study of energetic cell loading levels is a good way to get on better in the knowledge of injury mechanisms after ischemia-reperfusion.

Estudio inmunohistoquímico en un caso de colocistoplastia operado hace 51 años / Immunohistochemical stud of colocystoplastie in a case operated 51 years ago

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Estudio de la carga energética celular en el trasplante renal experimental con diferentes periodos de isquemia caliente (0-30-45 y 90’) / Cell energetic loading in experimental renal transplant unit diferent periods of warm ischemia

Introducción: La posibilidad de obtener órganos para Trasplante Renal, tras un período de parada cardio-circulatoria, exige un conocimiento previo del mecanismo de lesión por isquemia-reperfusión. Para poder estudiar el mecanismo de lesión celular por isquemia caliente en Trasplante Renal se ha diseñado un estudio experimental en cerdos, con tiempos variables (0-30-45 y 90’ de isquemia caliente) con la finalidad de conocer el mecanismo celular de dicha lesión isquémica. La determinación de parámetros bioquímicos (creatinina y diuresis), carga energética (ATP, ADP, AMP y carga energética global) y estudio histológico, así como análisis de supervivencia del animal e injerto al 5º día. Resultados: - La supervivencia de los animales a los 5 días ha sido del 100% (en los grupos control y 30’ de isquemia caliente), 90% (en los 45’) y 60% (en los 90’). - La viabilidad del injerto ha sido 100% (grupo control), 80% (isquemia 30’), 80% (isquemia 45’) y 60% (90’). - Los niveles de creatinina aumentan al 1er, 3er y 5º día sobre todo en los riñones no viables con diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al grupo control. - Los niveles de ATP decrecen tras el período de isquemia caliente, aumentan los niveles de ADP y AMP y se recuperan en los riñones viables después de la reperfusión del injerto. Conclusiones: El tiempo de isquemia caliente influye en la supervivencia del animal y del injerto, pero órganos con elevados períodos de isquemia caliente (90’) pueden ser viables. La carga energética celular se deteriorará con los períodos de isquemia caliente y fría, recuperando los niveles de nucleótidos y carga energética global los riñones viables. Los riñones con períodos de isquemia caliente breve recuperan antes los niveles de carga energética. El estudio de niveles de carga energética celular ha demostrado ser un buen método para conocer el mecanismo de lesión celular isquémica (dentro del mecanismo de lesión de isquemia-reperfusión) en Trasplante Renal Experimental

Introduction and goals: Renal procurement after a period of heart stop demands a previous knowledge of ischemia-reperfusion injuries means. To study cell injury mechanisms an experimental study has been designed in pigs, with different rangres of warm ischemia (0-30-45 and 90 min). The main goal was to research on the basis of ischemic injury. Material and methods: Biochemical parameters (creatinine, urine output), energetic loading (ATP, ADP, AMP and global energetic loading) and pathological studies as long as survival analysis by 5th day were completed. Results: Animal survival and graft viability range from 100% at 5th day in control and 30 min warm ischemia groups to 60% in 90 min warm ischemia group. Creatinine levels rises at 1st, 3rd and 5th day, especially in those non-viable organs. ATP levels decrease after warm ischemia period, increases ADP and AMP levels after reperfusion in those viable organs. Conclusions. Prolonged periods of warm ischemia do not result necessarily in non-viable kidneys. Viable organs recover nucleotide levels early. Study of energetic cell loading levels is a good way to get on better in the knowledge of injury mechanisms after ischemiareperfusion

Antioxidant patterns (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase) in kidneys from non-heart-beating-donors: experimental study.

INTRODUCTION: The evolution of renal antioxidant concentrations in the different phases of a non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) transplant after prolonged warm ischemia (40 and 90 minutes) and the effect of normothermic extracorporeal recirculation (37 degrees C) for 30 minutes were evaluated on antioxidant tissue concentrations in the kidney. METHODS: Forty pairs of pigs, were divided into groups of 10 as follows: group 0, control donor with beating heart; group 1, 40 minutes of warm ischemia without recirculation by cardiopulmonary bypass pump (groups 2 and 3); group 2, 40 minutes of warm ischemia and recirculation for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C; and group 3, 90 minutes of warm ischemia and recirculation for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. The concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were determined at the tissue level by biopsy at baseline the end of warm ischemia, the end of recirculation, at the end of cold ischemia, and 1 hour after reperfusion. RESULTS: SOD was consumed at the end of the cold ischemia phase (P < .009) and increased during reperfusion (P < .02). Glutathione reductase was consumed during the cold ischemia phase (P < .04). In kidneys submitted to 40 minutes of warm ischemia, SOD was consumed during the cold ischemia phase (P < .04) and increased with reperfusion (P < .03). In kidneys undergoing 90 minutes of hot ischemia, SOD was consumed during cold ischemia (P < .04) and glutathione reductase during extracorporeal recirculation (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Recirculation increased the tissue level of SOD at the end of the cold ischemia period.

[Living donor kidney transplantation: helical CT evaluation of candidates]. / Trasplante renal de donante vivo: evaluación de los candidatos mediante TC helicoidal.

OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) is a diagnostic tool that has won acceptance in the past years for the vascular evaluation of living renal donor (LRD) candidates. We show the findings observed in a series of 102 candidates consecutively evaluated in our centre and present the correlation with the surgical data obtained in those individuals finally operated. METHODS: From May 1995 to June 2005, 102 LRD candidates were evaluated with CT. Eighteen were also studied with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Fifty-eight donors underwent nephrectomy. Prevalence of arterial and venous variants found on CT exams were analyzed, as well as the correlation with surgical and DSA data when they were obtained. RESULTS: Forty-four percent candidates showed multiple renal arteries at least in one kidney. Seventy-one percent of right kidneys and 76% of left kidneys had a single arterial pedicle. Early branching was observed in 7.8% and 15.7% in right and left kidneys respectively. Venous variants were present in 17.5% and the 13.7% in right and left sides respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CT to detect accessory arteries were 89%, 100% and 97% respectively when it was compared to DSA. Correlation with surgical data raised 93% for the presence of arterial variants. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular variants in renal pedicle showed a high prevalence. Helical CT can effectively achieve all the information required prior to surgery as a sole imaging procedure in LRD candidates.

Trasplante renal de donante vivo: evaluación de los candidatos mediante TC helicoidal / Living donor kidney transplantation: helical CT evaluation of candidates

Introducción y objetivos: La tomografía computarizada (TC) ha ganado aceptación en los últimos años en la evaluación vascular de los candidatos a donante vivo de riñón (DVR). Presentamos los hallazgos observados en una serie consecutiva de 102 candidatos y la correlación hallada con los datos quirúrgicos en los individuos que fueron intervenidos. Métodos: Desde Mayo de1995 hasta Junio de 2005 fueron evaluados mediante TC 102 candidatos a DVR. En 18 de ellos se realizó también angiografía por sustracción digital (ASD). Cincuenta y ocho candidatos fueron finalmente nefrectomizados para la donación. Se han analizado la prevalencia de variantes arteriales y venosas en los estudios TC realizados, así como su correlación con los datos de la ASD y la cirugía. Resultados: El 44% de los candidatos presentaron arterias renales supernumerarias en al menos un riñón. El 71% de riñones derechos y el 76% de riñones izquierdos tenían pedículo único. La presencia de bifurcaciones precoces fue del 7,8% y del 15,7% en cada lado y la de variantes venosas en el 17,5% y en el 13,7% en cada lado respectivamente. La sensibilidad de la TC en relación a la ASD para detectar pedículo arterial múltiple fue del 89%, la especificidad del 100% y la precisión diagnóstica del 97%. La correlación observada entre la cirugía y la TC en cuanto a la presencia de variantes arteriales fue del 93%. Conclusiones: Las variantes de la normalidad en el pedículo vascular renal tienen elevada prevalencia. La TC helicoidal permite obtener toda la información morfológica necesaria para la cirugía con elevada efectividad y en una sola sesión en los candidatos a DVR

Objectives: Computed tomography (CT) is a diagnostic tool that has won acceptance in the past years for the vascular evaluation of living renal donor (LRD) candidates. We show the findings observed in a series of 102 candidates consecutively evaluated in our centre and present the correlation with the surgical data obtained in those individuals finally operated. Methods: From May 1995 to June 2005, 102 LRD candidates were evaluated with CT. Eighteen were also studied with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Fifty-eight donors underwent nephrectomy. Prevalence of arterial and venous variants found on CT exams were analyzed, as well as the correlation with surgical and DSA data when they were obtained. Results: Forty-four percent candidates showed multiple renal arteries at least in one kidney. Seventy-one percent of right kidneys and 76% of left kidneys had a single arterial pedicle. Early branching was observed in 7.8% and 15.7% in right and left kidneys respectively. Venous variants were present in 17.5% and the 13.7% in right and left sides respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CT to detect accessory arteries were 89%, 100% and 97% respectively when it was compared to DSA. Correlation with surgical data raised 93% for the presence of arterial variants. Conclussions: Vascular variants in renal pedicle showed a high prevalence. Helical CT can effectively achieve all the information required prior to surgery as a sole imaging procedure in LRD candidates

High-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia shares cytogenetic alterations with invasive prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: High-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the most likely precursor of prostate adenocarcinoma. However, the relationship between this lesion and prostate cancer has not yet been established. The detection of cytogenetic changes in the lesions prior to prostate adenocarcinoma would be useful in demonstrating such a pathogenic relationship. METHODS: Twenty eight high-grade PIN cases were found among 57 specimens of radical prostatectomy performed for clinically localized prostate cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using centromeric probes to enumerate chromosomes 7, 8, 10, and 12 was performed to study the numerical chromosome alterations. FISH analysis was carried out over isolated nuclei obtained from high-grade PIN areas and prostate cancer foci in the same prostatectomy specimen. RESULTS: Of the 28 suitable cases it was possible to complete the study in 26 tumor and 20 PIN areas. The remaining cases were excluded because of insufficient tissue or poor preservation. Cytogenetic alterations (aneuploidy) were found in 16 of the 26 (62%) tumors studied. The most frequent chromosome alteration was trisomy 7, detected in 12 (75%) aneuploid tumors, followed by monosomy 8 present in 5 (31%) aneuploid tumors. Trisomy 7 was also the most frequent isolated chromosome alteration since it was detected in 7 (44%) tumors. Thirteen of 20 (65%) PIN cases were aneuploid when studied by FISH. Trisomy 7, trisomy 8, and monosomy 8 were the most common cytogenetic alterations in the 20 PIN areas studied, being observed in nine (45%), six (30%), and four (20%) cases, respectively. FISH analysis showed a high correlation (75% cases) in ploidy and pattern of cytogenetic alterations between high-grade PIN areas and the paired prostate cancer focus in the same specimen. CONCLUSIONS: The above results show a cytogenetic link between high-grade PIN and prostate cancer, suggesting that the former could be an early form of prostate cancer.