Dexamethasone Inhibits White Adipose Tissue Browning.

White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates energy balance through energy storage, adipokines secretion and the thermogenesis process. Beige adipocytes are responsible for WAT thermogenesis. They are generated by adipogenesis or transdifferentiation during cold or ß3-adrenergic agonist stimulus through a process called browning. Browning has gained significant interest for to its preventive effect on obesity. Glucocorticoids (GCs) have several functions in WAT biology; however, their role in beige adipocyte generation and WAT browning is not fully understood. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of dexamethasone (DXM) on WAT thermogenesis. For this purpose, rats were treated with DXM at room temperature (RT) or cold conditions to determine different thermogenic markers. Furthermore, the effects of DXM on the adipogenic potential of beige precursors and on mature beige adipocytes were evaluated in vitro. Our results showed that DXM decreased UCP-1 mRNA and protein levels, mainly after cold exposure. In vitro studies showed that DXM decreased the expression of a beige precursor marker (Ebf2), affecting their ability to differentiate into beige adipocytes, and inhibited the thermogenic response of mature beige adipocytes (Ucp-1, Dio2 and Pgc1α gene expressions and mitochondrial respiration). Overall, our data strongly suggest that DXM can inhibit the thermogenic program of both retroperitoneal and inguinal WAT depots, an effect that could be exerted, at least partially, by inhibiting de novo cell generation and the thermogenic response in beige adipocytes.

Role of Spexin in White Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis under Basal and Cold-Stimulated Conditions.

Spexin (SPX) is a novel adipokine that plays an emerging role in metabolic diseases due to its involvement in carbohydrate homeostasis, weight loss, appetite control, and gastrointestinal movement, among others. In obese patients, SPX plasma levels are reduced. Little is known about the relationship between SPX and white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of SPX in this process. C57BL/6J male mice were treated or not with SPX for ten days. On day 3, mice were randomly divided into two groups: one kept at room temperature and the other kept at cold temperature (4 °C). Caloric intake and body weight were recorded daily. At the end of the protocol, plasma, abdominal (epididymal), subcutaneous (inguinal), and brown AT (EAT, IAT, and BAT, respectively) depots were collected for measurements. We found that SPX treatment reduced Uncoupling protein 1 levels in WAT under both basal and cold conditions. SPX also reduced cox8b and pgc1α mRNA levels and mitochondrial DNA, principally in IAT. SPX did not modulate the number of beige precursors. SPX decreased spx levels in IAT depots and galr2 in WAT depots. No differences were observed in the BAT depots. In conclusion, we showed, for the first time, that SPX treatment in vivo reduced the thermogenic process in subcutaneous and abdominal AT, being more evident under cold stimulation.

Role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in white adipose tissue beiging.

AIM: Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a crucial role in energy homeostasis including white adipose tissue function; however, chronic GC excess is detrimental to mammals' health. White hypertrophic adiposity is a main factor for neuroendocrine-metabolic dysfunctions in monosodium L-glutamate (MSG)-damaged hypercorticosteronemic rat. Nevertheless, little is known about the receptor path in endogenous GC impact on white adipose tissue-resident precursor cells to bring them into beige lineage. Thus, our aim was to explore whether transient/chronic endogenous hypercorticosteronemia affects browning capacity in white adipose tissue pads from MSG rats during development. MAIN METHODS: Control and MSG male rats aged 30 and 90 days were 7-day exposed to cold conditions in order to stimulate wet white epidydimal adipose tissue (wEAT) beiging capacity. This procedure was also replicated in adrenalectomized rats. KEY FINDINGS: Data indicated that whereas epidydimal white adipose tissue pads from prepubertal hypercorticosteronemic rats retained full expression of GR/MR genes resulting in a drastic reduction in wEAT beiging capacity, conversely, chronic hypercorticosteronemic adult MSG rats developed down-regulation of corticoid genes (and reduced GR cytosolic mediators) in wEAT pads and consequently partially restored local beiging capacity. Finally, wEAT pads from adrenalectomized rats revealed up-regulation of GR gene accompanied by full local beiging capacity. SIGNIFICANCE: This study strongly supports a GR-dependent inhibitory effect of GC excess on white adipose tissue browning, an issue strongly supporting a key role of GR in the non-shivering thermogenic process. As a consequence, normalizing the GC milieu could be a relevant factor to handle dysmetabolism in white hyperadipose phenotypes.

Early-Life Stress Reprograms Stress-Coping Abilities in Male and Female Juvenile Rats.

Prenatal stress (PS) is a major risk factor for the development of emotional disorders in adulthood that may be mediated by an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress. Although the early onset of stress-related disorders is recognized as a major public health problem, to date, there are relatively few studies that have examined the incidence of early-life stressors in younger individuals. In this study, we assessed PS impact on the stress-coping response of juvenile offspring in behavioral tests and in the induced molecular changes in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we assessed if pregnancy stress could be driving changes in patterns of maternal behavior during early lactation. We found that PS modified stress-coping abilities of both sex offspring. In the hippocampus, PS increased the expression of bdnf-IV and crfr1 and induced sex difference changes on glucocorticoids and BDNF mRNA receptor levels. PS changed the hippocampal epigenetic landscape mainly in male offspring. Stress during pregnancy enhanced pup-directed behavior of stressed dams. Our study indicates that exposure to PS, in addition to enhanced maternal behavior, induces dynamic neurobehavioral variations at juvenile ages of the offspring that should be considered adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the characteristics of the confronting environment. Our present results highlight the importance to further explore risk factors that appear early in life that will be important to allow timely prevention strategies to later vulnerability to stress-related disorders.

Dexamethasone primes adipocyte precursor cells for differentiation by enhancing adipogenic competency.

AIM: Dexamethasone (DXM) is a synthetic glucocorticoid whose effects in early and terminal adipogenesis have been addressed. In this study, we evaluated if DXM affects adipocyte precursor cells (APCs), priming them for further adipogenic differentiation. For this purpose, we analyzed APCs number and competency after DXM treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male rats were injected for 2 or 7 days with either DXM (30 µg/kg of weight, sc.) or vehicle. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) were isolated to quantify APCs by flow cytometry (CD34+/CD45-/CD31-). Also, expression of competency markers (PPARγ2 and Zfp423) was assessed. Additionally, SVF cells from control rats were incubated with DXM (0.25 µM) alone or combined with a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist (Spironolactone 10 µM) and/or a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist (RU486 1 µM) to assess APCs competency and adipocyte differentiation. KEY FINDINGS: APCs from 2 days DXM-treated rats showed increased expression of PPARγ2 and Zfp423 (competency markers), but did not affect APCs percentage by FACS analysis (CD34+/CD45-/CD31-). Additionally, we found that DXM treatment in SVF also increased APCs competency in vitro, predisposing APCs to further adipocyte differentiation. These effects on APCs were abrogated only when both, MR and GR, were blocked. SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, our results suggest that DXM primes APCs for differentiation mainly by enhancing Zfp423 and PPARγ2 expressions. Also, we showed that the inhibition of MR and GR was necessary for the complete abolishment of DXM effects.

"Spexin improves adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage recruitment in obese mice".

Spexin (SPX) is a novel adipokine related to many metabolic effects, such as gastrointestinal movements, insulin and glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and energy balance. This study evaluates the role of SPX in the improvement of the metabolic and inflammatory profile in fructose-rich-diet obese mice. Adult Swiss mice were supplemented or not with fructose (20% in tap water, FRD and CTR, respectively) for 10 weeks. The last ten days, mice were treated or not with SPX (ip. 29 µg/Kg/day, FRD-SPX and CTR-SPX, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between body weight prior to treatment and weight loss after SPX challenge. Moreover, plasma and liver triglycerides and adipose tissue (AT) features (mass, adipocyte hypertrophy, mRNA of leptin) were improved. SPX also induced a reduction in epididymal AT (EAT) expression of TNFα, IL1ß and IL6 and an improvement in IL10 and CD206. M1 macrophages in EAT, principally the Ly6C- populations (M1a and M1b), were decreased. Adipocytes from FRD-SPX mice induced less macrophage activation (IL6, mRNA and secretion) than FRD after overnight co-culture with the monocyte cell line (RAW264.7) in stimulated conditions (M1 activation, LPS 100 ng/mL). Finally, in vitro, monocytes pre-incubated with SPX and stimulated with LPS showed decreased inflammatory mRNA markers compared to monocytes with LPS alone. In conclusion, SPX decreased body weight and improved the metabolic profile and adipocyte hypertrophy. Inflammatory Ly6C- macrophages decreased, together with inflammatory marker expression. In vitro studies demonstrate that SPX induced a decrease in M1 macrophage polarization directly or through mature adipocytes.

Relationship between the Balance of Hypertrophic/Hyperplastic Adipose Tissue Expansion and the Metabolic Profile in a High Glucocorticoids Model.

Adipose tissue (AT) expansion is the result of two processes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy; and both, directly or indirectly, depend on the adipogenic potential of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a potent stimulatory effect on terminal adipogenesis; while their effects on early stages of adipogenesis are largely unknown. In the present work, we study, in a model of high GC levels, the adipogenic potential of APCs from retroperitoneal AT (RPAT) and its relationship with RPAT mass expansion. We employed a model of hyper-adiposity (30- and 60-day-old rats) due to high endogenous GC levels induced by neonatal treatment with l-monosodium glutamate (MSG). We found that the RPAT APCs from 30-day-old MSG rats showed an increased adipogenic capacity, depending on the APCs' competency, but not in their number. Analyses of RPAT adipocyte diameter revealed an increase in cell size, regardless of the rat age, indicating the prevalence of a hypertrophic process. Moreover, functional RPAT alterations worsened in 60-day-old rats, suggesting that the hyperplastic AT expansion found in 30-day-old animals might have a protective role. We conclude that GCs chronic excess affects APCs' adipogenic capacity, modifying their competency. This change would modulate the hyperplastic/hypertrophic balance determining healthy or unhealthy RPAT expansion and, therefore, its functionality.

Long-Term Fructose Intake Increases Adipogenic Potential: Evidence of Direct Effects of Fructose on Adipocyte Precursor Cells.

We have previously addressed that fructose rich diet (FRD) intake for three weeks increases the adipogenic potential of stromal vascular fraction cells from the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT). We have now evaluated the effect of prolonged FRD intake (eight weeks) on metabolic parameters, number of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) and in vitro adipogenic potential from control (CTR) and FRD adult male rats. Additionally, we have examined the direct fructose effects on the adipogenic capacity of normal APCs. FRD fed rats had increased plasma levels of insulin, triglyceride and leptin, and RPAT mass and adipocyte size. FACS studies showed higher APCs number and adipogenic potential in FRD RPAT pads; data is supported by high mRNA levels of competency markers: PPARγ2 and Zfp423. Complementary in vitro experiments indicate that fructose-exposed normal APCs displayed an overall increased adipogenic capacity. We conclude that the RPAT mass expansion observed in eight week-FRD fed rats depends on combined accelerated adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy, partially due to a direct effect of fructose on APCs.

Effects of chronic forced circadian desynchronization on body weight and metabolism in male mice.

Metabolic functions are synchronized by the circadian clock setting daily patterns of food intake, nutrient delivery, and behavioral activity. Here, we study the impact of chronic jet-lag (CJL) on metabolism, and test manipulations aimed to overcome potential alterations. We recorded weight gain in C57Bl/6 mice under chronic 6 h advances or delays of the light-dark cycle every 2 days (ChrA and ChrD, respectively). We have previously reported ChrA, but not ChrD, to induce forced desynchronization of locomotor activity rhythms in mice (Casiraghi et al. 2012). Body weight was rapidly increased under ChrA, with animals tripling the mean weight gain observed in controls by day 10, and doubling it by day 30 (6% vs. 2%, and 15% vs. 7%, respectively). Significant increases in retroperitoneal and epidydimal adipose tissue masses (172% and 61%, respectively), adipocytes size (28%), and circulating triglycerides (39%) were also detected. Daily patterns of food and water intake were abolished under ChrA In contrast, ChrD had no effect on body weight. Wheel-running, housing of animals in groups, and restriction of food availability to hours of darkness prevented abnormal increase in body weight under ChrA Our findings suggest that the observed alterations under ChrA may arise either from a direct effect of circadian disruption on metabolism, from desynchronization between feeding and metabolic rhythms, or both. Direction of shifts, timing of feeding episodes, and other reinforcing signals deeply affect the outcome of metabolic function under CJL Such features should be taken into account in further studies of shift working schedules in humans.

High Risk of Metabolic and Adipose Tissue Dysfunctions in Adult Male Progeny, Due to Prenatal and Adulthood Malnutrition Induced by Fructose Rich Diet.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of a fructose rich diet (FRD) consumed by the pregnant mother on the endocrine-metabolic and in vivo and in vitro adipose tissue (AT) functions of the male offspring in adulthood. At 60 days of age, rats born to FRD-fed mothers (F) showed impaired glucose tolerance after glucose overload and high circulating levels of leptin (LEP). Despite the diminished mass of retroperitoneal AT, this tissue was characterized by enhanced LEP gene expression, and hypertrophic adipocytes secreting in vitro larger amounts of LEP. Analyses of stromal vascular fraction composition by flow cytometry revealed a reduced number of adipocyte precursor cells. Additionally, 60 day-old control (C) and F male rats were subjected to control diet (CC and FC animals) or FRD (CF and FF rats) for three weeks. FF animals were heavier and consumed more calories. Their metabolic-endocrine parameters were aggravated; they developed severe hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperleptinemia and augmented AT mass with hypertrophic adipocytes. Our study highlights that manipulation of maternal diet induced an offspring phenotype mainly imprinted with a severely unhealthy adipogenic process with undesirable endocrine-metabolic consequences, putting them at high risk for developing a diabetic state.

Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens in adult male rats affects hypothalamic regulation of food intake, induces obesity and alters glucose metabolism.

The absence of phytoestrogens in the diet during pregnancy has been reported to result in obesity later in adulthood. We investigated whether phytoestrogen withdrawal in adult life could alter the hypothalamic signals that regulate food intake and affect body weight and glucose homeostasis. Male Wistar rats fed from conception to adulthood with a high phytoestrogen diet were submitted to phytoestrogen withdrawal by feeding a low phytoestrogen diet, or a high phytoestrogen-high fat diet. Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens increased body weight, adiposity and energy intake through an orexigenic hypothalamic response characterized by upregulation of AGRP and downregulation of POMC. This was associated with elevated leptin and T4, reduced TSH, testosterone and estradiol, and diminished hypothalamic ERα expression, concomitant with alterations in glucose tolerance. Removing dietary phytoestrogens caused manifestations of obesity and diabetes that were more pronounced than those induced by the high phytoestrogen-high fat diet intake.

Antioxidant treatment prevents the development of fructose-induced abdominal adipose tissue dysfunction.

In the present study, we tested the effect of OS (oxidative stress) inhibition in rats fed on an FRD [fructose-rich diet; 10% (w/v) in drinking water] for 3 weeks. Normal adult male rats received a standard CD (commercial diet) or an FRD without or with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, APO (apocynin; 5 mM in drinking water; CD-APO and FRD-APO). We thereafter measured plasma OS and metabolic-endocrine markers, AAT (abdominal adipose tissue) mass and cell size, FA (fatty acid) composition (content and release), OS status, LEP (leptin) and IRS (insulin receptor substrate)-1/IRS-2 mRNAs, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, NADPH oxidase activity and LEP release by isolated AAT adipocytes. FRD-fed rats had larger AAT mass without changes in body weight, and higher plasma levels of TAG (triacylglycerol), FAs, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) and LEP. Although no significant changes in glucose and insulin plasma levels were observed in these animals, their HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) values were significantly higher than those of CD. The AAT from FRD-fed rats had larger adipocytes, higher saturated FA content, higher NADPH oxidase activity, greater ROS production, a distorted FA content/release pattern, lower insulin sensitivity together with higher and lower mRNA content of LEP and IRS-1-/2 respectively, and released a larger amount of LEP. The development of all the clinical, OS, metabolic, endocrine and molecular changes induced by the FRD were significantly prevented by APO co-administration. The fact that APO treatment prevented both changes in NADPH oxidase activity and the development of all the FRD-induced AAT dysfunctions in normal rats strongly suggests that OS plays an important role in the FRD-induced MS (metabolic syndrome) phenotype.

Effect of pioglitazone on the fructose-induced abdominal adipose tissue dysfunction.

Aim. To test the potential role of PPARγ in the endocrine abdominal tissue dysfunction induced by feeding normal rats with a fructose rich diet (FRD) during three weeks. Methodology. Adult normal male rats received a standard commercial diet (CD) or FRD, (10% in drinking water) without or with pioglitazone (PIO) (i.p. 0.25 mg/Kg BW/day; CD-PIO and FRD-PIO). Thereafter, we measured circulating metabolic, endocrine, and oxidative stress (OS) markers, abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) mass, leptin (LEP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) tissue content/expression, and leptin release by isolated adipocytes incubated with different concentrations of insulin. Results. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, TBARS, LEP, and PAI-1 levels were higher in FRD rats; PIO coadministration fully prevented all these increments. AAT adipocytes from FRD rats were larger, secreted a higher amount of LEP, and displayed decreased sensitivity to insulin stimulation; these effects were significantly ameliorated by PIO. Whereas AAT LEP and PAI-1 (mRNA) concentrations increased significantly in FRD rats, those of insulin-receptor-substrate- (IRS-) 1 and IRS-2 were reduced. PIO coadministration prevented FRD effects on LEP, PAI-1, and IRS-2 (fully) and IRS-1 (partially) mRNAs in AAT. Conclusion. PPARγ would play a relevant role in the development of the FRD-induced metabolic-endocrine dysfunction.

Oral metformin treatment prevents enhanced insulin demand and placental dysfunction in the pregnant rat fed a fructose-rich diet.

The intake of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) in the normal female rat induces features similar to those observed in the human metabolic syndrome phenotype. We studied the impact of FRD administration to mothers on pregnancy outcome. On gestational day (Gd) zero rats were assigned to either group: ad libitum drinking tap water alone (normal diet, ND) or containing fructose (10% w/vol; FRD) through pregnancy; all rats were fed a Purina chow diet ad libitum ND and FRD rats were daily cotreated or not with metformin (60 mg/Kg/day oral; ND + MF and FRD + MF) and submitted to a high glucose load test on Gd 14. Additionally, placentas from different groups were studied on Gd 20. Data indicated that: (1) although FRD rats well tolerated glucose overload, their circulating levels of insulin were significantly higher than in ND rats; (2) the mesometrial triangle blood vessel area was significantly lower in placentas from FRD than ND dams; (3) the detrimental effects of FRD administration to mothers were ameliorated by metformin cotreatment. Our study suggests that excessive intake of fructose during pregnancy enhanced the risk for developing gestational diabetes and subsequent preeclampsia, and that metformin prevented the poor pregnancy outcome induced by FRD.

Fructose rich diet-induced high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in the adult female rat: protective effect of progesterone.

The effect of progesterone (P4) on fructose rich diet (FRD) intake-induced metabolic, endocrine and parametrial adipose tissue (PMAT) dysfunctions was studied in the adult female rat. Sixty day-old rats were i.m. treated with oil alone (control, CT) or containing P4 (12 mg/kg). Rats ate Purina chow-diet ad libitum throughout the entire experiment and, between 100 and 120 days of age drank ad libitum tap water alone (normal diet; CT-ND and P4-ND) or containing fructose (10% w/v; CT-FRD and P4-FRD). At age 120 days, animals were subjected to a glucose tolerance test or decapitated. Plasma concentrations of various biomarkers and PMAT gene abundance were monitored. P4-ND (vs. CT-ND) rats showed elevated circulating levels of lipids. CT-FRD rats displayed high (vs. CT-ND) plasma concentrations of lipids, leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Lipidemia and adiponectinemia were high (vs. P4-ND) in P4-FRD rats. Although P4 failed to prevent FRD-induced hyperleptinemia, it was fully protective on FRD-enhanced plasma PAI-1 levels. PMAT leptin and adiponectin mRNAs were high in CT-FRD and P4-FRD rats. While FRD enhanced PMAT PAI-1 mRNA abundance in CT rats, this effect was absent in P4 rats. Our study supports that a preceding P4-enriched milieu prevented the enhanced prothrombotic risk induced by FRD-elicited high PAI-1 production.

Increased male offspring's risk of metabolic-neuroendocrine dysfunction and overweight after fructose-rich diet intake by the lactating mother.

An adverse endogenous environment during early life predisposes the organism to develop metabolic disorders. We evaluated the impact of intake of an iso-caloric fructose rich diet (FRD) by lactating mothers (LM) on several metabolic functions of their male offspring. On postnatal d 1, ad libitum eating, lactating Sprague-Dawley rats received either 10% F (wt/vol; FRD-LM) or tap water (controls, CTR-LM) to drink throughout lactation. Weaned male offspring were fed ad libitum a normal diet, and body weight (BW) and food intake were registered until experimentation (60 d of age). Basal circulating levels of metabolic markers were evaluated. Both iv glucose tolerance and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity tests were performed. The hypothalamus was dissected for isolation of total RNA and Western blot analysis. Retroperitoneal (RP) adipose tissue was dissected and either kept frozen for gene analysis or digested to isolate adipocytes or for histological studies. FRD rats showed increased BW and decreased hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous leptin, enhanced food intake (between 49-60 d), and decreased hypothalamic expression of several anorexigenic signals. FRD rats developed increased insulin and leptin peripheral levels and decreased adiponectinemia; although FRD rats normally tolerated glucose excess, it was associated with enhanced insulin secretion. FRD RP adipocytes were enlarged and spontaneously released high leptin, although they were less sensitive to insulin-induced leptin release. Accordingly, RP fat leptin gene expression was high in FRD rats. Excessive fructose consumption by lactating mothers resulted in deep neuroendocrine-metabolic disorders of their male offspring, probably enhancing the susceptibility to develop overweight/obesity during adult life.

Parametrial adipose tissue and metabolic dysfunctions induced by fructose-rich diet in normal and neonatal-androgenized adult female rats.

Hyperandrogenemia predisposes an organism toward developing impaired insulin sensitivity. The aim of our study was to evaluate endocrine and metabolic effects during early allostasis induced by a fructose-rich diet (FRD) in normal (control; CT) and neonatal-androgenized (testosterone propionate; TP) female adult rats. CT and TP rats were fed either a normal diet (ND) or an FRD for 3 weeks immediately before the day of study, which was at age 100 days. Energy intake, body weight (BW), parametrial (PM) fat characteristics, and endocrine/metabolic biomarkers were then evaluated. Daily energy intake was similar in CT and TP rats regardless of the differences in diet. When compared with CT-ND rats, the TP-ND rats were heavier, had larger PM fat, and were characterized by basal hypoadiponectinemia and enhanced plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and leptin. FRD-fed CT rats, when compared with CT-ND rats, had high plasma levels of NEFA, triglyceride (TG), PAI-1, leptin, and adiponectin. The TP-FRD rats, when compared with TP-ND rats, displayed enhanced leptinemia and triglyceridemia, and were hyperinsulinemic, with glucose intolerance. The PM fat taken from TP rats displayed increase in the size of adipocytes, decrease in adiponectin (protein/gene), and a greater abundance of the leptin gene. PM adipocyte response to insulin was impaired in CT-FRD, TP-ND, and TP-FRD rats. A very short duration of isocaloric FRD intake in TP rats induced severe metabolic dysfunction at the reproductive age. Our study supports the hypothesis that the early-androgenized female rat phenotype is highly susceptible to developing endocrine/metabolic dysfunction. In turn, these abnormalities enhance the risk of metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Fructose-rich diet-induced abdominal adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction in normal male rats.

We have currently studied the changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) to normal rats in the mass and the endocrine function of abdominal (omental) adipose tissue (AAT). Rats were fed ad libitum a standard commercial chow and tap water, either alone (control diet, CD) or containing fructose (10%, w/vol) (FRD). Three weeks after treatment, circulating metabolic markers and leptin release from adipocytes of AAT were measured. Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in FRD than in CD rats. AAT mass was greater in FRD than in CD rats and their adipocytes were larger, they secreted more leptin and showed impaired insulin sensitivity. While leptin mRNA expression increased in AAT from FRD rats, gene expression of insulin receptor substrate, IRS1 and IRS2 was significantly reduced. Our study demonstrates that administration of a FRD significantly affects insulin sensitivity and several AAT endocrine/metabolic functions. These alterations could be part of a network of interacting abnormalities triggered by FRD-induced oxidative stress at the AAT level. In view of the impaired glucose tolerance observed in FRD rats, these alterations could play a key role in both the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and beta-cell failure.