Estimated basal metabolic rate and maintenance fluid volume in children: A proposal for a new equation.

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of children aged <2 years is proportional to their body weight (W; kg). However, no simple mathematical model for the estimation of BMR in children aged ≥2 years has been established. Based on Japanese studies on childhood BMR, conducted until the 1960s, we noted that childhood BMR (after infancy) is proportional to body weight to the power of 1/2 (W1/2 ). Moreover, we confirmed that the two previously reported equations for calculating BMR (Schofield's equation and Oxford University's equations) are proportional to W1/2 . Based on these facts, we propose a new equation for the maintenance fluid volume for hospitalized children. Our equation (300 × W1/2  mL/day) gives values almost equal to the maintenance fluid volume calculated by the most commonly used equation of Holliday and Segar in children aged 2-18 years. Our equation will be useful for pediatricians to calculate the maintenance fluid volume for children in daily clinical settings.

An infant case of diffuse cerebrospinal lesions and cardiomyopathy caused by a BOLA3 mutation.

INTRODUCTION: Mitochondrial dysfunction results in a wide range of organ disorders through diverse genetic abnormalities. We herein present the detailed clinical course of an infant admitted for extensive, rapidly progressing white matter lesions and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to a BOLA3 gene mutation. CASE: A 6-month-old girl with no remarkable family or past medical history until 1 month prior presented with developmental regression and feeding impairment. Ultrasound cardiography and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) respectively disclosed the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and symmetrical deep white matter lesions. She was transferred to our hospital at age 6 months. High lactate levels in her cerebrospinal fluid suggested mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite vitamin supplementation therapy followed by a ketogenic diet, the patient began exhibiting clusters of myoclonic seizures and respiratory failure. Brain and spinal cord MRI revealed rapid progression of the white matter lesions. She died at 10 months of age. Fibroblasts obtained pre-mortem displayed low mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and II activity. A homozygous H96R (c. 287 A > G) mutation was identified in the BOLA3 gene. DISCUSSION: No reported case of a homozygous BOLA3 gene mutation has survived past 1 year of life. BOLA3 appears to play a critical role in the electron transport system and production of iron-sulfur clusters that are related to lipid metabolism and enzyme biosynthesis.

Three pentraxins C-reactive protein, serum amyloid p component and pentraxin 3 mediate complement activation using Collectin CL-P1.

BACKGROUND: Pentraxins (PTXs) are a superfamily of multifunctional conserved proteins involved in acute-phase responses. Recently, we have shown that collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) mediated complement activation and failed to form terminal complement complex (TCC) in normal serum conditions because of complement factor H inhibition. METHODS: We used CL-P1 expressing CHO/ldlA7 cells to study the interaction with PTXs. Soluble type CL-P1 was used in an ELISA assay for the binding, C3 and TCC deposition experiments. Furthermore, we used our previously established CL-P1 expressing HEK293 cells for the C3 fragment and TCC deposition assay. RESULTS: We demonstrated that CL-P1 also bound serum amyloid p component (SAP) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) to activate the classical pathway and the alternative pathway using factor B. CRP and PTX3 further amplified complement deposition by properdin. We found that CRP and PTX3 recruit CFH, whereas SAP recruits C4 binding protein on CL-P1 expressing cell surfaces to prevent the formation of TCC in normal serum conditions. In addition, depletion of CFH, C4BP and complement factor I (CFI) failed to prevent TCC formation both in ELISA and cell experiments. Furthermore, soluble complement receptor 1, an inhibitor of all complement pathways prevents PTX induced TCC formation. CONCLUSION: Our current study hypothesizes that the interaction of pentraxins with CL-P1 is involved in complement activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: CL-P1 might generally inhibit PTX induced complement activation and host damage to protect self-tissues.

Efficacy and safety of eculizumab in childhood atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a severe life-threatening disease with frequent progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody targeting the activated complement pathway, has recently been introduced as a novel therapy against aHUS. We, therefore, investigated the efficacy and safety of eculizumab in Japanese pediatric patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical course and laboratory data of the first ten children with aHUS treated with eculizumab nationwide. RESULTS: Seven patients were resistant to plasma therapy and three were dependent on it. Causative gene mutations were found in five patients. Two patients had anti-complement factor H autoantibody. Three patients had a family history of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). After initiation of eculizumab, all patients immediately achieved hematological remission and could successfully discontinue plasma therapy. The median periods to normalization of platelet count, lactate dehydrogenase levels and disappearance of schistocytes were 5.5, 17 and 12 days, respectively. Nine patients recovered their renal function and the median period to terminate renal replacement therapy (RRT) was 3 days. However, two patients progressed to ESRD and required chronic RRT at the last observation. No patients had a relapse of TMA under regular eculizumab therapy. No serious adverse events occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Eculizumab is efficacious and well-tolerated therapy for children with aHUS. Although pathogenic mutations could not be detected in five patients, all patients showed immediate normalization of hematological abnormalities, strongly suggesting complement-related aHUS. This prompt hematological amelioration can become an indicator for therapeutic efficacy of eculizumab. However, appropriate indications and optimal duration of the treatment remain unclear.

Renal complications in 6p duplication syndrome: microarray-based investigation of the candidate gene(s) for the development of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS).

6p duplication syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that frequently manifests renal complications, including proteinuria, hypoplastic kidney, and hydronephrosis. We report a girl with the syndrome, manifesting left hydronephrosis, proteinuria/hematuria, and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) resulting in chronic end-stage renal failure, successfully treated with renal transplantation. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization showed the derivative chromosome 6 to have a 6.4-Mb duplication at 6p25.3-p25.1 with 32 protein-coding genes and a 220-Kb deletion at 6p25.3 with two genes of no possible relation to the renal pathology. Review of the literature shows that variation of renal complications in the syndrome is compatible with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). FSGS, observed in another patient with 6p duplication syndrome, could be a non-coincidental complication. FOXC1, located within the 6.4-Mb duplicated region at 6p25.3-p25.2, could be a candidate gene for CAKUT, but its single gene duplication effect would not be sufficient. FSGS would be a primary defect associated with duplicated gene(s) albeit no candidate could be proposed, or might occur in association with CAKUT.

Successful treatment of fulminant Wilson's disease without liver transplantation.

Fulminant Wilson's disease (WD) is life-threatening. The revised WD prognostic index (RWPI) has been used to predict the severity of the disease, with a score ≥11 indicating fatal outcome without liver transplantation (LTx). We here report the case of a 10-year-old female patient with fulminant WD (RWPI, 16) who recovered fully after plasma exchange and continuous hemodiafiltration, followed by treatment with copper chelate agents. To the best of our knowledge, there have been five fulminant WD patients with RWPI ≥ 11 including the present patient, in whom LTx was not done. Based on the therapeutic modalities in these five cases, non-surgical treatment (blood purification and copper chelate agents) may be able to avoid LTx in fulminant WD even with very high RWPI, although preparation for LTx is necessary.

Demonstration of novel gain-of-function mutations of αIIbß3: association with macrothrombocytopenia and glanzmann thrombasthenia-like phenotype.

Integrin αIIbß3 is indispensable for normal hemostasis, but its role for thrombopoiesis is still controversial. Recently, αIIb and ß3 mutations have been identified in patients with congenital macrothrombocytopenia. We analyzed three unrelated Japanese families with congenital macrothrombocytopenia. Expression and activation state of αIIbß3 in platelets was examined by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Sequence of whole coding region and exon-intron boundaries of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes was performed. The effects of mutations on αIIbß3 activation state and phosphorylation of FAK were analyzed in transfected cells. We newly identified three mutations: two mutations in highly conserved Gly-Phe-Phe-Lys-Arg sequence in juxtamembrane region of αIIb, p.Gly991Cys and p.Phe993del, and one donor site mutation of intron 13 of ITGB3 leading to 40 amino acids deletion, p.(Asp621_Glu660del), in the membrane proximal ß-tail domain of ß3. One patient, who showed Glanzmann thrombasthenia-like marked reduction in surface αIIbß3 expression (3-11% of normal control), was a compound heterozygote with ITGA2B p.Gly991Cys and a novel nonsense mutation, ITGA2B p.Arg422*. All three mutations, ITGA2B p.Gly991Cys, ITGA2B p.Phe993del, and ITGB3 p.(Asp621_Glu660del), led to highly activated conformation of αIIbß3 and spontaneous tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK in transfected cells. These results suggest that gain-of-function mutations around membrane region of αIIbß3 lead to abnormal platelet number and morphology with impaired surface αIIbß3 expression.

Myelodysplastic syndrome in a child with 15q24 deletion syndrome.

15q24 deletion syndrome is a recently-described chromosomal disorder, characterized by developmental delay, growth deficiency, distinct facial features, digital abnormalities, loose connective tissue, and genital malformations in males. To date, 19 patients have been reported. We report on a 13-year-old boy with this syndrome manifesting childhood myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). He had characteristic facial features, hypospadias, and mild developmental delay. He showed neutropenia and thrombocytopenia for several years. At age 13 years, bone marrow examination was performed, which showed a sign suggestive of childhood MDS: mild dysplasia in the myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cell lineages. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) revealed a de novo 3.4 Mb 15q24.1q24.3 deletion. Although MDS has not been described in patients with the syndrome, a boy was reported to have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The development of MDS and hematological malignancy in the syndrome might be caused by the haploinsufficiency of deleted 15q24 segment either alone or in combination with other genetic abnormalities in hematopoietic cells. Further hematological investigation is recommended to be beneficial if physical and hematological examination results are suggestive of hematopoietic disturbance in patients with the syndrome.

The clinical characteristics of vitamin D deficiency in childhood: a systematic literature review of Japanese patients.

To describe the characteristics of children with vitamin D deficiency, we reviewed the reports of vitamin D deficiency among Japanese children that were published between 1989 and 2008. We identified 25 patients with vitamin D deficiency in 9 published studies and evaluated their clinical characteristics together with those of 3 patients we recently treated. The patients were distributed in two distinct age groups at diagnosis: < 1 year old and > or = 1 year old. The main symptom of the < 1 year old age group was hypocalcemic convulsions and that of the > or = 1 year old age group was bowed legs. Serum calcium, intact PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D levels were significantly lower in the < 1 year age group than in the > or = 1 year age group. It would be useful to find and make early interventions in cases of children at a high-risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Thalidomide for treatment of intestinal involvement of juvenile-onset Behçet disease.

BACKGROUND: Thalidomide has been identified and its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties clarified. This report expands our report of 2 entero-Behçet disease children who developed significant steroid toxicity and improved dramatically with thalidomide. METHODS: We studied the effects of thalidomide in 7 juvenile-onset patients with severe, recurrent intestinal involvement of Behçet disease. Thalidomide was given at an initial dose of 2 mg/kg per day, and the dose was increased to 3 mg/kg per day if necessary (3 of 7 patients) or decreased to 1-0.5 mg/kg per day according to the responses to the drug. RESULTS: All 7 patients showed dramatic improvement in clinical symptoms with thalidomide therapy, and they successfully discontinued steroid therapy. Patients receiving thalidomide were monitored for prolonged neurotoxicity, and the treatment and a few side effects were well tolerated by all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that thalidomide can be an efficacious medication in appropriately selected patients with some inflammatory bowel diseases with many chances of success.

Simultaneous onset of type 1 diabetes in monozygotic twins younger than 1 year.

This report describes type 1 insulin deficient diabetes mellitus (IDDM) arising in identical twins aged under one year. One twin presented with symptoms and was diagnosed with type 1 IDDM; the diagnosis of type 1 IDDM was simultaneously made in the second twin without clinical symptoms. Both twins were positive for anti-GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibody at first, and then positive for islet cell antibodies. Interestingly, the twins have four susceptible HLA DR and DQ genes together that are usually recognized separately in IDDM patients in Japan.

Recent changes in the trends of seasonal influenza outbreaks in the Nagano Prefectural area of Japan: an oseltamivir effect?

We carried out a study to assess the pharmacological role of oseltamivir in the regulation of influenza epidemics in Japan, examining data for the years 1998 to 2006 from Nagano Prefecture. Oseltamivir is effective for the treatment of influenza, and its use in Japan has increased in the 3 years from 2003 to 2006. We found that, in the Nagano Prefectural area, the peak in the number of influenza infections showed a deviation to later periods after the 2003 season. and after 2003, it also took a longer time to reach the end of the seasonal epidemics of influenza infections compared with data from 1998 to 2002. To prevent influenza outbreaks having a long duration, we believe that the period of isolation in patients receiving anti-influenza drugs has to be reconsidered.