Physical Training vs. Perindopril Treatment on Arterial Stiffening of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: A Proteomic Analysis and Possible Mechanisms.

(1) Background: Arterial stiffness is an important predictor of cardiovascular events. Perindopril and physical exercise are important in controlling hypertension and arterial stiffness, but the mechanisms are unclear. (2) Methods: Thirty-two spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated for eight weeks: SHRC (sedentary); SHRP (sedentary treated with perindopril-3 mg/kg) and SHRT (trained). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) analysis was performed, and the aorta was collected for proteomic analysis. (3) Results: Both treatments determined a similar reduction in PWV (-33% for SHRP and -23% for SHRT) vs. SHRC, as well as in BP. Among the altered proteins, the proteomic analysis identified an upregulation of the EH domain-containing 2 (EHD2) protein in the SHRP group, required for nitric oxide-dependent vessel relaxation. The SHRT group showed downregulation of collagen-1 (COL1). Accordingly, SHRP showed an increase (+69%) in the e-NOS protein level and SHRT showed a lower COL1 protein level (-46%) compared with SHRC. (4) Conclusions: Both perindopril and aerobic training reduced arterial stiffness in SHR; however, the results suggest that the mechanisms can be distinct. While treatment with perindopril increased EHD2, a protein involved in vessel relaxation, aerobic training decreased COL1 protein level, an important protein of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that normally enhances vessel rigidity.

Relação entre a obesidade, inatividade física e pressão arterial em educandos nas cidades de Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião- SP / Relationship between obesity, physical inactivity and blood pressure in students in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião-SP

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença que atinge crianças e adolescentes e sua identificação, cada vez mais cedo, contribui para evitar o desenvolvimento precoce das doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de pressão arterial (PA) acima da normalidade e relacionar com obesidade e estilo de vida de escolares das cidades de Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião. Foram avaliadas 369 crianças e adolescentes. Informações sobre saúde e prática de exercícios físicos foram obtidas pela anamnese. Após cinco minutos de repouso, foram realizadas avaliações hemodinâmicas e antropométricas em cada participante. Taxa de Odds foi usada para avaliar o risco de pressão arterial acima da normalidade em crianças com peso alterado e inativas. Correlação de Pearson foi usada para correlacionar as variáveis antropométricas e hemodinâmicas. Dentre os avaliados, 28% apresentaram valores alterados de PA e 29% já estavam com sobrepeso e obesidade. Além disso, 89% dos escolares foram classificados como insuficientemente ativos. Dentre os escolares com sobrepeso, 48% estavam com a PA alterada e, dentre os obesos a PA estava alterada em 65%. Crianças e adolescentes com peso acima do normal apresentavam 3,59 vezes mais chances de apresentar PA alterada. Pode-se concluir que os resultados são de extrema relevância para reforçar a inclusão de diferentes estratégias nas escolas para o controle da obesidade e sedentarismo desde a infância, a fim de se evitar casos precoces de hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a disease that affects children and adolescents and its identification, helps to prevent the premature development of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of blood pressure (BP) above normal and to relate it to obesity and lifestyle of scholars in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião. A total of 369 children and adolescents were evaluated. Information on health and physical exercise were obtained through anamnesis. After 5 minutes of rest, hemodynamic and anthropometric assessments were performed on each participant. Odds rate was used to assess the risk of above-normal blood pressure in overweight and inactive children. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate anthropometric and hemodynamic variables. Among those evaluated, 28% had altered BP values and 29% were already overweight and obese. In addition, 89% of students were classified as insufficiently active. Among overweight scholars, 48% had altered BP and, among obese, BP was altered in 65%. Overweight children and adolescents had 3.59 times more risk to have altered BP. It can be concluded that the results are extremely relevant to reinforce the inclusion of different strategies in schools for the control of obesity and sedentary lifestyle, in order to avoid early cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

Relação entre a obesidade, inatividade física e pressão arterial em educandos nas cidades de Bauru,Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião- SP / Relationship between obesity, physical inactivity and blood pressure in students in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião-SP

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença que atinge crianças e adolescentes e sua identificação, cada vez mais cedo, contribui para evitar o desenvolvimento precoce das doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de pressão arterial (PA) acima da normalidade e relacionar com obesidade e estilo de vida de escolares das cidades de Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião. Foram avaliadas 369 crianças e adolescentes. Informações sobre saúde e prática de exercícios físicos foram obtidas pela anamnese. Após cinco minutos de repouso, foram realizadas avaliações hemodinâmicas e antropométricas em cada participante. Taxa de Odds foi usada para avaliar o risco de pressão arterial acima da normalidade em crianças com peso alterado e inativas. Correlação de Pearson foi usada para correlacionar as variáveis antropométricas e hemodinâmicas. Dentre os avaliados, 28% apresentaram valores alterados de PA e 29% já estavam com sobrepeso e obesidade. Além disso, 89% dos escolares foram classificados como insuficientemente ativos. Dentre os escolares com sobrepeso, 48% estavam com a PA alterada e, dentre os obesos a PA estava alterada em 65%. Crianças e adolescentes com peso acima do normal apresentavam 3,59 vezes mais chances de apresentar PA alterada. Pode-se concluir que os resultados são de extrema relevância para reforçar a inclusão de diferentes estratégias nas escolas para o controle da obesidade e sedentarismo desde a infância, a fim de se evitar casos precoces de hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares (AU).

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a disease that affects children and adolescents and its identification, helps to prevent the premature development of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of blood pressure (BP) above normal and to relate it to obesity and lifestyle of scholars in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião. A total of 369 children and adolescents were evaluated. Information on health and physical exercise were obtained through anamnesis. After 5 minutes of rest, hemodynamic and anthropometric assessments were performed on each participant. Odds rate was used to assess the risk of above-normal blood pressure in overweight and inactive children. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate anthropometric and hemodynamic variables. Among those evaluated, 28% had altered BP values and 29% were already overweight and obese. In addition, 89% of students were classified as insufficiently active. Among overweight scholars, 48% had altered BP and, among obese, BP was altered in 65%. Overweight children and adolescents had 3.59 times more risk to have altered BP. It can be concluded that the results are extremely relevant to reinforce the inclusion of different strategies in schools for the control of obesity and sedentary lifestyle, in order to avoid early cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (AU).

MicroRNA-126 upregulation, induced by training, plays a role in controlling microcirculation in dexamethasone treated rats.

Microcirculation maintenance is associated with microRNAs. Nevertheless, the role of microRNAs induced by training in preventing dexamethasone (DEX)-induced microvascular rarefaction remains unknown. The study aim was to investigate if training-induced microRNAs are able to improve microcirculation proteins and prevent DEX-induced microvascular rarefaction. Rats underwent training for 8 weeks and then were treated with DEX (50 µg/kg per day, s.c.) for 14 days. Arterial pressure was measured and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was collected for analyses. DEX induced hypertension concomitantly with capillary density loss (CD, -23.9%) and decrease of VEGF (-43.0%), p-AKT/AKT (-39.6%) and Bcl-2 (-23.0%) and an increase in caspase-3-cleaved protein level (+34.0%) in TA muscle. Training upregulated microRNA-126 expression (+13.1%), prevented VEGF (+61.4%), p-AKT/AKT (+37.7%), Bcl-2 (+7.7%) decrease and caspase-3-cleaved (-23.1%) increase associated with CD (+54.7%) reduction and hypertension prevention. MiRNA-126 upregulation, induced by training, plays a role in controlling microcirculation, which may be a potential target against DEX-induced microvascular rarefaction.

In vivo vascular rarefaction and hypertension induced by dexamethasone are related to phosphatase PTP1B activation not endothelial metabolic changes.

Glucocorticoids have important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, induces insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. The hypertensive mechanisms of Dex are not well understood. Previously, we showed that exercise training prior to Dex treatment significantly decreases blood vessel loss and hypertension in rats. In this study, we examined whether the salutary effects of exercise are associated with an enhanced metabolic profile. Analysis of the NAD and ATP content in the tibialis anterior muscle of trained and non-trained animals indicated that exercise increases both NAD and ATP; however, Dex treatment had no effect on any of the experimental groups. Likewise, Dex did not change NAD and ATP in cultured endothelial cells following 24 h and 48 h of incubation with high concentrations. Reduced VEGF-stimulated NO production, however, was verified in endothelial cultured cells. Reduced NO was not associated with changes in survival or the BH4 to BH2 ratio. Moreover, Dex had no effect on bradykinin- or shear-stress-stimulated NO production, indicating that VEGF-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation is a target of Dex's effects. The PTP1B inhibitor increased NO in Dex-treated cells in a dose-dependent fashion, an effect that was replicated by the glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor, RU486. In combination, these results indicate that Dex-induced endothelial dysfunction is mediated by glucocorticoid receptor and PTP1B activation. Moreover, since exercise reduces the expression of PTP1B and normalized insulin resistance in aging rats, our findings indicate that exercise training by reducing PTP1B activity counteracts Dex-induced hypertension in vivo.

Efeitos vasculares do treinamento físico / Vascular effects of physical training

A finalidade do sistema cardiovascular é manter uma perfusão adequada e, para tanto, conta com uma bomba eficiente (coração) e um sistema de condução apropriado, representado pelos vasos arteriais e venosos. Este artigo visa abordar os diferentes ajustes funcionais e estruturais decorrentes do treinamento físico no sistema vascular, que contribuem principalmente para melhorar a capacidade física dos indivíduos. Para tanto, o sistema conta com vários mecanismos, dentre eles neurais, hormonais e locais, que podem ser avaliados por meio de diferentes técnicas, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro. Após um período de treinamento físico, tem-se evidenciado uma melhor inter-relação entre sistema neural e local, promovendo menor atividade nervosa simpática acompanhada por simpatólise mais pronunciada. Além disso, o treinamento físico melhora a reatividade vascular de artérias, por melhorar a biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico. Na parede vascular, o treinamento melhora o equilíbrio entre os componentes da matriz extracelular, favorecendo a redução da rigidez arterial em grandes artérias e a redução da razão parede-luz em arteríolas da musculatura locomotora e não locomotora, o que contribui para melhor distensibilidade dos vasos e redução da resistência periférica total, principalmente em casos patológicos. Por fim, o treinamento físico favorece a angiogênese na microcirculação, que contribui significativamente para nutrição tecidual

The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to maintain complete perfusion and, to this end, it has an efficient pump (the heart) and an appropriate conduction system, represented by arterial and venous vessels. This article addresses the different functional and structural adjustments resulting from physical training in the vascular system, which contribute mainly to improve the physical capacity of individuals. Therefore, the system has several mechanisms, including neural, hormonal and local mechanisms, which may be evaluated by different techniques, both in vivo and in vitro. After a period of physical training, a better interrelationship between neural and local systems has been evidenced, promoting less sympathetic nervous activity accompanied by more pronounced sympatholysis. In addition, physical training improves vascular reactivity of arteries by improving nitric oxide bioavailability. In the vascular wall, training improves balance between extracellular matrix components, favoring reduced of stiffness of the large arteries and reduced wall-to-lumen ratio in locomotor and non-locomotor muscle arterioles, which contributes to improving vessel distensibility and total peripheral resistance, especially in pathological cases. Finally, physical training favors microcirculatory angiogenesis, which contributes significantly to tissue nutrition

Preliminary study about the relationship between estimated training status and RAS polymorphisms on blood pressure and ACE activity in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: Polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) are associated with increases in blood pressure (BP). Physical exercise has been considered the main strategy to prevent this increase. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between estimated training status (TS), BP and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in elderly people classified as low or high risk to develop hypertension according to genetic profile. METHODS: A total of 155 elderly participants performed the following assessments: general functional fitness index (GFFI), systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), blood collection for ACE activity and analyses of the RAS polymorphisms. RESULTS: Uncontrolled hypertensive (UHT) participants presented higher values of SBP and DBP compared with normotensive (NT) and controlled hypertensive (CHT) participants. No differences were found in ACE activity and GFFI between groups. In the high risk group, UHT presented higher values of SBP and DBP compared with other groups. CHT presented higher values of SBP compared with NT. Furthermore, UHT presented higher values of ACE activity compared with CHT and lower values of GFFI compared with NT. CONCLUSION: MDA, TIA and TIC genetic combinations were associated with high risk of developing hypertension while the maintenance of good levels of TS was associated with lower BP values and ACE activity.

Photobiomodulation by Led Does Not Alter Muscle Recovery Indicators and Presents Similar Outcomes to Cold-Water Immersion and Active Recovery.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on muscle recovery based on inflammation (interleukin-10 [IL-10]; tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα]), muscle damage markers (creatine kinase [CK]; lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), delay onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and countermovement jump performance (CMJ) after two sprint interval training (SIT) sessions compared with a placebo condition (part-I), as well as to compare the effectiveness of PBMT with active recovery (AR) and cold-water immersion (CWI) (part-II). Methods: Part-I was conducted as a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study and part-II as a parallel-group study. Thirty-six men participated in the studies (12 participants in part-I and 36 participants in part-II). Volunteers performed two SITs interspaced by 24-h (SIT1 and SIT2) to mimic the effect of accumulating 2 consecutive days of SIT. In part-I, only after SIT2, PBMT [Total energy: 600J (300J per leg in 5 spots); wavelength: 660-850 nm] or placebo interventions were performed, while in part-II PBMT (part-I data), AR (15-min; 50% of the maximal aerobic power), or CWI (10-min; 10°C) were carried out, also after SIT2. Blood samples were collected before (i.e., baseline), and 0.5, 1, 24, 48, and 72-h after SIT2, while CMJ and DOMS were measured before, 24, 48, and 72-h after SIT2. Results: In part-I, there were no interactions between PBMT and placebo conditions for any blood markers (P ≥ 0.313), DOMS (P = 0.052), and CMJ (P = 0.295). However, an effect of time was found with increases in LDH, CK, and IL-10 (P ≤ 0.043) as well as a decrease in DOMS at 72-h compared with 24-h (P = 0.012). In part-II, there were no interactions between the PBMT, AR, and CWI groups for any markers at the same moments (P ≥ 0.189) and for the peak and integral values (P ≥ 0.193), for DOMS (P = 0.314) and CMJ (P = 0.264). However, an effect of time was found with an increase in CK and IL-10 (P = 0.003), while DOMS decreased at 48 and 72-h compared with 24-h (P = 0.001). Conclusion: In summary, PBMT had no effect on inflammation, muscle damage, CMJ performance, or DOMS after two consecutive sprint interval training sessions compared to placebo, CWI, and AR strategies.

Health-related physical fitness among undergraduate students in physical education / Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de alunos de gradução em educação física

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe and analyze physical fitness of undergraduate students in Physical Education. The sample consisted of 110 women and 115 men. We evaluated weight, height, body mass index, percentage of body fat (BF), heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, flexibility, strength and muscular endurance (ME). As main results we observed a higher percentage of women with body fat and ME above the ideal values ​​for age when compared to men (BF: 37% vs 4%, p = 0.001; ME: 32% vs 13%, p = 0.001), while there were more men with changes in SBP when compared with women (22% vs 6%, p = 0.001). In conclusion, male students had higher levels of physical fitness than women, and a significant portion of undergraduate students in Physical Education showed results different than normal for anthropometric, hemodynamic and performance variables.

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever e analisar o condicionamento físico de alunos de graduação do curso de Educação Física. A amostra foi composta por 110 mulheres e 115 homens. Foram avaliados peso, altura, índice de massa corpórea, percentual de gordura corporal (GC), frequência cardíaca em repouso (FCR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica, flexibilidade, força e resistência muscular localizada (RML). Como principais resultados observou-se maior porcentagem de mulheres com gordura corporal e RML acima dos valores ideais para a idade quando comparados aos homens (GC: 37% vs 4%, p= 0,001; RML: 32% vs 13%, p= 0,001), enquanto houveram mais homens com alteração na PAS quando confrontado com mulheres (22% vs 6%, p= 0,001). Em conclusão, estudantes do sexo masculino apresentaram maiores níveis de aptidão física em relação às mulheres, e parcela expressiva de alunos de Educação Física apresentam alterações nos valores de referência à normalidade para variáveis antropométricas, hemodinâmicas e de desempenho motor.

EXERCISE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND MORTALITY: FINDINGS OF EIGHT YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP / EXERCÍCIO, PRESSÃO ARTERIAL E MORTALIDADE: ACHADOS DE OITO ANOS DE SEGUIMENTO / EJERCICIO, PRESIÓN ARTERIAL Y MORTALIDAD: HALLAZGOS DE OCHO AÑOS DE SEGUIMIENTO

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the last decades, unhealthy habits, such as low levels of physical activity and poor diet, have increased. Consequently, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality has increased significantly among adults. However, it is known that regular physical exercises help to improve health outcomes. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of eight years of regular participation in an exercise program on blood pressure and mortality in the Brazilian public health system. Methods: The sample consisted of 34 participants with hypertension and/or type II diabetes who were followed up for eight years. They were paired by age, body mass index and chronic disease in two groups: exercise and control. During the follow-up period, medical records were used to assess systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as number of medical appointments and the occurrence of deaths. Results: In the follow-up period, five participants died in the control group and none in the exercise group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis identified 29.4% lower mortality among active participants (Fisher's exact test with p = 0.044). The number of medical appointments and the values of diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower for active participants. Conclusion: After a follow-up of eight years, participants in the exercise group attended fewer medical appointments, had better blood pressure control and a lower occurrence of deaths.

RESUMO Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, hábitos pouco saudáveis, como baixos níveis de atividade física e má alimentação, têm aumentado. Consequentemente, a prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares e de mortalidade aumentou significativamente entre adultos. Entretanto, é sabido que a prática regular de exercícios físicos ajuda a melhorar os desfechos de saúde. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de oito anos de participação regular em um programa de exercícios sobre a pressão arterial e a mortalidade no sistema brasileiro de saúde pública. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 34 participantes com hipertensão e/ou diabetes tipo II, que foram acompanhados por oito anos. Eles foram pareados por idade, índice de massa corporal e doença crônica em dois grupos: exercício e controle. Durante o período de acompanhamento, os registros médicos foram usados para avaliar a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, bem como o número de consultas médicas e a ocorrência de óbitos. Resultados: No período de acompanhamento, ocorreram cinco óbitos no grupo controle e nenhum no grupo exercício. A análise de Kaplan-Meier identificou mortalidade 29,4% menor entre os participantes ativos (teste exato de Fisher com p = 0,044). A quantidade de consultas médicas e pressão arterial diastólica foram significantemente menores para os participantes ativos. Conclusão: Após acompanhamento de oito anos, participantes do grupo exercício tiveram menor número de consultas médicas, melhor controle da pressão arterial e menor ocorrência de mortes.

RESUMEN Introducción: En las últimas décadas, han aumentado los hábitos poco saludables, como los bajos niveles de actividad física y la mala alimentación. Por consiguiente, la prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y la mortalidad fue significativamente mayor entre los adultos. Sin embargo, se sabe que el ejercicio físico ayuda a mejorar los resultados en salud. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de ocho años de participación regular en un programa de ejercicios sobre la presión arterial y la mortalidad en pacientes del sistema brasileño de salud pública. Métodos: La muestra consistió en 34 participantes con hipertensión y/o diabetes tipo II que fueron seguidos durante ocho años. Ellos fueron pareados por edad, índice de masa corporal y enfermedad crónica, en dos grupos: ejercicio y control. Durante el período de seguimiento, se utilizaron los registros médicos para evaluar la presión sistólica y diastólica, así como el número de consultas médicas y la ocurrencia de muertes. Resultados: En el período de seguimiento, hubo cinco muertes en el grupo control y ninguna en el grupo de ejercicio. El análisis de Kaplan-Meier identificó 29,4% de mortalidad más baja entre los participantes activos (prueba exacta de Fisher p = 0,044). El número de consultas médicas y la presión arterial diastólica fueron significativamente menores para los participantes activosnúm. Conclusión: Después de un seguimiento de ocho años, los participantes en el grupo de ejercicio tuvieron un menor número de consultas médicas, un mejor control de la presión arterial y menor incidencia de muertes.

The influence of genetic polymorphisms on performance and cardiac and hemodynamic parameters among Brazilian soccer players.

This study investigated whether ACTN3 R577X, AMPD1 C34T, I/D ACE, and M235T AGT polymorphisms can affect performance tests such as jumping, sprinting, and endurance in 220 young male athletes from professional minor league soccer team from São Paulo Futebol Clube, Brazil. I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms were also analyzed according to cardiac and hemodynamic parameters. Athletes were grouped or not by age. DNA from saliva and Taqman assays were used for genotyping 220 athletes and the results were associated with performance tests. Ventricle mass, ventricle end-diastolic diameter, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction were assessed by echocardiogram. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and oximetry were assessed by a cardioscope. The main results of this study were that athletes who carried RR/RX (ACTN3) and DD (ACE) genotypes presented better performance during jump and sprint tests. On the other hand, athletes with ID/II genotype presented better results during endurance test, while AGT genotypes did not seem to favor the athletes during the evaluated physical tests. CC genotype (AMPD1) only favored the athletes during 10-m sprint test. Although there are environmental interactions influencing performance, the present results suggest that RR/RX ACTN3 and ACE DD genotypes may benefit athletes in activities that require strength and speed, while II ACE genotype may benefit athletes in endurance activities. This information could help coaches to plan the training session to improve the athletes' performance.

The importance of animal studies in exercise science

Abstract The validity and relevance of research with animals for the development of knowledge in Exercise Science have for long been discussed. Given the complexity of the biological systems, the use of animal models offers a significant contribution to uncover new findings about acute and chronic effects of exercise, particularly when these studies in humans have limitations and ethical implications. There have been notable findings using experimental animals either in basic sciences or in clinical studies involving physiology, pharmacology, genetic, biochemistry, urology, endocrinology and cancer. This article presents a brief review of scientific research using animal models with a focus on exercise training as an effective tool for the prophylaxis and treatment of different pathological processes, which are the basis of many concepts taught and used in undergraduate courses and graduate programs, as well as in new researches showed in scientific conference meetings in numerous areas of science.(AU)

Training Status as a Marker of the Relationship between Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress, and Blood Pressure in Older Adult Women.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of functional fitness and oxidative capacity on the nitric oxide concentration associated with hemodynamic control in older adult women. The sample consisted of 134 women (65.73 ± 6.14 years old). All subjects underwent a physical examination to assess body mass index, waist-hip ratio, body fat measurement by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood pressure (BP). Training status (TS) was evaluated by indirect determination of maximal oxygen uptake by a treadmill test using Balke protocol modified for older adults. Functional fitness was also evaluated through a "Functional Fitness Battery Test" to determine the general fitness functional index (GFFI). All participants were separated according to the functional fitness (TS1, very weak and weak; TS2, regular; TS3, good and very good). Plasma blood samples were used to evaluate prooxidant and antioxidant activity and nitrite and nitrate concentrations. The general results of this study showed that good levels of TS were related to lower levels of lipoperoxidation and protein damage, higher levels of antioxidant, and higher concentration of nitrite and nitrate. This combination may be responsible for the lower levels of BP in subjects with better TS.

Treatment of dyslipidemia with statins and physical exercises: recent findings of skeletal muscle responses.

Statin treatment in association with physical exercise practice can substantially reduce cardiovascular mortality risk of dyslipidemic individuals, but this practice is associated with myopathic event exacerbation. This study aimed to present the most recent results of specific literature about the effects of statins and its association with physical exercise on skeletal musculature. Thus, a literature review was performed using PubMed and SciELO databases, through the combination of the keywords "statin" AND "exercise" AND "muscle", restricting the selection to original studies published between January 1990 and November 2013. Sixteen studies evaluating the effects of statins in association with acute or chronic exercises on skeletal muscle were analyzed. Study results indicate that athletes using statins can experience deleterious effects on skeletal muscle, as the exacerbation of skeletal muscle injuries are more frequent with intense training or acute eccentric and strenuous exercises. Moderate physical training, in turn, when associated to statins does not increase creatine kinase levels or pain reports, but improves muscle and metabolic functions as a consequence of training. Therefore, it is suggested that dyslipidemic patients undergoing statin treatment should be exposed to moderate aerobic training in combination to resistance exercises three times a week, and the provision of physical training prior to drug administration is desirable, whenever possible.

Treatment of Dyslipidemia with Statins and Physical Exercises: Recent Findings of Skeletal Muscle Responses / Tratamento das Dislipidemias com Estatinas e Exercícios Físicos: Evidências Recentes das Respostas Musculares

Statin treatment in association with physical exercise practice can substantially reduce cardiovascular mortality risk of dyslipidemic individuals, but this practice is associated with myopathic event exacerbation. This study aimed to present the most recent results of specific literature about the effects of statins and its association with physical exercise on skeletal musculature. Thus, a literature review was performed using PubMed and SciELO databases, through the combination of the keywords “statin” AND “exercise” AND “muscle”, restricting the selection to original studies published between January 1990 and November 2013. Sixteen studies evaluating the effects of statins in association with acute or chronic exercises on skeletal muscle were analyzed. Study results indicate that athletes using statins can experience deleterious effects on skeletal muscle, as the exacerbation of skeletal muscle injuries are more frequent with intense training or acute eccentric and strenuous exercises. Moderate physical training, in turn, when associated to statins does not increase creatine kinase levels or pain reports, but improves muscle and metabolic functions as a consequence of training. Therefore, it is suggested that dyslipidemic patients undergoing statin treatment should be exposed to moderate aerobic training in combination to resistance exercises three times a week, and the provision of physical training prior to drug administration is desirable, whenever possible.

A associação do tratamento medicamentoso por estatinas com a prática de exercícios físicos pode reduzir substancialmente o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular de indivíduos dislipidêmicos, porém sua realização vem sendo associada à exacerbação de quadros miopáticos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar os resultados mais recentes da literatura específica sobre os efeitos da associação de estatinas ao exercício físico na musculatura esquelética. Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, utilizando a combinação dos unitermos: “estatina/estatinas” AND “exercício” AND “músculo” (“statin” AND “exercise” AND “muscle”), sendo selecionados apenas artigos originais publicados entre janeiro de 1990 e novembro de 2013. Foram analisados 16 artigos que avaliaram o efeito da associação das estatinas com exercício agudo ou crônico na musculatura esquelética. Os resultados dos estudos apontaram que atletas podem experimentar efeitos deletérios na musculatura esquelética quando do uso de estatinas, visto que os quadros de exacerbação da lesão muscular pelo exercício foram mais frequentes com treinamento intenso ou exercícios agudos excêntricos e extenuantes. O treinamento físico moderado, por sua vez, quando associado às estatinas, não aumenta os relatos de dor nem os níveis de creatina quinase, além de acarretar ganhos nas funções musculares e metabólicas advindas do treinamento. Sugere-se, portanto, que pacientes dislipidêmicos em tratamento com estatinas sejam expostos ao treinamento físico aeróbio combinado a exercícios resistidos, de intensidade moderada, em três sessões semanais, sendo que a oferta do treinamento físico previamente à administração do tratamento medicamentoso, quando possível, faz-se desejável.

[Adherence to statin treatment and associated factors in female users from the Unified Health System (SUS)]. / Aderência ao tratamento por estatinas e fatores associados em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the adherence rate of a statin treatment and possible related factors in female users from the Unified Health System. METHOD: Seventy-one women were evaluated (64.2 ± 11.0 years) regarding the socio-economic level, comorbidities, current medications, level of physical activity, self-report of muscular pain, adherence to the medical prescription, body composition and biochemical profile. The data were analyzed as frequencies, Chi-Squared test, and Mann Whitney test (p<0.05). RESULTS: 15.5% of women did not adhere to the medical prescription for the statin treatment, whose had less comorbidities (p=0.01), consumed less quantities of medications (p=0.00), and tended to be younger (p=0.06). Those patients also presented higher values of lipid profile (CT: p=0.01; LDL-c: p=0.02). Musculoskeletal complains were not associated to the adherence rate to the medication. CONCLUSION: The associated factors to adherence of dyslipidemic women to statin medical prescription were age, quantity of comorbidities and quantity of current medication.

Adherence to statin treatment and associated factors in female users from the Unified Health System (SUS) / Aderência ao tratamento por estatinas e fatores associados em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde / Adherencia al tratamiento con estatinas y factores asociados en usuarias del sistema unico de salud de brasil

Objective: To identify the adherence rate of a statin treatment and possible related factors in female users from the Unified Health System. Method: Seventy-one women were evaluated (64.2 ± 11.0 years) regarding the socio-economic level, comorbidities, current medications, level of physical activity, self-report of muscular pain, adherence to the medical prescription, body composition and biochemical profile. The data were analyzed as frequencies, Chi-Squared test, and Mann Whitney test (p<0.05). Results: 15.5% of women did not adhere to the medical prescription for the statin treatment, whose had less comorbidities (p=0.01), consumed less quantities of medications (p=0.00), and tended to be younger (p=0.06). Those patients also presented higher values of lipid profile (CT: p=0.01; LDL-c: p=0.02). Musculoskeletal complains were not associated to the adherence rate to the medication. Conclusion: The associated factors to adherence of dyslipidemic women to statin medical prescription were age, quantity of comorbidities and quantity of current medication.
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Objetivo: Identificar la tasa de adherencia al tratamiento con estatinas y los posibles factores relacionados en usuarias del Sistema Único de Salud. Métodos: Fueron evaluadas 71 mujeres (64,2 ± 11,0 años) según nivel socioeconómico, comorbilidades, uso de medicamentos, nivel de actividad física, dolor muscular autoinformado, adherencia a la prescripción médica, composición corporal y perfil bioquímico. Los datos fueron analizados por frecuencia, test de chi-cuadrado y la prueba de Mann- Whitney (p<0,05). Resultados: El 15,5% de las mujeres no se adhirieron a la prescripción médica para el tratamiento con estatinas, éstas tenían menos comorbilidades (p=0,01), consumían menos cantidad de medicamentos (p=0,00) y presentaban tendencia a ser más jóvenes (p=0,06). Además, estas pacientes presentaron valores mayores en el perfil lipídico (CT: p=0,01, LDL-C: p=0,02). La referencia de dolor musculoesquelético no se asociaron con la tasa de adherencia al medicamento. Conclusión: Los factores asociados con la adherencia de las mujeres con dislipidemia a la prescripción de estatinas fueron la edad, el número de comorbilidades y el número de medicamentos.

Objetivo: Identificar a taxa de aderência ao tratamento por estatinas e os possíveis fatores relacionados em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: Foram avaliadas 71 mulheres (64,2±11,0 anos) quanto ao nível socioeconômico, comorbidades, medicamentos em uso, nível de atividade física, autorrelato de dor muscular, aderência à prescrição médica, composição corporal e perfil bioquímico. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de frequência, teste de Qui-quadrado e teste de Mann Whitney (p<0,05). Resultados: 15,5% das mulheres não aderiram à prescrição médica para o tratamento com estatinas, as quais possuíam menos comorbidades (p=0,01), consumiam menor quantidade de medicamentos (p=0,00), e apresentaram tendência a serem mais jovens (p=0,06). Estas pacientes apresentaram, ainda, maiores valores de perfil lipídico (CT: p=0,01; LDL-c: p=0,02). As queixas osteomusculares não se associaram à taxa de aderência ao medicamento. Conclusão: Os fatores associados à aderência de mulheres dislipidêmicas à prescrição médica de estatinas foram idade, quantidade de comorbidades e quantidade de medicamentos em uso.
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Influence of training status and eNOS haplotypes on plasma nitrite concentrations in normotensive older adults: a hypothesis-generating study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 3 eNOS gene polymorphisms and training status (TS) in affecting plasma nitrite concentration (NO2) in normotensive adults over 50 years old. Resting blood pressure (BP) was measured in all participants (n = 101). Plasma was taken to analyze: lipid profile, nitrite concentration (NO2) and lipid peroxide levels (T-BARS). Also, genomic DNA was extracted from plasma for genotyping NOS3 polymorphisms (-786T>C; 894G>T; and VNTR in intron 4). TS was determined by one-mile walk test and Functional Fitness Test Battery from AAHPERD (TS1-regular TS; TS2-good TS; and TS3-very good TS). BP was not influenced by TS, but NO2 was 15% higher in TS3 (123 ± 27 nM) compared to TS-2 (106 ± 22 nM). No differences were found in plasma NO2 in the haplotype analyses. However, the presence of the C allele (T-786C) and ASP allele (Glu298Asp) was found to enhance the correlation between TS and NO2 levels (r = 0.492 in C/4b/ASP haplotype and r = 0.855 in C/4a/ASP haplotype). This study thus identifies NOS3 polymorphism-dependent sensitivity to the effects of physical training on plasma NO2. Maintenance of good levels of training status, in carriers of C allele for T-786C polymorphism, combined with ASP allele for Glu298Asp polymorphism, may result in an increase in the NO2 plasma concentrations, which may reflect improved NO bioavailability in older adult normotensive individuals.

The relationship between training status, blood pressure and uric acid in adults and elderly.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be generated by a great number of mechanisms including elevated uric acid (UA) that contribute to the anion superoxide production. However, physical exercise is recommended to prevent and/or control high blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between BP and UA and whether this relationship may be mediated by the functional fitness index. METHODS: All participants (n = 123) performed the following tests: indirect maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), AAHPERD Functional Fitness Battery Test to determine the general fitness functional index (GFFI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), body mass index (BMI) and blood sample collection to evaluate the total-cholesterol (CHOL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), uric acid (UA), nitrite (NO2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (T-BARS). After the physical, hemodynamic and metabolic evaluations, all participants were allocated into three groups according to their GFFI: G1 (regular), G2 (good) and G3 (very good). RESULTS: Baseline blood pressure was higher in G1 when compared to G3 (+12% and +11%, for SBP and DBP, respectively, p<0.05) and the subjects who had higher values of BP also presented higher values of UA. Although UA was not different among GFFI groups, it presented a significant correlation with GFFI and VO2max. Also, nitrite concentration was elevated in G3 compared to G1 (140±29 µM vs 111±29 µM, for G3 and G1, respectively, p<0.0001). As far as the lipid profile, participants in G3 presented better values of CHOL and TG when compared to those in G1. CONCLUSIONS: Taking together the findings that subjects with higher BP had elevated values of UA and lower values of nitrite, it can be suggested that the relationship between blood pressure and the oxidative stress produced by uric acid may be mediated by training status.