Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates and Comparison of Methods of Susceptibility to Vancomycin.

S. aureus are among the main bacteria causing problems related to multidrug resistance in nosocomial infections. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a reliable and rapid diagnosis for the identification of the bacteria and characterization of its susceptibility profile, especially vancomycin, which is an alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize isolates of S. aureus regarding the resistance and virulence and to check the susceptibility to vancomycin, through different methods, for comparative purposes. Seventeen antimicrobials were tested to assess the susceptibility profile. It was evaluated the presence of identification (nuc), resistance (mecA and blaZ), biofilm (icaA and icaD) and siderophore (sfaD and sbnD) genes. The susceptibility to vancomycin was evaluated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution (BMD), E-test, commercial panel (Kit), and Phoenix equipment. Most S. aureus (93,33%) was classified as MDR. These isolates were 100% positive for nuc, mecA, icaA, icaD, and sfaD genes; 96.67% for sbnD and 33.33% for blaZ. In relation to BMD, all methods correctly classified the susceptibility of the isolates; however, regarding the exact MIC value for vancomycin, Phoenix showed agreement of 63.33%, E-test (33.33%) and Kit (26.66%). In conclusion, most of S. aureus was considered MDR. Also, they presented resistance, biofilm production, and siderophores genes, showing the pathogenic potential of these bacteria. Besides, the Phoenix test was considered the most effective, as it presents advantages, such as identification of the microorganism and a greater number of antimicrobials tested at a time.

Latin American Consensus on management of residual cardiometabolic risk. A consensus paper prepared by the Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids and Cardiometabolic Risk (ALALIP) endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS), and the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE).

BACKGROUND: Hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, and tobacco (smoking, chewing, and vaping), together with a pro-inflammatory and procoagulant state, are the main risk factors related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: A group of experts from the Americas, based on their clinical expertise in cardiology, cardiovascular prevention, and cardiometabolic (CM) diseases, joined together to develop these practical recommendations for the optimal evaluation and treatment of residual CM risk factors in Latin America, using a modified Delphi methodology (details in electronic TSI) to generate a comprehensive CM risk reduction guideline, and through personalized medicine and patient-centered decision, considering the cost-benefit ratio The process was well defined to avoid conflicts of interest that could bias the discussion and recommendations. RESULTS: Residual risk reduction should consider therapeutic options adapted to specific patient needs, based on five treatment objectives: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, high blood pressure, and prothrombotic status. Comprehensive control of all CM risk factors should be a priority to deal with this important public health problem and prevent premature deaths. The recommendations in this paper address the evidence-based treatment of CM risk and are intended for clinical application in Latin American countries.

Antecedentes: Un grupo de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos (hipertensión, hiperglucemia, dislipidemia, sobrepeso, obesidad y tabaco (fumado, masticado, vaporizado), junto con un estado proinflamatorio y procoagulante, son los principales factores de riesgo relacionados con la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Objetivo y métodos: Basándose en su experiencia en cardiología, prevención cardiovascular y enfermedades cardiometabólicas, un grupo de expertos de las Américas se unió para desarrollar estas recomendaciones prácticas para la evaluación y tratamiento óptimos de los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos residuales en América Latina, utilizando una metodología Delphi modificada con el objetivo de generar una guía integral de pautas para la reducción del riesgo cardiometabólico, mediante la medicina personalizada y la decisión centrada en el paciente teniendo en cuenta la relación costo-beneficio. El proceso fue bien definido para evitar conflictos de intereses que podrían sesgar la discusión y las recomendaciones. Resultados: La reducción del riesgo residual debe considerar opciones terapéuticas adaptadas a las necesidades específicas del paciente, basadas en 5 objetivos de tratamiento: lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos inflamación, metabolismo de la glucosa, presión arterial alta y estado protrombótico. El Control integral de todos los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos debe ser una prioridad para hacer frente a este importante problema de salud pública y prevenir las muertes prematuras. Las recomendaciones de este documento abordan el tratamiento basado en evidencia del riesgo cardiometabólico y están destinadas a la aplicación clínica en los países de América Latina.

Bioclimatic zoning and trend analysis applied to broilers / Zoneamento bioclimático e análise de tendência aplicados a frangos de corte

The objective of the present study was to establish the bioclimatic zoning by the temperature and humidity index (THI), considering a historical period and a future scenario, in order to represent the thermal environment for broiler breeding in the State of Minas Gerais. A historical series (1976 - 2014) of THI minimum, average and maximum calculated based on data from 48 conventional meteorological stations was used, belonging to the National Institute of Meteorology of the State of Minas Gerais. The analysis of the temporal series was based on the Mann-Kendall test and linear regression. A geostatistical analysis was also carried out to determine the comfort zoning of broilers as a function of the THI intervals. In this way, the THI spatial mapping methodologies and trend analysis for the prediction of a possible future climate scenario can help in the development of risk maps for monitoring thermal comfort of broilers, being indispensable in the planning of actions for the mitigation of the climatic change impacts on the productive chain of the State of Minas Gerais.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer o zoneamento bioclimático por meio do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), considerando-se um período histórico e um cenário futuro, de forma a representar o ambiente térmico para criação de frangos de corte no estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizada uma série histórica (1976 - 2014) de ITU mínimo, médio e máximo, que foram calculados com base em dados oriundos de 48 estações meteorológicas convencionais, pertencentes ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia do Estado de Minas Gerais. A análise da série temporal se baseou no teste de Mann-Kendall e na regressão linear. Procedeu-se, também, à análise geoestatística para determinação do zoneamento do conforto de frangos de corte segundo os intervalos de ITU. Dessa forma, as metodologias de mapeamento espacial do ITU e a análise de tendência para predição de um possível cenário climático futuro podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de mapas de risco para o monitoramento do conforto térmico de frangos de corte, sendo indispensáveis no planejamento de ações para mitigação dos impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre a cadeia produtiva do estado de Minas Gerais.(AU)

Bioclimatic zoning and trend analysis applied to broilers / Zoneamento bioclimático e análise de tendência aplicados a frangos de corte

The objective of the present study was to establish the bioclimatic zoning by the temperature and humidity index (THI), considering a historical period and a future scenario, in order to represent the thermal environment for broiler breeding in the State of Minas Gerais. A historical series (1976 - 2014) of THI minimum, average and maximum calculated based on data from 48 conventional meteorological stations was used, belonging to the National Institute of Meteorology of the State of Minas Gerais. The analysis of the temporal series was based on the Mann-Kendall test and linear regression. A geostatistical analysis was also carried out to determine the comfort zoning of broilers as a function of the THI intervals. In this way, the THI spatial mapping methodologies and trend analysis for the prediction of a possible future climate scenario can help in the development of risk maps for monitoring thermal comfort of broilers, being indispensable in the planning of actions for the mitigation of the climatic change impacts on the productive chain of the State of Minas Gerais.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer o zoneamento bioclimático por meio do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), considerando-se um período histórico e um cenário futuro, de forma a representar o ambiente térmico para criação de frangos de corte no estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizada uma série histórica (1976 - 2014) de ITU mínimo, médio e máximo, que foram calculados com base em dados oriundos de 48 estações meteorológicas convencionais, pertencentes ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia do Estado de Minas Gerais. A análise da série temporal se baseou no teste de Mann-Kendall e na regressão linear. Procedeu-se, também, à análise geoestatística para determinação do zoneamento do conforto de frangos de corte segundo os intervalos de ITU. Dessa forma, as metodologias de mapeamento espacial do ITU e a análise de tendência para predição de um possível cenário climático futuro podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de mapas de risco para o monitoramento do conforto térmico de frangos de corte, sendo indispensáveis no planejamento de ações para mitigação dos impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre a cadeia produtiva do estado de Minas Gerais.(AU)

A blind algorithm for reverberation-time estimation using subband decomposition of speech signals.

An algorithm for blind estimation of reverberation time (RT) in speech signals is proposed. Analysis is restricted to the free-decaying regions of the signal, where the reverberation effect dominates, yielding a more accurate RT estimate at a reduced computational cost. A spectral decomposition is performed on the reverberant signal and partial RT estimates are determined in all signal subbands, providing more data to the statistical-analysis stage of the algorithm, which yields the final RT estimate. Algorithm performance is assessed using two distinct speech databases, achieving 91% and 97% correlation with the RTs measured by a standard nonblind method, indicating that the proposed method blindly estimates the RT in a reliable and consistent manner.

Small doses of intrathecal morphine combined with systemic diclofenac for postoperative pain control after cesarean delivery.

UNLABELLED: Postoperative pain control after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia is effectively obtained with morphine 0.1-0.3 mg intrathecally, although there may be dose-dependent side effects. We evaluated the quality of analgesia and the incidence of side effects with smaller doses of intrathecal morphine combined with intramuscular (i.m.) diclofenac. One hundred-twenty pregnant patients were allocated into six groups, which received the following treatments: Groups 1, 3, and 5 received 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mg of intrathecal morphine, respectively, plus 75 mg of i.m. diclofenac every 8 h; Groups 2, 4, and 6 received 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mg of intrathecal morphine, respectively, plus i.m. diclofenac on demand. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 15 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Pain scores and side effects were evaluated hourly for the first 24 h. Groups 1 and 2 had lower pain scores than Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6. However, only patients in Groups 2, 4, and 6 requested additional analgesics. Severe pruritus was more frequent in Groups 1 and 2. No patient experienced respiratory depression. We conclude that there is no advantage in using doses larger than 0.025 mg of intrathecal morphine if they are combined with systemic diclofenac. IMPLICATIONS: A multimodal approach to pain control may provide good quality analgesia while reducing drug-related side effects. In this study, a very small dose of intrathecal morphine, in association with intramuscular diclofenac, proved effective for controlling pain after cesarean delivery, with a low incidence of morphine-induced pruritus.

An immunological assay for detection and enumeration of thermophilic biomining microorganisms.

A specific, fast, and sensitive nonradioactive immunobinding assay for the detection and enumeration of the moderate thermophile Thiobacillus caldus and the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius was developed. It employs enhanced chemiluminescence or peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulins in a dot or slot blotting system and is very convenient for monitoring thermophilic bioleaching microorganisms in effluents from industrial bioleaching processes.

Methylation of proteins from the translational apparatus: an overview.

Several of the translational apparatus proteins are methylated in all kinds of organisms. Although most of the modified proteins play key roles during protein biosynthesis, the biological function of these chemical modifications still remains elusive. Our recent data indicate a highly conserved pattern of ribosomal protein methylation in eubacteria, with methylated proteins being both structurally and functionally homologous in several microorganisms. Chloroplast ribosomes also appear to have a rather eubacterial pattern of ribosomal protein methylation. On the other hand, there is an apparently ubiquitous methylation of some of the translational factors in several organisms. These findings suggest an important, albeit unknown role for the post-synthetic methylation of the translational machinery. The analysis of the sequences of known methylation target sites and the search of similar sites in other proteins of known sequence, allows to predict those ribosomal proteins or translational factors that may be subjected to post-translational modifications with one or more methyl groups. Although a definitive answer with respect to the biological role of these N-methylations is still missing, a direct correlation between the methylation of some proteins and their biological activity is just beginning to emerge.