Compositional Changes in the Vaginal Bacterial Microbiome of Healthy Pregnant Women across the Three Gestational Trimesters in Ismailia, Egypt.

The composition of the vaginal microbiome may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Normal pregnancy is associated with changes in the vaginal bacterial community composition, which tend to be more enriched with one or two Lactobacillus species promoting a healthy vagina and favorable birth outcomes. The aim of the current study was to determine compositional changes in the healthy vaginal microbiome composition during the three trimesters of pregnancy in Ismailia, Egypt using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA. The phylum Firmicutes and the genus Lactobacillus dominated across the three trimesters of pregnancy. L. iners was the most abundant species. However, L. coleohominis and L. reuteri represented the least dominant vaginal lactobacilli. Core microbiome analyses showed the Lactobacillus genus and L. iners species to have the highest prevalence in all the samples of our study groups. The phylum Firmicutes was found to be negatively correlated with almost all other vaginal phyla during pregnancy. Likewise, a negative correlation between Lactobacillus and almost all other genera was detected, including significant negative correlations with Dialister and Prevotella. Furthermore, negative correlations of L. iners were detected with almost all other species, including a significant negative correlation with L. helveticus, G. vaginalis, S. anginosus, and S. agalactiae.

Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles on Fluconazole resistant Dermatophytes identified by (GACA)4 and isolated from primary school children suffering from Tinea Capitis in Ismailia - Egypt.

Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes recently became more common. Available antifungal drugs are limited because of emergence of resistant strains due to prophylaxis with them, so there is an urgent need for novel antifungals. This study is aimed to detect the antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) on Fluconazole resistant dermatophytes isolated from primary school children clinically suffering from tinea capitis and attending El-Sheikh Zaid Dermatology Center in Ismailia. The study was done on 112 clinical cases. Examination with potassium hydroxide(KOH) of hair samples was done, followed by routine identification using culturing, macroscopical and microscopical examination and biochemical tests, finally molecular identification using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with (GACA) 4 was done. Fluconazole resistance of these dermatophytes was detected by different methods including agar disc diffusion method and broth microdilution susceptibility testing. Silver nanoparticles susceptibility testing was carried out on these Fluconazole resistant dermatophytes. The Ubiquitin 1 (Ub 1) gene was detected in samples which were Fluconazole resistant but SNPs susceptible. In this study dermatophytes were found only in 70 samples (62.5%). They were belonged to 3 species: Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis. Fluconazole resistance was found in 58 samples (82.85%). Both M. canis and M. gypseum were resistant to all used concentrations of SNPs, while T. violaceum was susceptible to 50 µg/ml SNPs solution. The Ub1 gene was detected in 1 sample (4.8%). Therefore SNPs can be used for treatment of T. violaceum, while they can't be used for treatment of M. canis or M. gypseum.