Establishing an online resource to facilitate global collaboration and inclusion of underrepresented populations: Experience from the MJFF Global Genetic Parkinson's Disease Project.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder, currently affecting ~7 million people worldwide. PD is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with at least 10% of all cases explained by a monogenic cause or strong genetic risk factor. However, the vast majority of our present data on monogenic PD is based on the investigation of patients of European White ancestry, leaving a large knowledge gap on monogenic PD in underrepresented populations. Gene-targeted therapies are being developed at a fast pace and have started entering clinical trials. In light of these developments, building a global network of centers working on monogenic PD, fostering collaborative research, and establishing a clinical trial-ready cohort is imperative. Based on a systematic review of the English literature on monogenic PD and a successful team science approach, we have built up a network of 59 sites worldwide and have collected information on the availability of data, biomaterials, and facilities. To enable access to this resource and to foster collaboration across centers, as well as between academia and industry, we have developed an interactive map and online tool allowing for a quick overview of available resources, along with an option to filter for specific items of interest. This initiative is currently being merged with the Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2), which will attract additional centers with a focus on underrepresented sites. This growing resource and tool will facilitate collaborative research and impact the development and testing of new therapies for monogenic and potentially for idiopathic PD patients.

National stroke management plan in Uruguay: Challenges and opportunities.

Stroke accounts for 5.5% of the national Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and ~2,000 deaths per year in Uruguay. To respond to this medical emergency, the Ministry of Public Health (MPH) of Uruguay devised the National Stroke Plan (NSP). Scientific associations, universities, scholars, and patient organizations, both at the national and international levels, took part in the process, which ended with the generation of the national stroke management guidelines, including measures based on the best evidence available. This was accompanied by presidential regulatory decrees and several ordinances that set the foundations of the legal framework for their implementation as of 2020. Forty-two Stroke Ready Centers (SRC) and seven Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSC) were strategically established and interlinked to ensure compliance with international accessibility recommendations, offering, in turn, the required training for their healthcare teams. A pre-hospital care protocol was also created for all countrywide mobile units. For NSP assessment, stroke was included as a "Care Goal (objective)" for the whole health system, providing the involved healthcare organizations with a financial incentive for compliance with the basic objectives related to the treatment of hyper acute stroke. The NSP came into force during the COVID-19 pandemic and, considering the special circumstances imposed, it made it possible to maintain hyper acute medical care and increase population access to recanalization treatment, particularly mechanical thrombectomy. The purpose of this article is to share our experience in the development of the NSP by describing some preliminary outcomes.

Estimulación cerebral profunda en distonía primaria: primer niño operado en Uruguay / Deep brain stimulation in primary dystonia: first pediatric surgery carried out in Uruguay / Estimulação cerebral profunda na distonia primária: primeira criança operada no Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción: la distonía es uno de los trastornos neurológicos del movimiento más comunes en la edad pediátrica. Frecuentemente refractario al tratamiento farmacológico, puede tener un fuerte impacto negativo en la calidad de vida del niño y sus cuidadores. Existe, entonces, especial interés en el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas terapéuticas, como la estimulación cerebral profunda. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el primer caso en Uruguay de un niño con distonía hereditaria aislada, confirmado genéticamente, sometido a un implante de neuroestimulador cerebral. Caso clínico: se trata de un escolar de 11 años en quien se diagnosticó distonía hereditaria, de inicio precoz (a los 9 años), portador de la mutación DYT1. El cuadro distónico fue catalogado como grave e incapacitante. Dada su refractariedad al tratamiento médico, fue sometido a una estimulación del globo pálido interno (GPi) bilateral. La intervención quirúrgica permitió, a los tres meses de seguimiento, una mejoría de 76% en el score motor de la escala Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS-M), 70% en el score de discapacidad (BFMDRS-D) y una mejoría sustancial (72%) en la calidad de vida del niño (cuestionario SF36). Discusión: los cuadros de distonía aislada, de causa hereditaria y sin neurodegeneración o lesiones estructurales del sistema nervioso central, como el de nuestro paciente, son los que mejor responden a este tipo de intervención. La estimulación palidal es un tratamiento realizable en nuestro país, seguro y efectivo, en un grupo de niños distónicos seleccionados cuidadosamente.

Summary: Introduction: dystonia is one of the most common neurological movement disorders in children. Often refractory to pharmacological treatment, it may have a profound negative impact in the quality of life of children and caretakers. Thus, the special interest in developing new therapeutic approaches, such as deep brain stimulation. The aim of this paper is to present the first case in Uruguay of a child who showed isolated hereditary dystonia, confirmed with genetic testing, who underwent surgical placement of a brain neurostimulating device. Clinical case: 11 year-old boy diagnosed with early-onset (at age 9) hereditary dystonia, carrier of DYT1 mutation. The dystonic symptoms were considered severe and disabling. Given his refractoriety to medical treatment, the patient was submitted to bilateral stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi). The surgical intervention, assessed at a 3 month-follow-up, led to a 76% improvement in the Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale motor score (BFMDRS-M), 70% improvement in the disability score (BFMDRS-D), and substantial improvement (72%) in the child's quality of life (SF36 questionnaire). Discussion: patients suffering from inherited isolated dystonia without neurodegeneration or structural lesions of the central nervous system, as it was the case of our patient, are the best candidates for this type of surgery. Pallidal stimulation is a feasible treatment in our country; it is safe and effective in a group of carefully selected dystonic children.

Resumo: Introdução: a distonia é um dos distúrbios neurológicos mais comuns em crianças. Muitas vezes refratária ao tratamento farmacológico, pode ter um profundo impacto negativo na qualidade de vida de crianças e cuidadores. Porém, existe um interesse especial no desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terapêuticas, como a estimulação cerebral profunda. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o primeiro caso no Uruguai de uma criança que apresentou distonia hereditária isolada, confirmada com testes genéticos, e a quem inserimos um neuroestimulador cerebral. Caso clínico: menino de 11 anos diagnosticado com distonia hereditária de início precoce (aos 9 anos de idade) portador da mutação DYT1. Os sintomas distônicos foram considerados graves e incapacitantes. Dada a sua refratariedade ao tratamento médico, o paciente foi submetido à estimulação bilateral do globus pallidus internus (GPi). A intervenção cirúrgica, avaliada aos 3 meses de acompanhamento, levou a uma melhora de 76% no escore motor da Escala de Avaliação de Distúrbio de Burke Fahn Marsden (BFMDRS-M), melhora de 70% no escore de incapacidade (BFMDRS-D) e melhoria substancial (72%) na qualidade de vida da criança (questionário SF36). Discussão: os pacientes que sofrem de distonia isolada hereditária sem neurodegeneração ou lesões estruturais do sistema nervoso central, como foi o caso de nosso paciente, são os melhores candidatos para este tipo de cirurgia. A estimulação palidal é um tratamento viável em nosso país, e sua realização é segura e eficaz num grupo de crianças distônicas cuidadosamente selecionadas.

Análisis molecular de familias uruguayas con Enfermedad de Huntington / Molecular analysis of the Uruguayan families with Huntington’s Disease

Introducción: La Enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo; autosómico dominante, con expresividad variable y penetrancia completa. La prevalencia estimada es entre 1-4 cada 100.000 habitantes. Es causada por expansión de tripletes CAG en el exón 1 del gen IT-15 que conduce a la síntesis de una proteína con una región de poliglutaminas expandidas que forman agregados en el núcleo celular induciendo a la apoptosis. Los alelos normales presentan un número menor a 26 tripletes CAG, y aquellos con más de 40 conducirán siempre a la enfermedad. Alelos de entre 26 a 36 repetidos se consideran normales “mutables” y de 36 a 39 repetidos generan un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar la enfermedad. Objetivo: Poner a punto el diagnóstico molecular en una población uruguaya, mediante la determinación del tamaño exacto de la mutación en personas afectadas o con sospecha clínica de EH, mediante el uso de técnicas de biología molecular. Métodos: Pacientes de la Policlínica de Enfermedad de Parkinson y Movimientos Anormales del Hospital de Clínicas. La determinación del número de repetidos se realizó mediante técnicas de amplificación del ADN por PCR y posterior análisis en geles de poliacrilamida y secuenciación. Resultados: Realizamos el diagnóstico molecular de 16 pacientes, 15 con un diagnóstico clínico previo, y uno asintomático. Se descartó el diagnóstico de EH en otros dos individuos analizados. Conclusiones: Hemos logrado la puesta a punto del estudio molecular para la enfermedad de EH por primera vez en nuestro país. Esta prueba es de gran utilidad como diagnóstico confirmatorio, etiológico o diferencial de EH.

Introduction: Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance mode, complete penetrance and variable clinical expressivity. The estimated prevalence is 1 to 4 per 100.000 individuals. It is caused by a CAG triplet expansion in exon 1 of the IT-15 gene which codes for a protein with an enlarged polyglutamine region. This leads to the formation of protein aggregates in the cell nucleus and induces apoptosis. Normal alleles show less than 26 CAG repeats, and those over 40 always lead to the disease. Alleles with 26 to 36 repeats are considered normal “mutable” alleles and those between 36 to 39, are considered in a gray zone with increased risk of developing the disease. Aims: To develop a diagnosis of HD in a uruguayan population and determine the exact size of the mutation in clinically affected subjects using molecular biology techniques. Methods: Patients were derived from Neurology Clinic of the “Hospital de Clínicas”. The determination of the CAG repeat number was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, subsequent analysis on polyacrilamide gels and sequencing. Results: We performed the molecular diagnosis in 18 patients with clinical suspicion of HD. Fifteen of them had a previous clinical diagnosis and one had no symptoms. Besides, in two additional individuals this test allowed us to discard HD. Conclusions: A molecular diagnostic for HD disease was developed for the first time in our country. This test is of great clinical utility as a confirmatory, etiological, or differential diagnosis.

Postural control and sensory perception in patients with Parkinson's disease.

CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), even in the early stages, have decreased body limits of stability (LOS) and changes in the visual input impair their postural control. OBJECTIVE: To assess the LOS and the postural responses after changes in visual input in a group of PD patients in stage 1 of the Hoehn and Yahr classification. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty PD patients in stage 1 and a group of 24 normal subjects as control were assessed in two tests: (1) the LOS and (2) measurement of the body center of pressure area (COP) 10 s before and after sudden change in visual flow velocity. We also investigated labeling of the COP trajectory in these two periods. The stimulation paradigm was a horizontal optokinetic stimulation (60 degrees /s and suddenly stopped) using a virtual reality system. RESULTS: LOS showed significant decrease in PD patients as compared with the control group (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon ranked test). The COP values increased significantly (p<0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test) after sudden changes in the visual flow velocity in relation to the control group. After the visual stop the PD patient showed a spatial 'roaming' approaching the limits of stability and therefore impairing the postural control.