[Influencing factors of severe liver disease complicated with toxic shock].

Patients with severe liver disease are prone to bacterial and fungal infections, and then develop toxic shock. The onset of the disease may be insidious, but the disease progresses rapidly with a high fatality rate. Current research results show that special conditions such as translocation of intestinal flora and immune paralysis in patients with severe liver disease are susceptible factors for infection and toxic shock. Furthermore, it is currently recognized that the treatment of severe liver disease complicated with toxic shock must be treated with antibiotics and maintenance of hemodynamic stability. Other treatments, such as hydrocortisone and strict glycemic control, are quite controversial and may not necessarily reduce mortality. Herein, we summarize the epidemiology, susceptibility factors; diagnosis and management strategies of severe liver disease complicated with toxic shock, highlighting the characteristics of toxic shock under the background of severe liver disease, so as to detect, prevent and treat septic shock in patients with severe liver disease as early as possible to reduce the fatality rate.

[Monitoring by high-sensitivity HBV DNA assay during treatment in chronic hepatitis B e antigen negative patients].

Objective: To explore the efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil and adefovir dipivoxil treatment in patients with hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg) negative was analyzed through the comparison of highly sensitive HBV viral load monitoring with HBV genotyping and drug resistance mutations. Methods: The clinical data of newly diagnosed chronic hepatitis B patients from January 2015 to June 2017 in outpatients and inpatients were randomly divided into tenofovir and adefovir group. Quantitative detection of HBV DNA levels before therapy and at 12, 24, 48, 96, and 120 weeks after therapy were determined for HBV genotypes and drug-resistant mutations in HBeAg-negative patients. Student's t-test was used to compare the measurement data between groups. The data of comparison between groups were tested by χ (2). Results: A total of 106 cases of HBeAg-negative patients were collected. Tenofovir disoproxil had a higher rate of HBV DNA suppression (54%) than adefovir dipivoxil treatment (42%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.19). After 120 weeks of treatment, a total of 46 patients (93.9%) were enrolled in the tenofovir disoproxil group with HBV DNA quantitation < 2 000 IU / ml. Adefovir dipivoxil group of patients with HBV DNA < 2 000 IU / ml a total of 40 cases, accounting for 75.5%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). For 49 cases of HBeAg-negative patients, HBV B, C, B and C were mixed before tenofovir dipivoxil treatment, and C1653T, A1762T and G1764A mutation sites were detected in patients with D genotype. Patients C, B, C, B, and C were examined for C1673T, G1896, G1858, G1899A. After treatment, the detection rate of the above mutation sites decreased, but C1653T, C1673T and G1899A were not detected. New mutation sites such as G1915A / C, L180M, M204V, V207I / L, T184A and V173L were detected, Low resistance rate (25%). Conclusion: Tenofovir disoproxil can be recommended as a treatment for HBeAg-negative patients. For HBeAg-negative patients, the choice of high-sensitivity detection of HBV DNA levels, better monitoring of anti-HBV efficacy.

The LEF1/CYLD axis and cIAPs regulate RIP1 deubiquitination and trigger apoptosis in selenite-treated colorectal cancer cells.

Inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) inhibitors have been reported to synergistically reduce cell viability in combination with a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs via targeted cellular IAP (cIAP) depletion. Here, we found that cIAP silencing sensitised colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to selenite-induced apoptosis. Upon selenite treatment, the K63-linked ubiquitin chains on receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) were removed, leading to the formation of the death-inducing complex and subsequent caspase-8 activation. Although the ubiquitinases cIAP1 and cIAP2 were significantly downregulated after a 24-h selenite treatment, cylindromatosis (CYLD) deubiquitinase protein levels were marginally upregulated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF1) dissociated from the CYLD promoter upon selenite treatment, thus abolishing suppression of CYLD gene expression. We corroborated these findings in a CRC xenograft animal model using immunohistochemistry. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that selenite caused CYLD upregulation via LEF1 and cIAP downregulation, both of which contribute to the degradation of ubiquitin chains on RIP1 and subsequent caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Importantly, our results identify a LEF1-binding site in the CYLD promoter as a potential target for combinational therapy as an alternative to cIAPs.

The ROS/JNK/ATF2 pathway mediates selenite-induced leukemia NB4 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.

It has previously been shown that selenite can act as an antitumor agent and inhibit cancer cell growth, although the mechanism responsible for this effect is not well understood. In this study, we have shown that selenite can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NB4 cells. Selenite treatment of these cells also inhibited the JNK/ATF2 axis. Further experiments demonstrated that selenite-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) worked as an upstream of the JNK/ATF2 axis, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Inactivation of ATF2 resulted in decreased affinity of this transcription factor for the promoters of cyclin A, cyclin D3 and CDK4, which led to the arrest of the NB4 cells in the G0/G1 phase. Finally, in vivo experiments confirmed the antitumor activity of selenite and the mechanisms that were described in vitro. Taken together, our results indicate that selenite-induced ROS arrest NB4 cells at G0/G1 phase through inhibiting the JNK/ATF2 axis in vitro and in vivo.

Budget impact analysis of a new prostate cancer risk index for prostate cancer detection.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the budget impact of a new prostate cancer risk index for detecting prostate cancer. The index is calculated as the combination of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA and a precursor form p2PSA. We constructed two budget impact models using PSA cutoff values of ≥2 ng ml(-1) (model #1) and ≥4 ng ml(-1) (model #2) for recommending a prostate biopsy in a hypothetical health plan with 100 000 male members aged 50-75 years old. The budgetary impact on the 1-year expected total costs for prostate cancer detection was calculated. Adding the index to the current PSA prostate cancer testing strategies including the total PSA and percent free PSA, the number of detected cancer cases decreased by 20 and 5, in models #1 and #2, respectively. The savings on expected 1-year cost for prostate cancer detection were $356 647 (or $0.30 per-member-per-month (PMPM)) in model #1 and $94 219 ($0.08 PMPM) in model #2. The index produced higher cost savings in the model #1 with PSA cutoff ≥2 ng ml(-1) than the model #2 with cutoff ≥4 ng ml(-1) with a small short-term reduction in the number of positive tests.

Interfacial flow processing of collagen.

A new method for creating substrates made out of ordered collagen fibers, on which cells in culture can align, is proposed. The substrates can be used for research in cell culture, and this research presents a significant advance in the technology to coat implants in order to improve cell adhesion. In the procedure presented here, a molecular solution of collagen is spread at the interface of a saline solution and air to induce fiber formation, compressed at a high speed to induce orientation and deposited on solid substrates via Langmuir-Blodgett transfer. Several interfacial techniques are employed to investigate the behavior of collagen, which is shown to be dependent on the salt concentration of the subphase as well as the temperature. After Langmuir-Blodgett transfer, primary human fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells are cultured on the collagen substrates. Both types of cells respond favorably to the collagen orientation and align with the deposited fibers. The technique presented here provides a simple method to produce well-controlled, oriented collagen substrates that can be used in tissue culture research or scaffolding applications without the use of additives and/or bioincompatible materials.

Guiding the self-assembly of a second-generation polyphenylene dendrimer into well-defined patterns.

A second-generation polyphenylene dendrimer 1 is shown to self-assemble into nanofibers. To guide the formation of the dendrimer fibers into well-defined patterns, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane is grafted in the gas phase onto a silicon substrate. De-wetting of the solution on the nanopatterned surface results in the formation of a nanostructured template, into which fiber growth subsequently occurs under the constraints set by the de-wetted morphology.