RESUMEN
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control crucial physiological processes and their dysfunction contributes to various human diseases, including cancer. The orphan GPCR GPR55 was identified and cloned more than a decade ago, but very little is known about its physio-pathological relevance. It has been recently shown that GPR55 controls the behavior of human cancer cell lines in culture and xenografts. However, the assessment of the actual role of this receptor in malignant transformation in vivo is hampered by the lack of studies on its functional impact in clinically-relevant models of cancer. Here we demonstrate that GPR55 drives mouse skin tumor development. Thus, GPR55-deficient mice were more resistant to DMBA/TPA-induced papilloma and carcinoma formation than their wild-type littermates. GPR55 exerted this pro-tumor effect primarily by conferring a proliferative advantage on cancer cells. In addition, GPR55 enhanced skin cancer cell anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness and tumorigenicity in vivo, suggesting that it promotes not only tumor development but also tumor aggressiveness. Finally, we observed that GPR55 is upregulated in human skin tumors and other human squamous cell carcinomas compared with the corresponding healthy tissues. Altogether, these findings reveal the pivotal importance of GPR55 in skin tumor development, and suggest that this receptor may be used as a new biomarker and therapeutic target in squamous cell carcinomas.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Proteína Disulfuro Isomerasas/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Neoplasias Cutáneas/genética , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/genética , Neoplasias Laríngeas/genética , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neoplasias de la Boca/genética , Proteína Disulfuro Isomerasas/metabolismo , Receptores de Cannabinoides , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Valores de Referencia , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/toxicidad , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
GPR55 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that may be engaged by some lipid ligands such as lysophosphatidylinositol and cannabinoid-type compounds. Very little is known about its expression pattern and physio-pathological relevance, and its pharmacology and signaling are still rather controversial. Here we analyzed the expression and function of GPR55 in cancer cells. Our data show that GPR55 expression in human tumors from different origins correlates with their aggressiveness. Moreover, GPR55 promotes cancer cell proliferation, both in cell cultures and in xenografted mice, through the overactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade. These findings reveal the importance of GPR55 in human cancer, and suggest that it could constitute a new biomarker and therapeutic target in oncology.
