La temática salud en los estudios sobre los currículos de educación física del Estado de São Paulo: Una revisión integrativa

El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una revisión integradora de la literatura brasileña para verificar cómo las cuestiones de salud son abordadas en los estudios sobre propuestas curriculares de educación física en el estado de São Paulo. Se revisaron las bases de datos (LILACS, Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones (BDTD) y Catálogo de Tesis y Disertaciones de Capes). Como criterio de selección los estudios se asignaron con base en los elementos de análisis (período del plan de estudios relacionado con la salud, concepción del plan de estudios sobre salud, contenidos sobre salud y coherencia entre concepción y contenido) divididos en tres categorías: 1. Descripción superficial del tema salud; 2. Temática salud ignorada y 3. Descripción detallada de la temática salud. Se identificaron 439 fuentes, luego de la selección, se realizó la revisión integrativa incluyendo 24 estudios. Se encontró que en 11 hablan superficialmente sobre la salud, en cuatro la tratan de forma específica y detallada y en nueve estudios ignoran la temática salud. En los periodos 1970-1989 y 1990-1999, sólo se identificaron dos estudios. De ellos, sólo uno se centró en detalle en los elementos de análisis identificados por nuestro estudio. De todos los autores que hablan superficialmente de salud o de PS entre 2000 y 2014, la oposición al currículo tradicional es clara. Para los autores que hablaron en detalle sobre la salud, es evidente la importancia de los contenidos identificados para la PS en las escuelas.

SUMMARY The objective of this review was to perform an integrative review of the Brazilian literature on how health issues are included in the curriculum of physical education in the state of Sao Paulo. Data bases of LILACS, Digital library of thesis in Brazil were reviewed. We selected studies that included health issues divided into three categories; superficial description of the topic, ignored health issues and detailed description of health issues. We identified 439 sources including 24 studies. In eleven of them a superficial cover was detected, four covered the issues in depth and nine ignored the issue. Two studies were identified in the 1970-1989 and 1990-1999 periods. Just one of them centered in health topics. Authors who covered health issues superficially between 2000-2014 opposed to traditional curriculum. Those who covered in more detail health topics talk about the importance of including these concepts in the schools.

Inatividade física aumenta as chances de absenteísmo por doença em trabalhadores de empresa siderúrgica / Physical inactivity increases the chances of disease-related absenteeism among steel company workers

Avaliar os fatores associados ao absenteísmo por doença em trabalhadores de uma siderúrgica em Vitória, Espírito Santo/Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal, com base na coleta de informações sobre eventos ligados à saúde de colaboradores em uma siderúrgica. Foram avaliados 317 colaboradores do sexo masculino. Para fins deste estudo, foram coletadas variáveis referentes as características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, características laborais e condição clínica. Os siderúrgicos que trabalhavam no setor operacional apresentaram 3,96 vezes mais chances de se afastarem por doença (IC95% 1,86­8,44). Da mesma forma, os indivíduos pouco ativos tiveram quase o triplo de chances de se absterem do trabalho (OR 2,92, IC95% 1,14­7,46) e os que autoavaliaram negativamente o seu estado de saúde apresentaram mais que o dobro de chances de absenteísmo por doença (OR 2,14, IC95% 1,07­4,29). Sugere-se às empresas desenvolverem programas de condicionamento físico e planos de trabalho para minimizar fatores associados ao absenteísmo por doença.

To evaluate the factors associated with absenteeism due to illness in workers at a steel company in Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study, based on information related to the health of employees in a steel company. A total of 317 male employees were evaluated. Variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, work characteristics, and clinical condition were collected. Steelmakers who worked in the operational sector were 3.96 times more likely to leave because of illness (95% CI 1.86­8.44). Likewise, inactive individuals were almost three times as likely to abstain from work (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.14­7.46) and those who negatively self-rated their health status more than doubled chances of absenteeism due to illness (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.07­4.29). Companies should develop fitness programs and work plans to minimize factors associated with absenteeism due to illness.

Cardiovascular risk and quality of life in supermarket cashiers: The role of physical activity.

BACKGROUND: Occupations might influence the employees' psychophysical conditions and an important issue is the human activity mechanization, which favors a hypokinetic work status and leads to several chronic diseases. One of the most hypokinetic occupations is the supermarket cashier, in which the individual may spend many hours a day in the same body position. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk, quality of life and physical activity level in supermarket cashiers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which included 200 supermarket cashiers aged 20 to 41 years from São Paulo, Brazil. The following cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated: overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco smoking. Physical activity level and quality of life were assessed with the short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAq) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), respectively. Student t test and Chi-square were carried out to evaluate mean gender comparations and frequency, respectively. Logistic regression models were applied to determine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity level. RESULTS: The prevalence for all cardiovascular risk factors was significantly high in the cashiers with a low physical activity level. However, there was a significant reduction in several risk factors in the groups with moderate and high physical activity levels. The odds ratio values were significantly reduced for the association between the cardiovascular risk factors and the moderate and high physical activity levels. The cashiers with moderate and high physical activity levels showed significantly higher quality of life scores for the social and environmental domain. CONCLUSIONS: A high physical activity level is positively related to quality of life in supermarket cashiers.

Physical activity level and sedentary behavior of military police staff / Nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário de policiais militares / Nivel de actividad física y comportamiento sedentario de policías militares

ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies of sedentary behavior in the workplace, where conditions represent a health risk, mainly involving levels of physical activity and health of police officers, have increased in several countries around the world. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the physical activity levels, sedentary behavior and health risks of military police officers involved in overt and specialized patrolling. Methods: A total of 146 military police officers involved in overt and specialized patrolling were assessed, and anthropometric data were collected for body mass - kg; height - m; BMI - kg/ m²; waist-hip ratio (WHR) and fat percentage. Physical activity and inactivity levels were determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version 8, with statistical analysis (t-Test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared test, p≤0.05). Results: The mean time of physical activity - overt patrolling (108.33 ± 92.60 min/week) and specialized patrolling (137.11 ± 90.30 min/week) totaled an overall mean of 122.72 ± 91.94 min/week, p≤0.05; and time seated - overt patrolling (391.27 ± 192.90 min/week) had 30.1% of insufficiently active participants, while specialized patrolling was 319.41 ± 123.10 min/week with 17.1% of insufficiently active participants, with a total mean of 312.00 ± 112.30 min/week and 47.3% of insufficiently active participants. Active police officers are one-third less likely to develop health risk than inactive police officers (OR = 0.3, CI = 0.18-0.67). Overt patrol police officers are 3.6 more likely to develop health risk than specialized patrol police officers due to sedentary behavior (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.48-8.75). Conclusion: Both groups of military police officers have lower than recommended physical activity levels and spend most of their time seated. It was also noted that the variables of overt patrol police officers have indicators that are more detrimental to health than specialized patrol officers, yet both occupational groups should be instructed on how to adopt active and healthy lifestyles. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies-Investigation of the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.

RESUMO Introdução: Estudos sobre o comportamento sedentário no ambiente laboral, cujas condições são de risco à saúde, principalmente, envolvendo níveis de atividade física e saúde de policiais, aumentaram em diversos países do mundo. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os níveis de atividade física, o comportamento sedentário e os riscos à saúde de policiais militares do patrulhamento ostensivo e do especializado. Métodos: Foram avaliados 146 policiais militares do patrulhamento ostensivo e do especializado e coletados dados antropométricos de massa corporal - kg; estatura - m; IMC - kg/m²; relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) e percentual de gordura. Os níveis de atividade e de inatividade física foram determinados pelo IPAQ, versão curta 8, com análise estatística (teste T, U de Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado, p≤0,05). Resultados: O tempo médio de atividade física - patrulhamento ostensivo (108,33 ± 92,60 min/sem) e do especializado (137,11 ± 90,30 min/sem) totalizou na média geral 122,72 ± 91,94 min/sem, p≤0,05; e o tempo sentado - patrulhamento ostensivo (391,27 ± 192,90 min/sem) com 30,1% de insuficientemente ativos e do especializado (319,41 ± 123,10 min/sem) com 17,1% de insuficientemente ativos, alcançando a média total de 312,00 ± 112,30 min/sem e 47,3% de insuficientemente ativos. Os policiais ativos têm um terço a menos de chance de desenvolver risco à saúde que os inativos (OR=0,3; IC=0,18-0,67). Os policiais do patrulhamento ostensivo possuem mais chances (3,6) de risco à saúde que os especializados devido ao comportamento sedentário (OR=3,6; IC=1,48-8,75). Conclusão: Ambos os grupos de policiais militares possuem níveis de atividade física abaixo do recomendado e passam a maior parte tempo na posição sentada. Observou-se também que as variáveis dos policiais do patrulhamento ostensivo possuem indicadores mais prejudiciais à saúde do que as dos especializados, entretanto, ambos os grupos ocupacionais devem ser orientados sobre adoção de estilos de vida ativo e saudável. Nível de evidência II; Estudos prognósticos-Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudios sobre el comportamiento sedentario en el ambiente laboral, cuyas condiciones son de riesgo a la salud, principalmente involucrando niveles de actividad física y salud de policías aumentaron en diversos países del mundo. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los niveles de actividad física, el comportamiento sedentario y los riesgos para la salud de policías militares de la ronda ostensiva y especializada. Métodos: Fueron evaluados 146 policías militares de la ronda ostensiva y especializada y colectados datos antropométricos de la masa corporal - kg; estatura - m; IMC - kg/m²; relación cintura/cadera (RCQ) y porcentaje de grasa. Los niveles de actividad e inactividad física fueron determinados por IPAQ, versión corta 8, con análisis estadístico (test T, U de Mann-Whitney y Chi-cuadrado, p≤0,05). Resultados: El tiempo promedio de actividad física - ronda ostensiva (108,33 ± 92,60 min/sem) y de la especializada (137,11 ± 90,30 min/sem), totalizó en el promedio general 122,72 ± 91,94 min/sem, p≤0,05; y el tiempo sentado - ronda ostensiva (391,27 ± 192,90 min/sem) con 30,1% de insuficientemente activos y de la especializada (319,41 ± 123,10 min/sem) con 17,1% de insuficientemente activos, alcanzando el promedio total de 312,00 ± 112,30 min/sem y 47,3% de insuficientemente activos. Los policías activos tienen un tercio menos de probabilidad de desarrollar riesgo a la salud que los policías inactivos (OR=0,3, IC=0,18-0,67). Los policías de la ronda ostensiva poseen más chances (3,6) de riesgo a la salud que los especializados debido al comportamiento sedentario (OR=3,6, IC=1,48-8,75). Conclusión: Ambos grupos de policías militares poseen niveles de actividad física por debajo de lo recomendado y pasan la mayor parte del tiempo sentados. Se observó también que las variables de los policías de la ronda ostensiva poseen indicadores más nocivos para la salud que los especializados, entretanto, ambos grupos ocupacionales deben ser orientados sobre la adopción de estilos de vida activos y saludables. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios pronósticos-Investigación del efecto de característica de un paciente sobre el desenlace de la enfermedad.

Level of knowledge of physical education professionals about aerobic and resistance exercise prescription for elderly people / Conhecimento dos profissionais de educação física sobre prescrição do exercício aeróbico e resistido para idosos / Conocimiento de los profesionales de educación física sobre prescripción del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido para individuos de la tercera edad

INTRODUCTION: Regular aerobic and resistance exercises are recommended to improve functional capacity and quality of life in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To describe the familiarity of physical education professionals with the recommendation of aerobic and resistance exercise for the elderly, and to identify associated factors. METHODS: We assessed 610 physical education professionals working in fitness academies in the city of São Paulo. Familiarity with the recommendation was assessed using a questionnaire constructed for this study. We assessed the criteria that make up the recommendation of aerobic and resistance exercise, following the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. The data analysis with statistical significance of p <0.05 was carried out using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The level of knowledge of physical education professionals working in fitness centers, considering fulfilment of the criteria that make up the recommendation of aerobic and resistance exercise for the elderly, was limited, attaining only 9.3% and 12.6%, respectively. Age, number of jobs, completion of a graduate program and reading of scientific papers were factors associated with familiarity with the recommendation of resistance exercise. Factors associated with familiarity with aerobic exercise recommendation were: age, number of jobs and reading of scientific papers. CONCLUSION: The level of familiarity of physical education professionals with the recommendation of aerobic and resistance exercise for older people was low, suggesting the need for better professional training to meet the demand of older people at the fitness centers in the city of Sao Paulo. Level of Evidence I; Type of Study: Therapeutic Study - Investigation of Treatment Results.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática regular de exercícios aeróbicos e resistidos é recomendada para a melhora da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida de idosos. OBJETIVO: Descrever o conhecimento dos profissionais de Educação Física sobre a recomendação do exercício aeróbico e resistido para idosos e identificar os fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 610 profissionais de Educação Física atuantes em academias de ginástica de São Paulo. O conhecimento da recomendação foi avaliado por meio de um questionário construído para este estudo. Foram avaliados os critérios que compõem a recomendação do exercício aeróbico e resistido, seguindo as diretrizes do Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte. A análise dos dados com significância estatística de p < 0,05 foi realizada pelo teste do qui quadrado e pela regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: O conhecimento dos profissionais de Educação Física atuantes em academias, considerando todos os acertos dos critérios que compõem a recomendação do exercício aeróbico e resistido para idosos, foi baixo, sendo apenas 9,3% e 12,6%, respectivamente. Idade, quantidade de empregos, ter curso de pós-graduação finalizado e leitura de artigos científicos foram fatores associados ao conhecimento da recomendação do exercício resistido. Os fatores associados ao conhecimento da recomendação do exercício aeróbico foram idade, quantidade de empregos e leitura de artigos científicos. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento dos profissionais de Educação Física com relação à recomendação do exercício aeróbico e resistido para idosos foi baixo, sugerindo a necessidade de melhor capacitação profissional para atender a demanda de idosos nas academias de São Paulo. Nível de Evidência I; Tipo de Estudo: Terapêutico - Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento

INTRODUCCIÓN: La práctica regular de ejercicios aeróbicos y resistidos es recomendada para la mejora de la capacidad funcional y calidad de vida de personas de la tercera edad. OBJETIVO: Describir el conocimiento de los profesionales de Educación Física sobre la recomendación del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido para personas de la tercera edad e identificar los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Fueron evaluados 610 profesionales de Educación Física actuantes en gimnasios de São Paulo. El conocimiento de la recomendación fue evaluado por medio de un cuestionario construido para este estudio. Fueron evaluados los criterios que componen la recomendación del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido, siguiendo las directrices del Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte. El análisis de los datos con significancia estadística de p <0,05 fue realizado por el test del qui cuadrado y por la regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: El conocimiento de los profesionales de Educación Física actuantes en gimnasios, considerando todos los aciertos de los criterios que componen la recomendación del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido para personas de la tercera edad fue bajo, siendo sólo 9,3% y 12,6%, respectivamente. La edad, cantidad de empleos, tener curso de postgrado finalizado y lectura de artículos científicos fueron factores asociados al conocimiento de la recomendación del ejercicio resistido. Los factores asociados al conocimiento de la recomendación del ejercicio aeróbico fueron edad, cantidad de empleos y lectura de artículos científicos. CONCLUSIÓN: El conocimiento de los profesionales de Educación Física con relación a la recomendación del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido para personas de la tercera edad fue bajo, sugiriendo la necesidad de una mejor capacitación profesional para atender la demanda de personas mayores en los gimnasios de São Paulo. Nivel de Evidencia I; Tipo de Estudio: Terapéutico - Investigación de los Resultados del Tratamiento.

Does Stroke Volume Increase During an Incremental Exercise? A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac output increases during incremental-load exercise to meet metabolic skeletal muscle demand. This response requires a fast adjustment in heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is well known to increase linearly with exercise load; however, data for stroke volume during incremental-load exercise are unclear. Our objectives were to (a) review studies that have investigated stroke volume on incremental load exercise and (b) summarize the findings for stroke volume, primarily at maximal-exercise load. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the Cochrane Library's, Embase, Medline, SportDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Sci-ence databases was carried out for the years 1985 to the present. The search was performed between February and June 2014 to find studies evaluating changes in stroke volume during incremental-load exercise. Controlled and uncontrolled trials were evaluated for a quality score. RESULTS: The stroke volume data in maximal-exercise load are inconsistent. There is evidence to hypothesis that stroke volume increases during maximal-exercise load, but other lines of evidence indicate that stroke volume reaches a plateau under these circumstances, or even decreases. CONCLUSION: The stroke volume are unclear, include contradictory evidence. Additional studies with standardized reporting for subjects (e.g., age, gender, physical fitness, and body position), exercise test protocols, and left ventricular function are required to clarify the characteristics of stroke volume during incremental maximal-exercise load.

Effects of exercise training and photobiomodulation therapy (EXTRAPHOTO) on pain in women with fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome most prevalent in women, in whom it is characterized mainly by chronic pain. An important issue is that many patients with FM are reported to have temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), and the coexistence of these pathologies generates a clinical outcome of high complexity. The literature is unclear regarding an effective therapy for reducing pain in patients with both comorbidities. Exercise training and phototherapy (low-level laser therapy with light-emitting diode) are two of the approaches used to treat pain. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the potential role of exercise training plus phototherapy in reducing chronic pain in women with FM and TMD. A further aim is to determine whether the interventions can improve quality of life and modulate endogenous serotonin. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted. It will involve 60 women ≥ 35 years of age with a diagnosis of FM and TMD. After recruitment, patients will be randomly allocated to one of four groups: a control group (no intervention), a group that will receive a phototherapy intervention (PHO), a group that will be prescribed muscle-stretching, aerobic, and facial exercises (EXT), or a group that will receive phototherapy plus exercise interventions (PHO + EXT). The trial will last 10 weeks, and the following outcomes will be evaluated on two separate occasions (baseline and within 24 h after the last day of the protocol). Pain intensity will be analyzed using a visual analogue scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and pain thresholds will be punctuated using a digital algometer. FM symptoms will be assessed using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, and quality of life will be determined with the 36-item Short Form Health Survey. Serotonin levels will be evaluated in salivary samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized controlled trial in which the role of phototherapy, exercise training, and a combination of these interventions will be evaluated for chronic pain in patients with FM and TMD. The results will offer valuable clinical evidence for objective assessment of the potential benefits and risks of procedures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02279225. Registered 27 October 2014.

Physical activity and associated factors among students attending evening classes / Fatores associados à atividade física em adolescentes estudantes do período noturno

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the physical activity level and associated factors among students attending evening classes in public and private schools in a region of the city of São Paulo. The sample was composed of 1,844 adolescents of both sexes aged 15-20 years. Three public and private schools in the city of São Paulo were visited. Daily physical activity level was assessed through International Physical Activity Questionnaire that classifies physical activity level. Physical activity level was divided into insufficiently active (when subject reported less than 300 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activities per week) and physically active (when subject reported more than 300 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activities per week). Information related to risk behavior such as smoking and alcohol consumption was collected. Data were analyzed using logistic regression with three levels of data input and p<.05 as significance. The prevalence of physically active adolescents was 36.1%. Most active subjects were: A) younger boys with low socioeconomic levels; B) adolescents from private schools; C) adolescents that do not smoke or drink alcoholic beverages; D) those who do not attend formal exercise program; E) those who go to school to perform physical activities on weekends. Adolescents attending evening classes tended to be insufficiently active. We believe that school structure, working hours, and distance from home and workplace to school and risk factor should explain these data. Intervention programs could significantly contribute to increase the physical activity level among adolescents.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os fatores associados à atividade física de adolescentes que frequentam aula no período noturno de escolas públicas e privadas em uma região da cidade de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas três escolas públicas e três escolas privadas que ofereciam as séries acadêmicas do ensino médio na zona norte da cidade de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta de 1.844 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 20 anos. A atividade física foi avaliada pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Os adolescentes classificados como ativos foram àqueles que cumpriram a recomendação de no mínimo 300 minutos semanais em atividades físicas. Coletaram-se informações sobre o uso de tabaco e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas. Empregou-se a regressão logística (significância de p< 0,05). A prevalência geral de adolescentes que cumpriam a recomendação da atividade física (>300 minutos/semanais) foi de 36,1%, se associando às seguintes variáveis: A) rapazes mais jovens e com menor nível socioeconômico; B) adolescentes que estudavam em escolas privadas; C) não fazer uso de tabaco ou bebidas alcoólicas; D) não exercer atividades profissionais remuneradas e; E) frequentar a escola nos fins de semana para praticar atividades físicas. O nível de atividade física dos estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas parece sofrer influência do período que frequentam as aulas, sugerindo a implantação de mecanismos de incentivo que aumentem a participação em atividades físicas. A estrutura escolar e programas de intervenção poderiam contribuir para incrementar o nível de atividade física entre adolescentes.

Correlation of six-minute walking performance with quality of life is domain- and gender-specific in healthy older adults.

We analyzed the relationship between performance on the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older subjects. Our secondary aim was to determine the distance to be completed on the 6MWT for the subject to achieve a score of 50 on the Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36). Associations were tested using linear correlation and multivariate linear regression. Participants were 130 healthy older individuals. The predictive performance of the 6MWT based on an SF-36 score of 50 was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve and its area under curve (AUC). Associations were observed between physical functioning, role-emotional, social functioning, vitality, general health score, and 6MWT performance in women, after adjusting for confounding variables (coefficients: 0.57, 0.38, 0.40, and 0.46, respectively; p < 0.05). No association was found for men. The distance for the 6MWT to predict an SF-36 score of 50 was 481 m for men in the physical functioning (AUC: 0.79) and role-physical (AUC: 0.84) domains, and 420 m for women in role-emotional (AUC: 0.75), role-physical (AUC: 0.80), and general health (AUC: 0.80) domains. Our results indicate that superior 6MWT performance may be associated with better HRQoL in several domains in only healthy older women. No association between 6MWT performance and role-emotional, mental health, or vitality domains was found. We suggest that a score of 50 is represented by a 6MWT distance of 481 m for men and 420 m for women, at least in the role-physical domain.

Ambiente escolar e atividade física: análise das variáveis e instrumentos utilizados em estudos na América do Norte e Europa / School environment and physical activity: analysis of variables and instruments used in Studies of North and Europe

O objetivo dessa revisão foi analisar os estudos que verificaram a influencia do ambiente escolar em relação à prática e nível de atividade física de crianças e adolescentes da América do Norte e Europa, discutindo suas amostras, variáveis e instrumentos utilizados. Foram pesquisados artigos publicados entre 2000 a 2012, buscando pelas palavras-chave “environment and physical activity and school” nos títulos ou abstract, onde foram localizados 372 referencias. Permaneceram para análise 32 estudos que consistentemente evidenciaram associação entre o ambiente e atividade física. Os estudos foram analisados a partir das características amostrais considerando número de participantes, escolas envolvidas, grupos ntrevistados (crianças, adolescentes, pais, diretores, professores) e faixa etária dos grupos. Os instrumentos utilizados para determinar o nível e a prática de atividade física foram específicos em função da concepção metodológicas e objetivos dos estudos. A analise ambiental foi realizando considerando os determinantes da atividade física nos seguintes domínios: Ambiente físico, ambiente social, equipamentos e instalações disponíveis e politica da escola relacionados à atividade física. Obervando as caracteristicas dos estudos no diferentes continentes, verifica-se que nos países europeus não foram observadas preocupações relacionadas ao ambiente social, tendo maior enfase no ambiente natural e construido como facilitadores para prática de atividade física. Uma análise mais aprofundada dessas relações em diferentes países e grupos culturais trariam resultados que poderiam ser utilizados para o planejamento de estratégias especificas em relação ao ambiente escolar maximizando a participação da atividade física entre crianças e adolescentes. No entanto, em ambos os continentes poucas evidências examinaram simultaneamente diferentes características dos ambientes escolares (programas, políticas e recursos) associados com atividade física.

The purpose of this review was to analyze the studies that investigated the school environment and physical activity level and practice in children and adolescents in North America and Europe, discussing their samples, variables and instruments used. The articles were published range 2000 to 2012, searching for the keywords “environment and physical activity and school “ in the title or abstract , which were located 372 references. Remained for analysis 32 studies that consistently showed an association between the environment and physical activity. The studies were analyzed from sample characteristics considering the number of participating schools involved, interviewed groups (children, adolescents, parents, principals, teachers ) and age groups . The instruments used to determine the physical activity practice and level were due to the specific design objectives and methodological studies. The environmental analysis was performing considering the determinants of physical activity in the following areas: physical environment, social environment, equipment and facilities available and the school policy related to physical activity. The characteristics of studies in different continents, it turns out that in European countries there were no concerns related to the social environment, with greater emphasis on the natural environment and built as facilitators for physical activity. Further analysis of these relations in different countries and cultural groups can bring results that could be used for planning specific strategies in relation to the school environment maximizing participation in physical activity among children and adolescents. However, in both continents little evidence examined simultaneously different characteristics of school environments (programs, policies and resources) associated with physical activity.

Padrão de passos de mulheres hipertensas de um programa estratégia de saúde da família (ESF) / Standard steps of hypertension women in strategy family health program

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o padrão de passos em mulheres hipertensas e correlacionar com as variáveis antropométricas. Foram avaliadas 54 mulheres hipertensas, com idade entre 32 a 80 anos, pertencentes ao Programa Estratégia de Saúde da Família da cidade de Taboão da Serra, região metropolitana de São Paulo. O padrão de passos foi avaliado por meio do pedômetro SW200. Os grupos foram divididos de acordo com a média de passos durante a semana em sedentária (<5.000 passos), irregularmente ativa (5.000 – 9.999 passos) e ativa (>10.000 passos). As variáveis antropométricas mensuradas foram Peso Corporal (PC), Estatura (E) e Circunferência da Cintura (CC). O IMC foi calculado utilizando as variáveis PC e E. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o Sperman rho e o teste de Wilcoxon. Utilizou-se o software SPSS 13. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. De acordo com o número de passos, 25,9% foram consideradas sedentárias, 57,4% irregularmente ativa e 16,6% como ativas e a média de passos entre os grupos foi 3561 ± 1136; 7287 ± 1369 e 14082 ± 2209 respectivamente. O padrão de passos no fim de semana foi inferior aos dias da semana em que os resultados foram 8564 ± 4258 e 6298 ± 4128, respectivamente (p<0,05), uma redução de 26,4%. Houve uma correlação inversa entre a média de passos e IMC (r = -0,24) e a circunferência de cintura (r = -0,23). Concluiu-se que a maioria das avaliadas não alcançou a recomendação mínima de passos semanais. O número de passos foi associado a menores valores de IMC e circunferência da cintura. Houve redução de passos no fim de semana quando comparado aos da semana.

The purpose of this study was to determine the standard steps of hypertense women and correlation of the anthropometric variables. 54 hypertense women were evaluated, aged between 32 to 80 years old, participant of Taboão da Serra city Program of Family Health Strategy , in Sao Paulo metropolitan region. Standard steps level was evaluated by the use of SW200 pedometer. Sample was divided into groups according to the mean of steps per week: sedentary (<5.000 steps), irregularly active (5.000 – 9.999 steps) and active (>10.000 steps). The anthropometric variables as body weight, height and waist circumference followed CELAFISCS standard. BMI was calculated by using weight and height variables. Spearman rho and Wilcoxon test. SPSS 13 software was used. Significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: The standard steps classification was based on the number of steps; percentage found was of 25.9% sedentary, 57.4% irregularly active and 16.6% active, and the mean of steps between the groups was 3561 ± 1136; 7287 ± 1369 e 14082 ± 2209, respectively. The number of steps profile on the weekend (Saturday and Sunday) was smaller than the on weekdays (Monday to Friday) the results were 6298 ± 4128 and 8564 ± 4258 respectively (p<0.05), with reduction of 26.4%. There was inverse association between number of steps mean and BMI (r = 0.24), as well as waist circumference (r = 0.23). Conclusion: Hypertense women showed unsatisfactory physical activity level measured by pedometer. Most of them did not reach the recommendation of weekly steps. The number of step was associated to lower BMI and waist circumference values. Physical activity level reduction on weekends was less than in the week.

Avaliação da potência anaeróbia e sua aplicabilidade no treinamento de atletas de basquetebol / Assessment of power anaerobia and its application in the athletes training of basketball

O basquetebol se caracteriza pela alternância de períodos de atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade intercalada com momentos de recuperação. Quanto ao metabolismo parece que em desportos coletivos o anaeróbio é considerado predominante, porém seu grau de solicitação depende da distribuição das ações realizadas ao longo da partida. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a efetividade de um teste de potência anaeróbia em atletas de basquetebol. Para isso, foram avaliadas 10 atletas do sexo feminino (23±2,7 anos; 1,76±0,08 m; 72,3±11,8 kg), pelo protocolo de Forward-Backward. As seis repetições do teste apresentadas em tempo e potência, foram comparadas pelo AnovaOne Way seguido do post hoc de Tukey (p<0,05). As atletas apresentaram uma tendência de diminuição do desempenho ao longo das seis repetições, sendo a quinta e sexta repetições menores estatisticamente comparadas com a primeira e segunda, tanto em forma de tempo (segundos) quanto de potência (watts). Desta forma, conclui-se que o protocolo de avaliação utilizado expressa a atividade anaeróbia intermitente e atende as especificidades do jogo de basquetebol.

Basketball is characterized by alternating periods of activities of short duration and high intensity interspersed with moments of recovery. Regarding metabolism seems that the anaerobic incollective sports is considered predominant, but their degree of application depends on the distribution ofactions taken during the game. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a test of anaerobic power in basketball players. Thus, we evaluated 10 female athletes (23 ± 2.7 years, 1.76 ± 0.08 m, 72.3 ± 11.8 kg), the protocol of Forward-Backward. The six repetitions of the test delivered on time and power, were compared by One Way Anova followed by post hoc Tukey (p <0.05). The athletes showed a trend of decreasing performance over the six replicates, and the fifth and sixth repetitionsstatistically lower compared with the first and second both in the form of time (seconds) and power (watts). Thus, we conclude that the evaluation protocol used to express intermittent anaerobic activity and meets the specifics of the game of basketball.

Estudo longitudinal de 25 anos e análise de tracking da aptidão física em ex-atletas de natação / 25-year follow-up study and tracking analysis of physical fitness in swimmers former athletes

Objetivos: (1) O objetivo deste estudo foi observar as alterações na aptidão física de ex-nadadores em um período de 25 anos, determinar a estabilidade dos dados naquele intervalo e verificar qual a relação entre a grande aptidão física da adolescência e os níveis de atividade física (AF) da idade adulta. A amostra foi composta por 24 homens primeiramente testados ao final dos anos setenta (15,4 ± 0,4 anos) e novamente em 2004 (41,3 ± 1,6 anos). As variáveis analisadas foram: a) antropométricas – estatura, peso corporal e adiposidade (x3 dobrascutâneas – tríceps, subescapular e suprailíaca); b) metabólica – VO2máx (l/min-1 e ml/kg/min-1) ec) neuromotoras – força de membros superiores (preensão manual) e força de membros inferiores (impulsão vertical e horizontal). O nível de AF foi mensurado pelo Questionário Internacional de AF (IPAQ). O teste “t” mostrou um aumento do peso (50,1%), adiposidade (82,9%), diminuição do VO2 máx ml/kg/min-1 (-51,7%) e manutenção dos níveis de força muscular. Foram encontradas correlações de r= -0,70 e r= -0,88 entre o VO2 máx ml/kg/min-1 com o peso e adiposidade, respectivamente. O VO2 máx ml/kg/min-1 apresentou o maior valor de “tracking”(Rho=0,76). A análise de regressão multivariada “stepwise” não encontrou relação entre o nível de AF atual e a aptidão física da adolescência, mas sim com o peso (b= -0,78*) e adiposidade(b= -0,80*) atuais. Assim, parece que os aumentos do peso corporal e da adiposidade explicariam em parte a diminuição observada na potência aeróbica. Apesar de no período ocorrer uma diminuição sensível, o VO2 máx ml/kg/min-1 apresentou alta estabilidade; fato que sugere umagrande participação genética e a sua importância na seleção de talentos na natação. Os níveis de AF atuais foram relacionados aos comportamentos atuais, sobretudo em relação ao peso e adiposidade, o que salienta a importância da adoção de hábitos saudáveis mesmo em ex-atletas.

Purpose: (1) TThe aim of this study was to observe the 25-year-changes in physical fitness of former male swimmers to determine the data stability (tracking) in that period,and to verify the relation between the great physical fitness in adolescence and physical activity (PA) levels in adulthood. The sample was comprised of 24 men, first tested in the late 70’s(15.4±0.6) and again in 2004 (41.3±1.6). Variables analyzed were: a) anthropometric – bodyweight and adiposity (x3 skinfolds - triceps, subscapula and suprailiac); b) metabolic – VO2máx (l/min-1 and ml/kg/min-1) and c) neuromotor – upper limb strength (handgrip test) and lower limb strength (vertical and long jump). PA level was measured by International Physical ActivityQuestionnaire (IPAQ). The “t” test showed an increase of body weight (50,1%), adiposity (82,9%), reduction of VO2máx ml/kg/min-1 (-51.7%), and maintenance of muscular strength.Correlations are found of VO2máx ml/kg/min-1 with body weight (r= -0.70*) and adiposity (r=-0.88*), respectively. The highest value of “tracking” was Rho=0.76 of the VO2máx ml/kg/min-1.“Stepwise” multivariate regression analysis did not find relation between current PA levels and adolescent physical fitness, but verified a relation with current body weight (b= -0.78*) andadiposity (b= -0.80*). Thus, the reduction of the aerobic power is related to the increase inbody weight and mainly in adiposity; moreover maintenance of muscular strength was observed.However, despite significant decreases, the VO2máx ml/kg/min-1 showed high stability. It suggests a great genetic participation and its importance for the talent selection in swimming.The PA levels were related to current behaviors, mainly with body weight and adiposity which strengthens the importance of health habits adoption even in former athletes.

Avaliação das variáveis de força muscular, agilidade e composição corporal em crianças vivendo com HIV/AIDS / Assessement of the variables strenght muscular, agility and body composition in children living HIV/AIDS

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as variáveis de força muscular, agilidade e composição corporal de crianças soropositivoas. Para tanto a amostra foi composta por 33 crianças de 7 a 12 anos, ambos os sexos, nstitucionalizadas e não institucionalizadas. Foram submetidasa medidas antropométricas: peso, estatura, circunferência de perna e braço, média das sete dobras cutâneas; OS testes neuromotores foram: Impulsão Horizontal, Impulsão Verticalcom e sem auxílio dos braços para força de membros inferiores e o teste de Shulttle Run para avaliação da agilidade. As análises estatísticas utilizadas foram média, desvio padrão, cálculo do índice z, teste “t” de Student para amostras independentes, correlação de Pearson e deltapercentual, com o nível de significância adotado de p<0,05. As variáveis neuromotoras força muscular de membros inferiores e agilidade apresentaram valores abaixo da região de normalidade em ambos os sexos. A comparação entre crianças institucionalizadas e não institucionalizadas apresentou diferenças significativas nas variáveis neuromotoras. Entre os sexos não foiencontrada diferenças significativas.

The purpose was to shower variables of the physical fitness of children and adolescents living with HIV, were evaluated 33 children both gender from 7 to 12 year old age. The variables measured were: body weight, body height, leg circumference, arm circumference and adiposity (by mean of seven skinfolds), and lower limb strength by vertical jump without helpof arms and with help of arms, long jump test and agility by shuttle run test. The statistics analysis were descriptive analysis mean and standart desviation, CELAFISCS strategy z and test“t” Student to independent group to compare boys and girls and different type house. The level of significance adopted was p< .05. The neuromotors variables shows value under the normalregion (-1 and 1) for both gender and leg circumference to girls, when we compare boys and girls didn’t have significant difference. The compare between children of institution and children of family showed significant difference to neuromotors variables.

Políticas de intervenção: a experiência do agita São Paulo na utilização da gestão móbile do modelo ecológico na promoção da atividade física / Policy interventions: the experience of stirring São Paulo in the use of the management of mobile ecological model in promoting physical activity

Na procura de estratégias para combater o aumento do perfil sedentário da população mundial, vários modelos têm sido desenvolvidos. Entre esses está o modelo ecológico proposto por Sallis e Owen em 1997. Este modelo considera os fatores intrapessoais, os do ambiente social, assim como o ambiente físico, natural e construído. Fatores intrapessoais compreendem os demográficos, biológicos, afetivos e aspectos comportamentais. Os componentes do ambiente social incluem: clima social, apoio comportamental, cultura, políticas governamentais ou incentivos e políticas de recursos destinados à atividade física. Clima e geografia estão entre os fatores do ambiente físico natural, enquanto entre os componentes do ambiente físico construído temos: informação, urbanização, arquitetura, transporte, recreação e infraestrutura de entretenimento. Cada um desses componentes tem sido selecionado como foco de intervenção de inúmeros programas, entretanto, gerenciar diferentes fatores do modelo ao mesmo tempo é pouco usual. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar como o Programa Agita São Paulo tem tentado gerenciar todos esses componentes de uma forma sincronizada, usando o conceito de gestão móbile. Neste modelo, quando um componente é focado, ocorre um desequilíbrio de todo o sistema. Durante 7 anos deexperiência do Programa Agita São Paulo, estratégias de parceria têm sido desenvolvidas (atualmente constituída de mais de 300 instituições) o “conceito móbile” tem sido implementado para trabalhar contra a esse desequilíbrio. Este modelo sugere que mudanças substanciais no comportamento social não irão ocorrer a menos que uma intervenção compreensiva engaje simultaneamente diferentes componentes do modelo ecológico. Para este estilo de gerenciamento, o uso de parcerias estratégicas é de extrema importância, desde que instituições com experiência em um dos determinados componentes do modelo aumenta a chance de sucesso da intervenção.

In searching for strategies to combat increasing sedentary status of the world’s population, several models have been developed. Among those is the Ecological Model proposed by Sallis and Owen in 1997. This model considers intra-personal, social environment, and natural and constructed physical environmental factors. Intra-personal factors comprise: demographic; biological; affective; and behavioral aspects. Social environment components include: social climate; supportive behaviours; culture; policies governing incentives; and resources for physical activity. Weather and geography are among the natural physical environment factors, while among the constructed physical environment components we have: information; urbanization; architecture; transport; and entertainment and recreation infrastructure. Each of these components have been selected as the intervention focus of many programmes, however, to manage differentfactors of the model at the same time is quite unusual. Thus, the aim of this article is to present how the Agita Sao Paulo Programme has been trying to managing all of these components in a synchronized way, using a mobile approach. In this model, when one component is targeted, a system imbalance occurs. During the 7 year experience of the Agita São Paulo Programme, strategic partnerships have been developed (currently comprising more than 300 institutions), and ‘mobile management’ has been implemented to worked towards overcoming this imbalance. This model suggests that substantial changes in societal behaviour will not occur unless a comprehensive intervention simultaneously engages different components of the ecological model. For this style of management, the use of strategic partnerships is of utmost importance, since institutions with focus on and experience in one of the identified factors of the model increases the intervention’s chance of success.

The Agita São Paulo Program as a model for using physical activity to promote health.

The "Agita São Paulo" Program applies a multilevel intervention approach to promoting physical activity among the 37 million inhabitants of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The verb "agita" means to move the body, but the term also suggests changing the way of thinking and becoming a more active citizen. Since being launched in 1996, the Program has been widely copied throughout Brazil and in other countries of Latin America, and the World Health Organization has characterized it as a model for other developing countries. The Program aims to disseminate a clear and simple message to the community as well as establish partnerships with governmental and nongovernmental organizations and other entities. The Agita São Paulo message encourages people to adopt an active lifestyle by accumulating at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity per day, on most days of the week. The Program has three main target groups: students, workers, and the elderly. The Program organizes "mega-events" that simultaneously reach and involve large numbers of people, and it also conducts ongoing activities with institutions that become partners of the Program. Intervention studies that the Program has carried out on specific, small groups have found both changes in behavior and an increasing awareness of the Program's name and message. In addition, surveys have found that a growing number of persons in the state of São Paulo have become aware of the Program and its message and have changed their physical activity level. A number of the special features of and lessons learned from the Agita São Paulo Program may have contributed to its success, including: a multisectorial approach; broad use of partnerships; the inclusion principle (avoiding messages or attitudes that might exclude any social group); the scientific basis for all the Program activities; the extensive free media coverage that the Program has received; a "two-hats" approach, using either governmental or nongovernmental methodologies to promote physical activity, depending on the circumstances; cultural adaptation (using local culture to disseminate the message and make its assimilation easier); encouraging activities that are pleasurable; the clear, simple, feasible message of promoting physical activity; and evaluation of the various Program efforts. These distinctive characteristics help make the Agita São Paulo Program a model that could be used in other countries as an effective way to promote health through physical activity.

The Agita São Paulo Program as a model for using physical activity to promote health

The "Agita Säo Paulo" Program applies a multilevel intervention approach to promoting physical activity among the 37 million inhabitants of the state of Säo Paulo, Brazil. The verb "agita" means to move the body, but the term also suggests changing the way of thinking and becoming a more active citizen. Since being launched in 1996, the Program has been widely copied throughout Brazil and in other countries of Latin America, and the World Health Organization has characterized it as a model for other developing countries. The Program aims to disseminate a clear and simple message to the community as well as establish partnerships with governmental and nongovernmental organizations and other entities. The Agita Säo Paulo message encourages people to adopt an active lifestyle by accumulating at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity per day, on most days of the week. The Program has three main target groups: students, workers, and the elderly. The Program organizes "mega-events" that simultaneously reach and involve large numbers of people, and it also conducts ongoing activities with institutions that become partners of the Program. Intervention studies that the Program has carried out on specific, small groups have found both changes in behavior and an increasing awareness of the Program's name and message. In addition, surveys have found that a growing number of persons in the state of Säo Paulo have become aware of the Program and its message and have changed their physical activity level. A number of the special features of and lessons learned from the Agita Säo Paulo Program may have contributed to its success, including: a multisectorial approach; broad use of partnerships; the inclusion principle (avoiding messages or attitudes that might exclude any social group); the scientific basis for all the Program activities; the extensive free media coverage that the Program has received; a "two-hats" approach, using either governmental or nongovernmental methodologies to promote physical activity, depending on the circumstances; cultural adaptation (using local culture to disseminate the message and make its assimilation easier); encouraging activities that are pleasurable; the clear, simple, feasible message of promoting physical activity; and evaluation of the various Program efforts. These distinctive characteristics help make the Agita Säo Paulo Program...