Hairy Cell Leukemia: Where Are We in 2023?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article summarizes the current state of knowledge of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) regarding presentation, diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring, including perspectives on emergent therapies. RECENT FINDINGS: Over the past decade, there has been enormous progress in the understanding of the biology of HCL which has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The maturation of data regarding existing management strategies has also lent considerable insight into therapeutic outcomes and prognosis of patients treated with chemo- or chemoimmunotherapy. Purine nucleoside analogs remain the cornerstone of treatment, and the addition of rituximab has deepened and prolonged responses in the upfront and relapsed setting. Targeted therapies now have a more defined role in the management of HCL, with BRAF inhibitors now having a potential in the first-line setting in selected cases as well as in relapse. Next-generation sequencing for the identification of targetable mutations, evaluation of measurable residual disease, and risk stratification continue to be areas of active investigation. Recent advances in HCL have led to more effective therapeutics in the upfront and relapsed setting. Future efforts will focus on identifying patients with high-risk disease who require intensified regimens. Multicenter collaborations are the key to improving overall survival and quality of life in this rare disease.

Development of a distributed international patient data registry for hairy cell leukemia.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder, comprising only 2% of all leukemias. The Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation (HCLF) has developed a patient data registry to enable investigators to better study the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and complications of patients with HCL. This system utilizes a centralized registry architecture. Patients are enrolled at HCL Centers of Excellence (COE) or via a web-based portal. All data are de-identified, which reduces regulatory burden and increases opportunities for data access and re-use. To date, 579 patients have been enrolled in the registry. Efforts are underway to engage additional COE's to expand access to patients across the globe. This international PDR will enable researchers to study outcomes in HCL in ways not previously possible due to the rarity of the disease and will serve as a platform for future prospective research.

Patient-driven research: Initial results from a prospective health-related quality of life study performed at the request of patients living with hairy cell leukemia.

A diagnosis of leukemia can have a profound effect on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL), however this has not been measured prospectively in patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL). At the request of patients living with HCL who had identified this gap in knowledge about the disease, we conducted a longitudinal study of HRQoL among patients enrolled in the HCL Patient Data Registry (PDR). From September 1, 2018 to September 1, 2020, 165 patients were enrolled in the study and completed the baseline survey. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Leukemia (FACT-Leu) was used to measure patients' HRQoL. Results show that newly diagnosed HCL patients reported the lowest HRQoL, followed by patients in relapse and those on "watch and wait." Factors associated with higher (better) FACT-Leu total scores in the multivariable analysis included older age, higher social support, and greater physical activity. These same factors were associated with lower levels of fatigue. In rare diseases where it is difficult to perform large prospective studies, patient/researcher collaborations are critical for the identification of studies that are of importance to patients and their families in order to maximize the benefits of the research and improve the lives of patients living with HCL.

Phase 2 study of ibrutinib in classic and variant hairy cell leukemia.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare B-cell malignancy, and there is a need for novel treatments for patients who do not benefit from purine analogs. Ibrutinib, an oral agent targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase in the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, is highly effective in several malignancies. Its activity in HCL was unknown, so we conducted a multisite phase 2 study of oral ibrutinib in patients with either relapsed classic or variant hairy cell leukemia. The primary outcome measure was the overall response rate (ORR) at 32 weeks, and we also assessed response at 48 weeks and best response during treatment. Key secondary objectives were characterization of toxicity and determination of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Thirty-seven patients were enrolled at 2 different doses (24 at 420 mg, 13 at 840 mg). The median duration of follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 0-5.9 years). The ORR at 32 weeks was 24%, which increased to 36% at 48 weeks. The best ORR was 54%. The estimated 36-month PFS was 73% and OS was 85%. The most frequent adverse events were diarrhea (59%), fatigue (54%), myalgia (54%), and nausea (51%). Hematologic adverse events were common: anemia (43%), thrombocytopenia (41%), and neutropenia (35%). Ibrutinib can be safely administered to patients with HCL with objective responses and results in prolonged disease control. Although the initial primary outcome objective of the study was not met, the observation of objective responses in heavily pretreated patients coupled with a favorable PFS suggests that ibrutinib may be beneficial in these patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01841723.

Current and Emerging Therapeutic Options for Hairy Cell Leukemia Variant.

Hairy cell leukemia variant (HCL-v) is a rare B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with distinct immunophenotypic and molecular characteristics when compared to classical hairy cell leukemia (HCL-c). In contrast to the enormous progress in therapeutic options for HCL-c, HCL-v remains a therapeutic challenge due to inferior outcomes with standard chemoimmunotherapy and BCR signaling pathway inhibitors, and due to the fact that HCL-v has limited molecular therapeutic targets. In addition, because of the rarity of the disease, there is a paucity of later phase studies or multicenter trials to guide treatment decisions. In this article, we briefly review the diagnostic criteria and clinical characteristics of HCL-v and present a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic options in HCL-v.

Prognostic significance of translocations in the presence of mutated IGHV and of cytogenetic complexity at diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Mutations of the IGH variable region in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are associated with a favorable prognosis. Cytogenetic complexity (>3 unrelated aberrations) and translocations have been associated with an unfavorable prognosis. While mutational status of IGHV is stable, cytogenetic aberrations frequently evolve. However, the relationships of these features as prognosticators at diagnosis are unknown. We examined the CpG-stimulated metaphase cytogenetic features detected within one year of diagnosis of CLL and correlated these features with outcome and other clinical features including IGHV. Of 329 untreated patients, 53 (16.1%) had a complex karyotype (16.1%), and 85 (25.8%) had a translocation. Median time to first treatment (TFT) was 47 months. In univariable analyses, significant risk factors for shorter TFT (p3.5, log-transformed WBC, unmutated IGHV, complex karyotype, translocation, and FISH for trisomy 8, del(11q) and del(17p). In multivariable analysis, there was significant effect modification of IGHV status on the relationship between translocation and TFT (p=0.002). In IGHV mutated patients, those with a translocation had over 3.5 times higher risk of starting treatment than those without a translocation (p.

Early Intervention with Lenalidomide in Patients with High-risk Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

PURPOSE: Infectious complications constitute a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Patients respond poorly to vaccines, particularly pneumococcal polysaccharide and influenza vaccines. In addition, patients with genetically high-risk disease are at increased risk for early disease progression and death. Lenalidomide, an oral immunomodulatory agent with demonstrated clinical activity in CLL, can potentially restore immune system dysfunction associated with CLL while improving disease outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Phase II study randomized 49 patients with genetically high-risk CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma [SLL; defined as unmutated Ig heavy chain variable region, deletion(17p) or (11q), and/or complex abnormal karyotype], to receive lenalidomide either concurrent (arm A) or sequential to (arm B) two doses of 13-valent protein-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) administered 2 months apart, in patients not meeting International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia treatment criteria. RESULTS: Four serotypes (3, 4, 5, 6B) achieved the additional seroprotection definition of a fourfold increase in arm A, and six serotypes (3, 4, 5, 6B, 19A, 19F) in arm B. All patients achieved the defined concentration of 0.35 µg/mL for at least one serotype tested. No significant difference was observed with the addition of lenalidomide. At median time on treatment of 3.6 years, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.8 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.1-not reached]. PFS at 1, 2, and 3 years was 85% (95% CI, 72-93), 79% (95% CI, 64-88), and 72% (95% CI, 57-83), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lenalidomide is efficacious with manageable toxicities as an early intervention strategy in patients with high-risk CLL, but did not enhance humoral response to PCV13 vaccine.

Ruxolitinib In The Treatment Of Polycythemia Vera: An Update On Health-Related Quality Of Life And Patient-Reported Outcomes.

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with significant impairment in quality of life (QoL) due to disease-related symptoms and complications. Assessment of disease burden constitutes standard monitoring of symptoms and response. Conventional treatments for MPN, such as hydroxyurea, phlebotomy, or interferon, have not shown a significant impact in QoL or patient-reported outcomes (PRO). Ruxolitinib (RUX) is a JAK2 inhibitor approved for patients intolerant or resistant to hydroxyurea (HA). We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials of RUX in patients with PV that incorporated PRO measures to evaluate the effects on PRO and QoL. Three randomized Phase 3 studies reported in four publications were relevant for analysis. Although the small number of trials and potential for treatment bias in the review, treatment with RUX was associated with improved QoL and PRO in PV patients intolerant or resistant to hydroxyurea.

Clinical and cost outcomes of pre-emptive plerixafor administration in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing stem cell mobilization.

PURPOSE: The stem cell mobilization agent plerixafor significantly improves CD34+ stem cell procurement in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplant. We compared mobilization success rates and costs of two regimens of plerixafor administration: pre-emptive (P-PL, initiated the evening prior to the first day of stem cell collection) and standard (S-PL, initiated the evening prior to the second day of stem cell collection in the event of inadequate collection on the first day). METHODS: Patients with multiple myeloma undergoing mobilization were categorized as either P-PL or S-PL. Stem cell collection success was evaluated using logistic regression models. Associated costs were aggregated in terms of average collections per patient in each mobilization option (patient level), and escalated to a panel of 5000 patients (population level). RESULTS: 299 patients were evaluable; 241 received P-PL and 58 received S-PL. Patients receiving P-PL had higher median CD34+ count pre-collection and higher median total CD34+ cell harvest on the first collection (6.75 × 106/kg for P-PL, 1.96 × 106/kg for S-PL; P<0.01). In multivariable analyses, P-PL remained significantly associated with the ability to collect ≥2 × 106/kg CD34+ on the first day (OR = 4.05, 95% CI, 1.19-13.83, P = 0.03) and ≥5 × 106/kg CD34+ in total (OR = 3.09, 95% CI, 1.04-9.23, P = 0.04). P-PL saved $11,248 (46%) per patient compared with S-PL. CONCLUSION: P-PL significantly enhanced collection efficiency, with most patients completing collection in 1 day, resulting in substantial cost savings.

A multicenter phase 1 study of plerixafor and rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

CXCR4 directs chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) trafficking within protective tissue niches, and targeting CXCR4 with plerixafor may enhance drug sensitivity. We performed a phase 1 dose escalation study of plerixafor (NCT00694590) with rituximab in 24 patients with relapsed/refractory CLL. Patients received rituximab 375 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, and 5, followed by bi-weekly rituximab plus dose-escalated plerixafor for 4 weeks. The maximum tolerated dose of plerixafor was 320 µg/kg. The most common toxicities were fatigue (13 patients, 57%), nausea (11, 48%), chills (10, 43%), and diarrhea and dyspnea (seven, 30% each). No patients developed symptomatic hyperleukocytosis or tumor lysis syndrome. A median 3.3-fold increase (range 1.2-12.4) in peripheral blood CLL was seen following the first dose of plerixafor, confirming CLL cell mobilization. The overall response rate was 38% and correlated with higher doses of plerixafor. Plerixafor is well-tolerated in patients with CLL; further tumor sensitization studies with CXCR4 antagonists are warranted.

Tocilizumab as first-line therapy for steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host-disease: analysis of a single-center experience.

Acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) is a complication after allogeneic stem cell transplant. After the failure of treatment with high dose corticosteroids, steroid-refractory aGVHD (SR aGVHD) is associated with high rates of mortality. Tocilizumab has evidence of activity in SR aGVHD. For patients ineligible for trials, the OSU James Comprehensive Cancer Center has been utilizing tocilizumab as first-line therapy for SR aGVHD. We retrospectively report on 15 patients who received tocilizumab. aGVHD grading and responses were based on consensus criteria. Median age at transplant was 49 years. Median time to tocilizumab administration was 9 days (range, 3-16). Six patients had complete responses (40%) with a resolution of aGVHD. From the last contact, median overall survival for responders was not yet reached vs. 31 days for non-responders (p = .0002). Patients with skin and/or GI aGVHD demonstrated the greatest benefit. Patients with liver aGVHD did not respond. Future studies are needed to evaluate tocilizumab prior to steroid failure.

Anti-BAFF-R antibody VAY-736 demonstrates promising preclinical activity in CLL and enhances effectiveness of ibrutinib.

The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) ibrutinib has transformed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) therapy but requires continuous administration. These factors have spurred interest in combination treatments. Unlike with chemotherapy, CD20-directed antibody therapy has not improved the outcome of BTKi treatment. Whereas CD20 antigen density on CLL cells decreases during ibrutinib treatment, the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and its receptor (BAFF-R) remain elevated. Furthermore, BAFF signaling via noncanonical NF-κB remains elevated with BTKi treatment. Blocking BAFF interaction with BAFF-R by using VAY-736, a humanized defucosylated engineered antibody directed against BAFF-R, antagonized BAFF-mediated apoptosis protection and signaling at the population and single-cell levels in CLL cells. Furthermore, VAY-736 showed superior antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity compared with CD20- and CD52-directed antibodies used in CLL. VAY-736 exhibited in vivo activity as a monotherapy and, when combined with ibrutinib, produced prolonged survival compared with either therapy alone. The in vivo activity of VAY-736 is dependent upon immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated activation of effector cells as shown by using an ITAM-deficient mouse model. Collectively, our findings support targeting the BAFF signaling pathway with VAY-736 to more effectively treat CLL as a single agent and in combination with ibrutinib.

Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile colonization in patients admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy or haematopoietic cell transplantation.

Increasing evidence suggests that asymptomatic carriers are an important source of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. However, it is not known which test for the detection of C. difficile colonization is most sensitive in patients with haematological malignancies. We performed a prospective cohort study of 101 patients with haematological malignancies who had been admitted to the hospital for scheduled chemotherapy or haematopoietic cell transplantation. Each patient provided a formed stool sample. We compared the performance of five different commercially available assays, using toxigenic culture as the reference method. The prevalence of toxigenic C. difficile colonization as determined by toxigenic culture was 14/101 (14 %). The Cepheid Xpert PCR C. difficile/Epi was the most sensitive test for the detection of toxigenic C. difficile colonization, with 93 % sensitivity and 99 % negative predictive value. Our findings suggest that the Xpert PCR C. difficile/Epi could be used to rule out toxigenic C. difficile colonization in this population.