Estrategias didácticas en programas educativos usados en enfermería: una revisión bibliográfica / Didactic strategies in educational pro- grams used in nurse practitioners: a literature review

La educación de salud es una instancia para prevenir el avance de las patologías crónicas al promover la calidad de vida de la población "a través" de la enseñanza de conductas de autocuidado. Una variedad de estudios demuestra que el uso de estrategias didácticas en los programas educativos facilita el proceso de aprendizaje. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar las estrategias didácticas más utilizadas en los programas de educación en salud. Se realizó una revisión de literatura narrativa mediante la revisión de artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, seleccionándolos de acuerdo al cumplimiento de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos. Fueron 12 los artículos seleccionados para la revisión. El material escrito es usado en el 50% como estrategia para realizar educación en salud y el medio es usado audiovisual en un 25%. El criterio para determinar la efectividad en la estrategia usada es la personalización en la educación descrita por un 75% de los artículos analizados. Son diversas las estrategias que pueden ser utilizadas para realizar una actividad educativa en salud, sin embargo, para esta sea efectiva se debe considerar principalmente las características de los participantes, recomendando el considerar la personalización en la actividad educativa.

Health education is an instance to prevent the progression of chronic pathologies by promoting the population's quality of life through the teaching of self- care behaviors. A variety of studies show that the use of didactic strategies in educational programs facilitates the learning process. This review aimed to identify the didactic strategies most commonly used in health education programs. A narrative literature review was carried out by reviewing articles published in the PubMed databases, selecting them according to compliance with the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twelve articles were selected for the review. 50% of the written material is used as a strategy to carry out health education, and 25% of the medium is audiovisual. The criterion to determine the strategy's effectiveness is the personalization of the education described by 75% of the articles analyzed. Several strategies can be used to carry out a health education activity. However, to be effective, the participants' characteristics should be taken into account, advising the consideration of personalization in the educational activity.

Evaluación antimicrobiana de extractos obtenidos a partir de tithonia diversifolia (hemsl.) a. gray con uso potencial en la industria lechera

El uso de antibióticos en el tratamiento de la mastitis en la industria lechera ha acarreado una problemática con potencial impacto en la salud pública, como la resistencia antimicrobiana. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la acción antimicrobiana del extracto alcohólico de hojas, tallos y flores de Tithonia diversifolia sobre el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli en cultivo in vitro. Se evaluó el efecto inhibitorio en el crecimiento bacteriano a través de un ensayo de sensibilidad. En ambas bacterias el control positivo presentó un halo de inhibición superior a 30 mm, con diferencia significativa de los extractos de T. diversifolia. Los cuales presentaron para S. aureus un halo de 9,7 y 10,4 mm y para E. coli de 6,5 y 9,4 mm para tallo-hoja y flores respectivamente. El extracto alcohólico de flores de T. diversifolia se perfila como una herramienta potencial para inhibir el crecimiento bacteriano.

Antibiotics used as a treatment for mastitis in the dairy industry have brought a problem with a potential impact on public health, such as antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial action of alcoholic extract from Tithonia diversifolia's leaves, stems, and flowers on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in in vitro cultures. The inhibitory effect on bacterial growth was evaluated through a sensitivity test. In both bacteria, the positive control presented an inhibition halo greater than 30 mm, with a significant difference from the extracts of T. diversifolia, which presented, for S. aureus, a halo of 9.7 and 10.4 mm and for E. coli of 6.5 and 9.4 mm for stem-leaf and flowers respectively. The alcoholic extract of T. diversifolia flowers is emerging as a potential tool to inhibit bacterial growth.

Growth of Candida norvegensis (strain Levazoot 15) with different energy, nitrogen, vitamin, and micromineral sources.

To examine the growth of Candida norvegensis (strain Levazoot 15), four experiments were conducted with different sources of energy, nitrogen, vitamins, and microminerals. Optical density was used as an indirect measure of strain growth in a fully randomized factorial design, in which principal factor A was the source of energy, nitrogen, vitamins, or microminerals and principal factor B was the measurement time point (0, 20, or 40 h). The results showed that the yeast strain used glucose (primarily sucrose and lactose) as the energy source and tryptone as the nitrogen source. The addition of B-complex vitamins or microminerals was not necessary for strain growth. It is concluded that the strain Levazoot 15 preferentially utilizes glucose as a source of energy, tryptone as a source of nitrogen and manganese as a mineral source, and that no vitamin source was necessary for growth.

Evaluation of panicle residue from broom sorghum as a feed ingredient in finishing diets for lambs.

Sorghum panicle residue (SPR), a by-product of Sorghum vulgare, obtained in the manufacture of brooms and wisks, has potential as a partial substitute for grain in growing-finishing diets for feedlot lambs. Accordingly, 48 Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs (initial weight=16.2±4.3 kg) were used in an 84-d growth-performance trial to evaluate its comparative feeding value. Lambs were blocked by weight and assigned within weight groupings to 12 pens (4 lambs per pen). The SPR was finely ground before it was incorporated into the diet. The basal diet contained 60% whole grain sorghum (WGS; DM basis). Dietary treatments consisted in the replacement of WGS with 0, 50, or 100% SPR. Replacement of WGS with SPR decreased (linear effect, P=0.04) average daily gain (ADG), and tended to increase (linear effect, P=0.06) dry matter intake (DMI). Replacement of WGS with SPR decreased (linear effect, P<0.01) gain efficiency (ADG : DMI), and observed dietary net energy (NE), as well as hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, kidney-pelvic-heart fat, and back fat thickness (linear effect, P⩽.05) Other carcass characteristics and wholesale cuts as a percentage of cold carcass weight were not affected by dietary treatments. It is concluded that SPR is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for feedlot lambs. The comparative NE values for SPR are 1.50 and 0.91 Mcal/kg for maintenance and gain, respectively, 75% the NE value of WGS. These NE values reflect the greater fiber content of SPR. To the extent that dietary energy density limits energy intake (and hence daily weight gain), appropriate constraints on level of SPR incorporation is warranted.

The evolutionary history of the goby Elacatinus puncticulatus in the tropical eastern pacific: Effects of habitat discontinuities and local environmental variability.

Habitat discontinuities, temperature gradients, upwelling systems, and ocean currents, gyres and fronts, can affect distributions of species with narrow environmental tolerance or motility and influence the dispersal of pelagic larvae, with effects ranging from the isolation of adjacent populations to connections between them. The coast of the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) is a highly dynamic environment, with various large gyres and upwelling systems, alternating currents and large rocky-habitat discontinuities, which may greatly influence the genetic connectivity of populations in different parts of the coast. Elacatinus puncticulatus is a cryptic, shallow-living goby that is distributed along the continental shore of virtually the entire TEP, which makes it a good model for testing the influence of these environmental characteristics in the molecular evolution of widespread species in this region. A multilocus phylogeny was used to evaluate the influence of habitat gaps, and oceanographic processes in the evolutionary history of E. puncticulatus throughout its geographical range in the TEP. Two well-supported allopatric clades (one with two allopatric subclades) were recovered, the geographic distribution of which does not correspond to any previously proposed major biogeographic provinces. These populations show strong genetic structure and substantial genetic distances between clades and sub-clades (cytb 0.8-7.3%), with divergence times between them ranging from 0.53 to 4.88 Mya, and recent population expansions dated at 170-130 Kya. The ancestral area of all populations appears to be the Gulf of Panama, while several isolation events have formed the phylogeographic patterns evident in this species. Local and regional oceanographic processes as well as habitat discontinuities have shaped the distribution patterns of the genetic lineages along the continental TEP. Large genetic distances, high genetic differentiation, and the results of species-tree and phylogenetic analyses indicate that E. puncticulatus comprises a complex of three allopatric species with an unusual geographic arrangement.

A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the lower Central American species of the genus.

Astyanax anai, a new species of characid fish, is described from the Sixaola River basin, eastern Costa Rica-western Panama, Central America. The new species can be distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters: premaxillary teeth 4-5 at the inner series and 4-6 at the outer series; maxillary teeth tricuspid, 2-4; predorsal scale series irregular and incomplete, with an unscaled space behind tip of supraoccipital process and 12-14 scales; lateral line scales 34-39; humeral region with a conspicuous black and rounded to horizontally ovate spot and two diffuse brown and vertically elongate bars (the first through the rounded to horizontally ovate spot, the second 2-4 scales behind the first); body depth 36·6-42·3% of standard length (LS ); midlateral stripe formed by a series of 10-14 anteriorly-directed dermal herringbone, or chevron-shaped, marks, most apparent in juveniles and in preserved specimens, extending above the lateral line from the black humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar) to the caudal peduncle; scale rows from lateral line to base of first dorsal-fin ray 8-9; scale rows from lateral line to base of pelvic fin 7-8; pre-anal distance 53·9-61·9% of LS ; total anal-fin elements 29-33; caudal spot elongated, rhomboid or rectangular, with its anterior margin surpassing the middle of the caudal peduncle, usually reaching the anal-fin insertion, posteriorly covering 4-7 principal caudal-fin rays and not extending onto the ventral and dorsal margins of the caudal peduncle, covering 3-5 horizontal scale rows. In order to test the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon in relation to the other North and Central American species of the genus, a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on a reanalysis of the morphological matrix by Schmitter-Soto (2016) is proposed. A key to the lower Central American (southern Nicaragua to eastern Panama) species of Astyanax is also provided.

A Set of miRNAs, Their Gene and Protein Targets and Stromal Genes Distinguish Early from Late Onset ER Positive Breast Cancer.

UNLABELLED: Breast cancer (BC) in young adult patients (YA) has a more aggressive biological behavior and is associated with a worse prognosis than BC arising in middle aged patients (MA). We proposed that differentially expressed miRNAs could regulate genes and proteins underlying aggressive phenotypes of breast tumors in YA patients when compared to those arising in MA patients. OBJECTIVE: Using integrated expression analyses of miRs, their mRNA and protein targets and stromal gene expression, we aimed to identify differentially expressed profiles between tumors from YA-BC and MA-BC. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: Samples of ER+ invasive ductal breast carcinomas, divided into two groups: YA-BC (35 years or less) or MA-BC (50-65 years) were evaluated. Screening for BRCA1/2 status according to the BOADICEA program indicated low risk of patients being carriers of these mutations. Aggressive characteristics were more evident in YA-BC versus MA-BC. Performing qPCR, we identified eight miRs differentially expressed (miR-9, 18b, 33b, 106a, 106b, 210, 518a-3p and miR-372) between YA-BC and MA-BC tumors with high confidence statement, which were associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics. The expression profiles by microarray identified 602 predicted target genes associated to proliferation, cell cycle and development biological functions. Performing RPPA, 24 target proteins differed between both groups and 21 were interconnected within a network protein-protein interactions associated with proliferation, development and metabolism pathways over represented in YA-BC. Combination of eight mRNA targets or the combination of eight target proteins defined indicators able to classify individual samples into YA-BC or MA-BC groups. Fibroblast-enriched stroma expression profile analysis resulted in 308 stromal genes differentially expressed between YA-BC and MA-BC. CONCLUSION: We defined a set of differentially expressed miRNAs, their mRNAs and protein targets and stromal genes that distinguish early onset from late onset ER positive breast cancers which may be involved with tumor aggressiveness of YA-BC.

Consumo de lácteos en población universitaria de la ciudad de Medellín / Dairy consumption of university students at Medellin city

Intake of dairy products in a population of 420 college students from 4 universities of Medellin city, Colombia, was evaluated to determine consumption preferences and knowledge through a personal interview. Analysis of the data using the multivariate technique MANOVA with canonical orthogonal contrast was performed using the statistical package SAS version 9.0. 80.7% of the students consumed milk, with a highly significant difference in the frequency of consumption among socioeconomic levels, being the highest consumption at the highest level. A significant difference in milk consumption according to gender was found, with a higher consumption by men. Milk ranks fifth as favorite beverage (6.1%), behind juice, water, soft drink and aromatic drinks. Cost (28.3%) and taste (20.9%) were the main reasons for non-consumption of dairy milk.

Se evaluó el consumo de productos lácteos en una población de 420 estudiantes universitarios de 4 instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, para determinar las preferencias y conocimientos frente al consumo por medio de una entrevista personal. Se efectuó el análisis de los datos aplicando la técnica multivariada MANOVA con contraste canónico ortogonal empleando el paquete estadístico SAS versión 9.0. Se encontró que un 80,7% de los universitarios consumen leche, con una diferencia altamente significativa en la frecuencia de consumo entre niveles socioeconómicos, siendo el nivel alto el de mayor consumo. Se encontró una diferencia significativa en el consumo de lácteos entre sexos, con un mayor consumo por parte de los hombres. La leche ocupa el quinto lugar como bebida preferida (6,1%), por detrás de jugos, agua, gaseosa y aromáticas. Las razones principales para no consumir lácteos son el costo (28,3%) y el sabor (20,9%).

Effect of citral and carvacrol on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua to antibiotics.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria innocua (L. innocua) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) cells in the presence of citral and carvacrol at sublethal concentrations in an agar medium. The presence of terpenes in the L. monocytogenes and L. innocua culture medium provided a reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the antibiotics tested. These effects were dependent on the concentration of terpenes present in the culture medium. The combination of citral and carvacrol potentiated antibiotic activity by reducing the MIC values of bacitracin and colistin from 32.0 and 128.0 µg ml⁻¹ to 1.0 and 2.0 µg ml⁻¹, respectively. Thus, both Listeria species became more susceptible to these drugs. In this way, the colistin and bacitracin resistance of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua was reversed in the presence of terpenes. Results obtained in this study show that the phytochemicals citral and carvacrol potentiate antibiotic activity, reducing the MIC values of cultured L. monocytogenes and L. innocua. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Phytochemicals citral and carvacrol potentiate antibiotic activity of erythromycin, bacitracin and colistin by reducing the MIC values of cultured Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua. This effect in reducing the MIC values of the antibiotics tested in both micro-organisms was increased when natural antimicrobials were combined. This finding indicated that the combination among terpenes and antibiotic may contribute in reducing the required dosage of antibiotics due to the possible effect of terpenes on permeation barrier of the micro-organism cell membrane.

A new de novo mutation in a non-hot spot region at the DMD gene in a Mexican family.

In this report we present the analysis of a sporadic case of DMD and his family. In the present case, a deletion of exons 18-47 is presented which predicts abolition of the reading frame and is located between the well-known deletion hot spots of the DMD gene. This mutation was not previously reported in the Leiden database (LOVD). Both MLPA and segregation analysis with short tandem repeat markers elucidated the status of the mother, sister and the younger brother of the proband, who were not carriers of the mutation. This case provides a description of a new pathogenic variant presented as de novo mutation in a DMD patient. Haplotype analysis and complete gene screening may improve genetic counseling in cases of germline mosaicism and de novo mutations.

Clinical, Cytogenetic, and Biochemical Analyses of a Family with a t(3;13)(q26.2;p11.2): Further Delineation of 3q Duplication Syndrome.

Chromosomal abnormalities that result in genomic imbalances are a major cause of congenital and developmental anomalies. Partial duplication of chromosome 3q syndrome is a well-described condition, and the phenotypic manifestations include a characteristic facies, microcephaly, hirsutism, synophrys, broad nasal bridge, congenital heart disease, genitourinary disorders, and mental retardation. Approximately 60%-75% of cases are derived from a balanced translocation. We describe a family with a pure typical partial trisomy 3q syndrome derived from a maternal balanced translocation t(3;13)(q26.2;p11.2). As the chromosomal rearrangement involves the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome, the phenotype corresponds to a pure trisomy 3q26.2-qter syndrome. There are 4 affected individuals and several carriers among three generations. The report of this family is relevant because there are few cases of pure duplication 3q syndrome reported, and the cases described here contribute to define the phenotype associated with the syndrome. Furthermore, we confirmed that the survival until adulthood is possible. This report also identified the presence of glycosaminoglycans in urine in this family, not related to the chromosomal abnormality or the phenotype.

[Irritable bowel syndrome: frequency and phylogenetic relationship of Blastocystis sp. from Mexican patients]. / Síndrome de intestino irritable: frecuencia y relación filogenética de Blastocystis sp. de pacientes mexicanos.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies reported increased presence of Blastocystis in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and an etiologic role has been proposed. The pathogenic role of Blastocystis is controversial, because it is frequently found not only in individuals with enteric symptoms but also in healthy and asymptomatic subjects. Furthermore, there are few studies of blastocistosis in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of Blastocystis sp. in IBS patients using molecular techniques and to describe its phylogenetic relationship with sequences of other countries. METHODS: IBS patients according to Rome III criteria were enrolled. In all patients evaluations included: colonoscopies, coproparasitoscopic studies, coproculture, fecal virus screening. PCR and sequencing for Blastocystis sp. were also performed. RESULTS: We recruited 11 men and 51 women with a mean age of 45.6 (SD ± 15.7) years. Eighty-six percent of the IBS patients presented a normal colonoscopy, 8% showed polyps and 6% diverticular disease. Blastocystis sp. was identified in 25% patients (all of them with normal colonoscopy), while two patients had Endolimax nana and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that major sequences of Mexican carriers clustered together with sequences of parasites from Japan and Denmark; furthermore, two sequences from IBS patients were grouped in a single cluster. CONCLUSIONS: Blastocystis sp. was identified in 25% of the IBS patients. Our data support the hypothesis of clonal lineages in distinct geographical areas in the world.

[Predicting very early rebleeding after acute variceal bleeding based in classification and regression tree analysis (CRTA).]. / Predicción de resangrado precoz en cirróticos con hemorragia variceal aguda. Función del análisis con árboles de clasificación y regresión (CART).

BACKGROUND: Variceal bleeding (VB) is the main cause of death among cirrhotic patients. About 30-50% of early rebleeding is encountered few days after the acute episode of VB. It is necessary to stratify patients with high risk of very early rebleeding (VER) for more aggressive therapies. However, there are few and incompletely understood prognostic models for this purpose. AIMS: To determine the risk factors associated with VER after an acute VB. Assessment and comparison of a novel prognostic model generated by Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART) with classic-used models (MELD and Child-Pugh [CP]). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. CART analysis, MELD and Child-Pugh scores were performed at admission. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive performance of the models. RESULTS: Very early rebleeding rate was 13%. Variables associated with VER were: serum albumin (p = 0.027), creatinine (p = 0.021) and transfused blood units in the first 24 hrs (p = 0.05). The area under the ROC for MELD, CHILD-Pugh and CART were 0.46, 0.50 and 0.82, respectively. The value of cut analyzed by CART for the significant variables were: 1) Albumin 2.85 mg/dL, 2) Packed red cells 2 units and 3) Creatinine 1.65 mg/dL the ABC-ROC. CONCLUSION: Serum albumin, creatinine and number of transfused blood units were associated with VER. A simple CART algorithm combining these variables allows an accurate predictive assessment of VER after acute variceal bleeding. Key words: cirrhosis, variceal bleeding, esophageal varices, prognosis, portal hypertension.

Síntesis, composición y modificación de la grasa de la leche bovina: Un nutriente valioso para la salud humana: [revisión] / Synthesis, composition and modification of the bovine milk fat: a valuable nutrient for the human health: [review]

Se presenta una revisión sobre la composición, estructura y mecanismo de síntesis de la grasa de la leche en la glándula mamaria bovina y del efecto de la suplementación con ácidos grasos insaturados (AGI) sobre la cantidad y calidad de la grasa. Se resalta la importancia de la suplementación con aceites vegetales más aceite de pescado; se sugiere no generalizar el efecto de AGI como negativo sobre la cantidad de grasa de la leche; se muestra la necesidad de relacionar diferentes AGI con la vía regulatoria SREBP y con diferentes enzimas lipogénicas; y se incentiva la investigación del efecto de AGI sobre la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche y su distribución posicional dentro de la estructura lipídica.

[Three prognostic scales; clinical utility and prediction of intrahospital survival in alcoholic hepatitis]. / Utilidad clínica y predicciónde supervivencia intrahospitalaria de 3 escalas pronósticas en hepatitis alcohólica.

BACKGROUND: Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious clinical problem; opportune detection is transcendental for treatment and survival improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical utility of in-hospital mortality prediction of 3 alcoholic hepatitis scores and to assess survival prediction fitting them to the best cut-off points. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational study. All patients with diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis from January 2002 to January 2005 were included.Clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed for the different prognostic scores (MELD, GAHS and the Discriminate Function Maddrey's index) calculation. Evaluation of clinical utility scores was done with ROC curves and expressed by c-statistics. After fitting best cut-off points, survival prediction was assessed by Kaplan-Meier's method. RESULTS: Of 120 patients with alcoholic hepatitis, 48 fulfilled the admission criteria. The c-statistics of MELD was of 0.72, GAHS 0.75 and Maddrey's index 0.64. Survival analysis of the 3 prognostic scales showed statistical significance (log rank < 0.05) with the adjusted cut-off point to our population. CONCLUSION: The prediction of in hospital survival of GAHS, MELD and Maddrey's index after fitting best cut-off points are similar. The clinical utility for in-hospital mortality prediction of GAHS and MELD are superior to Maddrey's index in this Mexican cohort.

Antibacterial and free-radical scavenging activities of Sonoran propolis.

AIMS: To evaluate the antibacterial and free-radical scavenging (FRS) activities of propolis collected from three different areas of Sonoran Desert in northwestern Mexico [Pueblo de Alamos (PAP), Ures (UP) and Caborca (CP)]. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antibacterial and FRS activities of Sonoran propolis were determined by the broth microdilution method and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl) assay, respectively. Propolis samples had antibacterial activity against only Gram-positive bacteria. The UP sample showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 100 microg ml(-1)] in a concentration-dependent manner (UP > CP > PAP). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a UP propolis constituent, had very high growth-inhibitory activity towards Gram-positive bacteria, particularly against S. aureus (MIC 0.1 mmol l(-1)). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a strong antibacterial activity of CAPE against S. aureus. Additionally, propolis CP exhibited high FRS activity (86% +/- 0.3 at 100 microg ml(-1)) comparable with those of the reference antioxidants vitamin C (87.4% +/- 1.7 at 70 micromol l(-1)) and BHT (66.07% +/- 0.76 at 140 micromol l(-1)). The propolis compounds CAPE and rutin showed high FRS activity (90.4% +/- 0.2 and 88.5% +/- 0.8 at 70 micromol l(-1), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Sonoran propolis UP and CAPE had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. In addition, propolis CP showed potent FRS activity comparable with those of vitamin C and BHT. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Sonoran propolis and some of its constituents support further studies on the clinical applications of this natural bee product against S. aureus and several oxidative damage-related diseases.

Huevo, larva en primer estadio y aparato genital femenino de la mariposa Chabuata castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Egg, first larval stage and female genitalia of the moth Chabuata castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egg, first larval stage, and female genitalia of the widely distributed moth Chabuata castanea are described, based on material from Talcahuano, VIII region, Chile. Egg microestructures are illustrated with scannig electron microscope images which show that egg morphology allows identification to species level. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 659-664. Epub 2007 June, 29.

Se describe el huevo, larva de primer estadio y aparato genital de la hembra de Chabuata castanea con material proveniente de Talcahuano, VIII región, Chile y de huevos obtenidos en laboratorio. Se fotografiaron los huevos con microscopia electrónica de barrido para analizar las variaciones entre micropila, celdas primarias y secundarias, concluyéndose que las diferencias permiten una identificación al nivel de especie.

[Egg, larva and in the first stage of the female genital tract of the Chabuata castanea moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)]. / Huevo, larva en primer estadio y aparato genital femenino de la mariposa Chabuata castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Egg, first larval stage and female genitalia of the moth Chabuata castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egg, first larval stage, and female genitalia of the widely distributed moth Chabuata castanea are described, based on material from Talcahuano, VIII region, Chile. Egg microestructures are illustrated with scannig electron microscope images which show that egg morphology allows identification to species level.

[New High Andes species VII (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)]. / Nuevas especies altoandinas VII (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Four new species of Scriptania Hampson (Hadeninae) (3 spp.) and Pseudoleucania Staudinger (1 sp.) (Noctuinae), are described. Female Scriptania lucens Köhler are described and a new geographical record for the species is added; Strigania demerodes (Dyar) n. comb. is reexamined, and the synonymy and morphological variation of male genitalia of Strigania lithophilus (Butler) are given.