Transphyseal ACL reconstruction and tenodesis in skeletally immature patients demonstrates encouraging clinical scores, without growth disturbance, excessive laxity or re-injury.

Purpose: Paediatric patients demonstrate high re-rupture rates after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), with numerous surgical techniques proposed to deal with this challenging cohort. This study investigated the early clinical outcomes, complications, return to sport (RTS) and re-rupture rates up until 2-years post-surgery in paediatric patients presenting with open growth plates undergoing transphyseal ACLR that was combined with an extra-articular tenodesis (LET). Methods: Between October 2017 and September 2020, 20 skeletally immature patients were consecutively recruited and underwent transphyseal ACLR and LET. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), KT-1000 laxity, knee range of motion (ROM), maximal isokinetic knee torque and a 3-hop battery were assessed at 6-, 12- and 24-months. Limb Symmetry Indices (LSIs), RTS rates, complications, re-ruptures and re-operations were reviewed. Results: All PROMs improved (p < 0.05). No change (p = 0.903) in laxity between limbs was seen, while 18 patients (90%) demonstrated normal (<3 mm) or near normal (3-5 mm) laxity differences. Peak knee flexion ROM improved over time (p = 0.028), while LSIs for knee extensor strength (p < 0.001), the single (p = 0.002) and triple crossover (p = 0.038) hop tests improved. At 24 months, 18 patients (90%) were participating in their pre-injury pivoting sport activities. No complications, growth disturbances, re-injuries or subsequent surgeries were observed. Conclusions: Transphyseal ACLR combined with LET, undertaken in skeletally immature paediatric patients, demonstrated high scoring PROMs, physical performance and RTS overall, without evidence of growth disturbance or excessive graft laxity. No re-injuries have been observed at this time with ongoing review required in this high-risk cohort.

Development and application of a proximal hamstring MRI-based scoring tool in patients undergoing proximal hamstring tendon surgical repair.

Purpose: An MRI-based scoring tool assessing surgical repair after proximal hamstring avulsions may provide benefit in the context of research, while serial post-operative MRI will provide insight of what to expect in the clinical context of early re-injury requiring imaging. This study developed and assessed the reliability of a Proximal Hamstring Objective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (PHOMRIS), further assessing MRI-based repair status and its correlation with patient-reported outcome. Methods: 15 patients that underwent proximal hamstring surgical repair underwent MRI and clinical review pre-operatively and at 3-, 6- and 12-months. Clinical scores included the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), the Perth Hamstring Assessment Tool (PHAT) and Tegner Activity Scale (TAS). The MRI-based tool assessed the conjoint (semitendinosus & biceps femoris) and semimembranosus insertion components based on bone-tendon healing, signal and retraction. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the tool was assessed. Results: Inter-observer reliability indicated a strong correlation for the semimembranosus (rho = 0.827, p < 0.0001) and conjoint (rho = 0.851, p < 0.0001) components. Intra-observer reliability indicated a strong correlation for the semimembranosus (rho = 0.852, p < 0.0001) and conjoint (rho = 0.996, p < 0.0001) components. All clinical scores and the semimembranosus hamstrings component MRI score significantly improved (p < 0.05) over time, though the conjoint component did not (p = 0.219). At 12 months, a higher LEFS was significantly associated with a better semimembranosus MRI score (r = -0.57, p = 0.042), though no other significant correlations (p > 0.05) were observed between clinical and MRI measures. Conclusions: Excellent reliability was observed for the MRI-based scoring tool, which may prove useful in both a research and clinical setting.

Good clinical scores, no evidence of excessive anterior tibial translation, a high return to sport rate and a low re-injury rate is observed following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstrings augmented with suture tape.

INTRODUCTION: Augmented anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) techniques have been proposed to reduce the high reported re-injury rates and low rates of return to sport (RTS). This study reports clinical outcomes, RTS and re-injury rates in patients undergoing ACLR using autologous hamstrings augmented with suture tape. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 patients were prospectively recruited, undergoing ACLR using hamstrings with suture tape augmentation, combined with a structured rehabilitation programme. Outcomes were collected to 24 months, including patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), KT-1000 measurements, peak isokinetic knee strength and a four hop test battery. Limb Symmetry Indices (LSIs) were calculated for performance measures, whilst RTS rates, re-tears and re-operations were presented. RESULTS: There were no significant side-to-side differences in anterior tibial translation between the operated and non-operated knees at 6 months (p = 0.433), with no increase (p = 0.841) in side-to-side anterior tibial translation from 6 to 24 months. At 24 months, 98.0% of patients demonstrated normal (< 3 mm) or near normal (3-5 mm) side-to-side differences. LSIs for peak knee extensor torque (p < 0.0001) and the single (p = 0.001), triple (p = 0.001) and triple crossover (p < 0.0001) hop tests for distance significantly improved. All PROMs significantly improved (p < 0.0001), with 70.2% and 85.7% of patients actively participating in pivoting sports at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Three patients underwent secondary procedures for meniscal symptoms. One patient suffered an ACL re-tear (17 months), with no further ipsilateral or contralateral injuries. CONCLUSION: ACLR with suture tape augmentation demonstrated no evidence of excessive anterior tibial translation, high-scoring PROMs, sound performance scores, a high rate of RTS and low re-injury rate.

Selective bundle reconstruction for symptomatic partial anterior cruciate ligament tears demonstrates good functional scores, high return to sport rates and a low re-tear rate.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of symptomatic partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears remains controversial. This study investigated the clinical and functional outcome of patients undergoing selective posterolateral (PLB) or anteromedial (AMB) bundle reconstruction. METHODS: 55 consecutive patients underwent partial bundle reconstruction, of which 45 (AMB = 17, PLB = 28) were included in the current analysis (62% male, mean age of 29.1 years). Patients were assessed at 12 and 24 months with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), graft laxity (KT-1000), knee extensor and flexor torque and a 4-hop battery. Limb Symmetry Indices (LSIs) were calculated. Return to sport (RTS) rates, re-operations and re-injuries were evaluated. RESULTS: High scoring PROMs were evident, with 62% and 84% of patients participating in pivoting sports at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Overall, 98% of patients demonstrated 'normal' knee laxity at 24 months. Mean LSIs for all hop tests were ≥ 90% at 12 and 24 months, with 76-87% of patients demonstrating LSIs ≥ 90% on the four hop tests employed at 12 months, which was 89-93% of patients at 24 months. A mean knee extensor torque LSI of 89% and 97% was observed at 12 and 24 months. Two ipsilateral re-tears (2/55, 3.6%, AMB = 1, PLB = 1) were observed over the 24-month period, with no contralateral ACL tears. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of physical function and RTS were observed in patients following partial bundle reconstruction, higher than that reported in the literature in patients undergoing ACLR, without evidence of instability and a low re-injury rate.

A structured accelerated versus control rehabilitation pathway after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstrings demonstrates earlier improvement in physical outcomes without increasing graft laxity: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether an accelerated rehabilitation pathway could enhance strength and functional symmetry after ACLR, without affecting laxity. DESIGN: Randomized Controlled Trial. SETTING: Private rehabilitation clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 44 patients randomized to an 'Accelerated' (n = 22) or 'Control' (n = 22) rehabilitation intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Graft laxity (primary outcome), isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength, hop tests, surveys, sport participation, re-injuries and re-operations. RESULTS: No knee laxity differences (p > 0.05) were observed. A significantly greater (p = 0.006) percentage of Accelerated (77.3%) versus Control (59.1%) patients were participating in Level 1 or 2 pivoting sports at 12 months. Greater limb symmetry indices were observed in the Accelerated group for knee extensor strength at 6 (p < 0.0001), 12 (p = 0.010) and 24 (p = 0.005) months, as well as the triple hop at 6 (p = 0.015) and 9 (p = 0.008) months, and the triple crossover hop at 6 (p < 0.0001) and 9 (p = 0.009) months. One ipsilateral re-tear was observed (Control group, 17 months). No differences (p˃0.05) existed in surveys apart from the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) score, better (p = 0.001) in the Accelerated group at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Accelerated rehabilitation produced earlier improvement in strength and hop LSIs, without increasing graft laxity.

Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstrings with LARS augmentation demonstrates comparable outcomes to hamstrings alone, without evidence of synovitis or early osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical and radiological outcomes in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with, or without, LARS augmentation. METHODS: One-hundred and thirty-six patients that underwent double-bundle ACLR with (DB Hams/LARS, n = 67), or without (DB Hams, n = 69), LARS augmentation, were assessed clinically and with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at a minimum of 7-years post-surgery. Patients were assessed via patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), KT-1000 (laxity), isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength and a 4-hop test battery. Limb symmetry indices (LSIs) were calculated. The Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) evaluated knee status via MRI. Sport participation, secondary operations, ACL re-tears and contralateral ACL tears were reported. RESULTS: No differences (n.s.) were observed in demographics, PROMs, KT-1000 scores or strength and hop LSIs. Normal (< 3 mm side-to-side differences) KT-1000 scores were observed in 64 (92.8%) and 59 (88.1%) of DB Hams and DB Hams/LARS patients, respectively. Comparative rates of satisfaction were reported. Knee flexor strength and hop test LSIs were all ˃95% in both groups, which was 94.2% and 96.7% for knee extensor strength in the DB Hams and DB Hams/LARS cohorts, respectively. While 53 (76.8%) and 52 (77.6%) of the DB Hams and DB Hams/LARS patients had returned to pivoting sports, 42 (60.9%) and 41 (61.2%) were participating in pivoting sports at the minimum 7-year review. No difference (n.s.) was observed in the WORMS (12.3 DB Hams, 16.7 DB Hams/LARS). Of the cohort assessed, 8 (11%) DB Hams and 11 (16%) DB Hams/LARS patients had undergone secondary surgery. In addition to one patient in each group that demonstrated ACL rupture on MRI, an additional cohort of patients were excluded from the current analysis due to prior re-tear (DB Hams n = 6, DB Hams/LARS n = 8) or contralateral ACL tear (DB Hams n = 4, DB Hams/LARS n = 4). CONCLUSIONS: Comparable outcomes were observed after double-bundle ACLR using autologous hamstrings with, or without, LARS augmentation. Therefore, while these outcomes do not justify the additional use of synthetic augmentation given the lack of further benefit and additional cost, higher rates of graft failure, synovitis and early osteoarthritic change previously reported were not observed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Autologous Hamstrings Augmented With the Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System Versus Hamstrings Alone: A Comparative Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have reported the return-to-sports (RTS) rate in patients after augmentation of autologous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with the Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System (LARS). PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent ACLR with single-bundle 4-strand hamstring autograft either without augmentation (HA-ACLR group) or with LARS augmentation (AUG-ACLR group). It was hypothesized that clinical outcomes and RTS rates would be better in the AUG-ACLR group at the 1-year follow-up, with similar outcomes in both cohorts by 2 years. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Patients who underwent ACLR between April 2014 and December 2017 were included in the current comparative study if they were skeletally mature and had 1- and 2-year follow-up outcomes; patients with concomitant meniscal surgery were also included. Included were 66 patients with AUG-ACLR (mean age, 26.8 years; 67% male) and 130 patients with HA-ACLR (mean age, 27.5 years; 61% male). Subjective outcome measures included the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Lysholm scale, Tegner activity scale, and the Noyes sports activity rating scale. Objective measures included knee laxity, maximal isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength, and the results of 4 functional hop tests. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the study groups in age, sex distribution, body mass index, time to surgery, or number of concurrent meniscal surgeries. At the 1-year follow-up, the AUG-ACLR group had a significantly higher Tegner score (P = .001) and rates of RTS (P = .029) and return to preinjury level of sport (P = .003) compared with the HA-ACLR group. At the 2-year follow-up, there were no differences in these measures between groups. There were no between-group differences in other subjective outcomes, knee laxity, or strength and hop test results at either postoperative time point. There were also no differences in rerupture rates or other complications between the groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with AUG-ACLR had higher 1-year postoperative Tegner scores and rates of RTS and preoperative sport level compared with the HA-ACLR group. The 2-year rerupture rate for the AUG-ACLR group was low, and no intra-articular inflammatory complications were noted.

ACL Reconstruction Using Autologous Hamstrings Augmented With the Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System Provides Good Clinical Scores, High Levels of Satisfaction and Return to Sport, and a Low Retear Rate at 2 Years.

BACKGROUND: There are a number of surgical methods for undertaking anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR), although relatively high rates of ipsilateral retears and contralateral tears exist, with only 65% of patients returning to their preinjury level of sport. ACLR techniques adopting synthetic augmentation have been proposed in an attempt to improve clinical outcomes and reduce reinjury rates. PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of ACLR using autologous hamstrings augmented with the Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System (LARS). STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 65 patients were prospectively treated with arthroscopically assisted single-bundle ACLR using hamstrings augmented with the LARS, of whom 50 were available for 1- and 2-year reviews. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), KT-1000 arthrometer testing, knee range of motion, peak isokinetic knee strength testing, and a battery of 4 hop tests were employed. Limb symmetry indices (LSIs) were calculated. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences over time and between limbs. Data on return to the preinjury level of sport, retears, and reoperations were collected. RESULTS: High PROM scores were demonstrated at 1 and 2 years. Before the injury, 47 patients (94%) were actively participating in level 1 or 2 sports, with 38 (76%) and 43 (86%) patients having returned at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Normal (<3 mm; 90%) or nearly normal (3-5 mm; 10%) KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side differences were observed at 2 years. Apart from knee flexion (P < .0001), extension (P = .001), and the 6-m timed hop (P = .039), there were no between-limb differences at 1 year, and there were no differences on any objective measures at 2 years (all P > .05). Mean LSIs across all measures were ≥90%. At 2 years, 84% to 90% of patients were ≥90% on the hop tests, with 72% and 76% of patients having ≥90% for extension and flexion strength, respectively. Two reoperations were undertaken for meniscal tears (7 and 8.5 months), 1 patient (2%) suffered a retear at 7 months, and 2 patients (3%) suffered a contralateral tear (8 and 12 months). CONCLUSION: This augmented ACLR technique demonstrated good clinical scores, a high rate of return to sport, and low rates of secondary ruptures and contralateral ACL tears at 2 years. Some caution should be noted in interpreting these results, as 15 of 65 patients (23%) were not included in the 2-year follow-up.

No clinical difference in 10-year outcomes between standard and minimal graft debridement techniques in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstrings: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Delayed ligamentization following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may result in reduced graft stiffness and strength, and an increased risk of secondary re-tear. Remnant sparing ACLR may accelerate ligamentization and proprioceptive function, theoretically reducing re-injury risk. This study sought to investigate 10-year graft failure rates and patient perceived knee functioning in those undergoing ACLR with remnant preservation (RP), versus remnant debridement (RD). METHODS: A prospective RCT allocated 49 patients to ACLR with a hamstrings autograft together with a RD (n = 25) or RP (n = 24) procedure, of which 86% were clinically evaluated at 10 years (22 RD, 22 RP). A detailed chart review and patient phone consultation was undertaken with all patients at 10 years to evaluate the incidence (and timing) of subsequent re-tear and/or contralateral ACL tear, as well as other knee injuries/surgeries, the patient's ability to perform full work/sport duties and their perceived knee function using a numerical rating scale (NRS). RESULTS: No significant differences existed between groups in descriptive variables. There were 2 graft ruptures (10.0%) in the RP group and 3 (13.6%) in the RD group, with an earlier mean time to graft failure in the RD group (RD 7.7 ± 4.5 months, RP 49.5 ± 17.7 months), albeit the size of this sub-sample was too small for statistical comparison. There was a significantly higher number of patients requiring ≥ 1 additional ipsilateral knee surgery in the RP group (RP = 10, RD = 4, p = 0.048). At 10 years, there were no significant group differences in the percentage of patients returning to unrestricted activity, with 16 (72.7%) and 15 (75.0%) patients in the RD and RP ACLR groups, respectively, unrestricted in work/sport duties. There were no significant group differences in the functional NRS ratings. CONCLUSIONS: No long term clinical benefit of RP ACLR could be determined by this study with similar re-tear incidence and perceived knee function. A statistically higher number of re-operations were observed in RP ACLR patients and, while re-tears were observed later after RP versus RD ACLR, the study was underpowered to detect statistical significance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II (prospective randomized controlled trial).

Reconstruction of chronic proximal hamstring avulsion injuries using ipsilateral distal hamstring tendons results in good clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

PURPOSE: To report outcomes following proximal hamstring reconstruction employing an ipsilateral distal hamstring tendon autograft, in patients with chronic proximal ruptures. METHODS: Six patients presenting with a chronic proximal hamstring avulsion and a medial time from injury of 11.0 months (range 7-18), confirmed via magnetic resonance imaging, underwent proximal hamstring repair using a free graft harvested from the ipsilateral distal hamstrings. Patients were evaluated at 6, 12 and 24 months post-surgery, via the Perth Hamstring Assessment Tool, the Short Form Health Survey, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Active Knee Extension and 6 min walk tests, the single and triple hop tests for distance, and isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength. Knee strength was assessed at 180° and 240°/s (total work, peak and average torque), and both mean absolute scores and limb symmetry indices (LSIs) comparing the operated and non-operated limbs were presented. RESULTS: Patients demonstrated good clinical improvement throughout the post-operative timeline in all subjective and objective outcomes. Mean knee extensor LSIs had recovered by 12 and 24 months. At 24 months post-surgery, while mean LSIs for knee flexor peak and average torque were at (or above) 90%, a significant difference still existed between the operated and non-operated limbs in knee flexor total work. At 24 months, five patients (83%) were satisfied with the results of the surgery, as well as their ability to return to recreational and sporting activities. There were two adverse events including an early deep vein thrombosis and a secondary surgery to remove a loosened staple. CONCLUSIONS: While isokinetic hamstring strength had not fully recovered by 24 months, this surgical technique demonstrated a high level of patient satisfaction and return to function, in patients with chronic proximal hamstring ruptures. As the clinical relevance, this surgical technique provides a viable option with good post-operative outcomes for patients with chronic proximal hamstring tears that cannot be approximated back to the ischium. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

A prospective evaluation of proximal hamstring tendon avulsions: improved functional outcomes following surgical repair.

PURPOSE: Avulsion of the proximal hamstring tendons is an uncommon injury. To date, few studies have prospectively evaluated outcomes of surgical repair. The aim of the present study is to review the functional outcomes of surgical repair of proximal hamstring tendon avulsions. METHODS: This is a prospective series of 96 consecutive proximal hamstring surgical repairs in 94 patients, with a median age of 50 years and median follow-up of 33 months (range 12-58). Functional outcomes were assessed using the Perth Hamstring Assessment Tool (PHAT)-a validated scoring system for proximal hamstring injuries. RESULTS: Significant improvements in functional outcomes were seen across all patients at 1-year follow-up. There was a mean PHAT score improvement of 34.7 points at the 1-year follow-up (p < 0.001, 95% CI 29.9-39.5). The SF-12 PCS scores showed a significant improvement at 1-year follow-up of 13.8 points (p < 0.001, 95% CI 10.7-16.9). These were maintained at final follow-up. Acute repairs had significantly higher improvement in PHAT score with acute patients improving a mean of 38.6 points (p < 0.001, 95% CI 32.0-44.3) and chronic patients only improving by a mean of 25.3 points (p < 0.001, 95% CI 18.2-33.3) at final follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study establishes that surgical repair of proximal hamstring tendon ruptures leads to improved patient outcomes, in both acute and chronic repairs. Early surgical repair, however, achieves superior outcomes to late repair. These results suggest that surgeons should be operating on proximal hamstring avulsions, and preferably in the acute stage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Proximal hamstring tendon avulsion surgery: evaluation of the Perth Hamstring Assessment Tool.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to validate a new scoring system for proximal hamstring injury-the Perth Hamstring Assessment Tool (PHAT). METHODS: This is a prospective series of 74 consecutive proximal hamstring surgical repairs in 72 patients, with a median age of 50.5 years (range 16-74). Patients completed the PHAT, SF12 Health Survey and Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). The scoring system was validated by calculating its internal consistency, reproducibility, reliability and sensitivity to change. Construct validity was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis to examine the strength of association between the PHAT, LEFS and SF-12 scores. RESULTS: The PHAT showed high completion rate (100 %), high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.80), high reproducibility (ICC 0.84) and high sensitivity to change. There was moderate correlation with the LEFS and low correlation with the Physical Component Score of the SF-12. CONCLUSION: This study has validated the PHAT as an assessment tool for proximal hamstring tendon injuries. The new questionnaire provides a measure of outcome that is reliable and sensitive to clinically important change. This simple questionnaire provides the clinician with a quick and practical tool for assessing patients with proximal hamstring injuries: to assess pre-operative disability and monitor recovery post-operatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.