[Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese children and adolescents]. / Prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade em crianças e adolescentes Portugueses.

UNLABELLED: In Portugal, there have been many studies on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. However, because many of the studies are not submitted to publication in scientific journals, these results remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To obtain recent data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Database search of articles with peer-review, academic theses, websites and materials of scientific meetings on obesity; search terms included Portugal, overweight, obesity, children, and adolescents. We evaluated the procedure for collection of anthropometric data, and the year of data collection, considering only those studies that included evaluations since 2007. We rejected studies that: relied only on measures of self-declaration for the anthropometric assessment; did not present the date of assessment; or were performed on samples of small size (n < 100). RESULTS: We identified 21 studies and the criteria commonly used to estimate the prevalence rates were the CDC for children, and the IOTF in adolescents. Although the values are very different between studies, the frequency of overweight and obesity have reached very high values. The prevalence of overweight varied according to the criteria: the CDC, between 8.3% and 27.4% for males and 13.4% and 35% for females, the IOTF, between 8.6% and 29 6% for males and between 8.8% and 31.4% for females, the WHO, between 21.1% and 22.1% for males and between 19.7% and 31.3% for females. Prevalence of obesity varied: considering the CDC criteria, between 5.9% and 26% for males, and 6.1% and 21.3% for females; considering the IOTF, between 3.2% and 14.6% for males, and 0.6% and 13.1% for females; and considering the WHO criteria, between 4.4% and 22.9% for males, and 3.8% and 8.2% for females. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that overweight and obesity are a serious public health problem in Portuguese children and adolescents, and urgent measures are needed to suppress this epidemic and reverse the situation as soon as possible.

[Prognostic value of c-erb-2 immunohistochemistry expression in patients with primary breast cancer and adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen]. / Valor prognóstico da expressão por imuno-histoquímica do c-erb-2. Em doentes sob terapêutica adjuvante com Tamoxifeno por carcinoma primário da mama.

INTRODUCTION: The c-erb2 proto-oncogene is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and has been associated with a more aggressive breast tumour biology and resistance to some types of treatments. AIMS: To evaluate the prognostic value of c-erb-2 receptor, from primary breast cancer on tamoxifen therapy. METHODS: We examined 66 paraffin-embedded sections from primary breast cancers. Patients were treated with surgery plus adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen; 58% had also received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Membrane staining for c-erb-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and overall survival and relapse-free survival were compared between positives and negatives for c-erb-2. RESULTS: 43,9% of tumours over expressed c-erb-2 receptor, but this was not associated with a worse prognosis on overall survival either on relapse free-survival, with a p value of 0,15 and 0,2 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is not any advantage to determine c-erb-2 as a prognostic factor on overall survival either on relapse free-survival. Attending the homogenous characteristics between both groups with any statistical differences according age.