Extreme range in adult body size reveals hidden trade-offs among sexually selected traits.

Sexually selected weapons used to monopolize mating opportunities are predicted to trade-off with traits used in competition for fertilization. Yet, the limited size range typically found among adults of a species often precludes clear comparisons between population-level and individual-level relative trait investment. The jousting weevil, Brentus anchorago (Coleoptera: Brentidae), varies more than 26-fold in body mass, which is among the most extreme adult body size ranges of any solitary terrestrial species. We reveal a trade-off at a population level: hypermetric scaling in male weapons (slope = 1.59) and a closely mirrored reversal in allocation to postcopulatory traits (slope = 0.54). Yet, at the individual level, we find the opposite pattern; males that invest relatively more in weapons for their size class also invest more in postcopulatory traits. Across 36 dung beetle and 41 brentine weevil species, we find the allometric slope explains more trait variation at larger body size ranges; in brentines, population-level scaling patterns become more detectable in species with a larger range in adult body size. Our findings reveal that population-level allometries and individual-level trade-offs can both be important in shaping relative trait allocation; we highlight that the adult body size range is rarely examined but may be integral to gaining a deeper understanding of trade-offs in reproductive allocation.

Heilipussquamosus (LeConte, 1824): clarification of the correct name for the "avocado tree girdler" with updates on its biology and distribution (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae, Hylobiini).

Background: A single species of the genus Heilipus Germar, 1824 is native to the south-eastern United States and was a pest of avocado in Florida in the mid-20th century. Two names-Heilipusapiatus (Olivier, 1807) and H.squamosus (LeConte, 1824)-have both recently been used as the valid name for this species, with H.apiatus also being recently used as the valid name for a species from French Guiana. Confusion surrounding the correct application of these names and the distribution of these species traces back to an erroneous distribution given in Olivier's 1807 description of H.apiatus and, although some authors clarified this previously, there continues to be confusion concerning the correct name. Outside of avocado-producing areas, this species was rarely collected and little was known about its biology. Recent observations on iNaturalist and BugGuide suggest the species is more widely distributed in the United States and less rare than it was previously thought to be. New information: Heilipussquamosus (LeConte, 1824) is recognised as the valid name for the sole species of Heilipus occurring in the United States, while Heilipusapiatus (Olivier, 1807) is a very different species from French Guiana. Heilipussquamosus was previously recorded from eight States in the south-eastern United States and, after examining records from natural history collections, iNaturalist, BugGuide and literature sources, the species is newly recorded from an additional seven States: Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Though native host plants have been unconfirmed by rearing records, the evidence indicating the possible host plants in the plant family Lauraceae is reviewed.

Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.

The thirty-nine extant genera of Conoderinae known to occur in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean are reviewed based on external morphology. An identification key is provided along with diagnoses, distributions, species counts, and natural history information, when known, for each genus. Morphological character systems of importance for weevil classification are surveyed, potential relationships among the tribes and genera are discussed, and groups most in need of taxonomic and phylogenetic attention are identified. The following genera are transferred to new tribes: Acoptus LeConte, 1876 from the Lechriopini to the Othippiini (new placement) and the South American genus Hedycera Pascoe, 1870 from the Lechriopini to the Piazurini (new placement). Philides Champion, 1906 and Philinna Champion, 1906 are transferred from the Lechriopini to Conoderinae incertae sedis(new placement) although their placement as conoderines is uncertain. The species Copturomimus cinereus Heller, 1895 is designated as the type species of the genus Copturomimus Heller, 1895.

Finding our way through phenotypes.

Despite a large and multifaceted effort to understand the vast landscape of phenotypic data, their current form inhibits productive data analysis. The lack of a community-wide, consensus-based, human- and machine-interpretable language for describing phenotypes and their genomic and environmental contexts is perhaps the most pressing scientific bottleneck to integration across many key fields in biology, including genomics, systems biology, development, medicine, evolution, ecology, and systematics. Here we survey the current phenomics landscape, including data resources and handling, and the progress that has been made to accurately capture relevant data descriptions for phenotypes. We present an example of the kind of integration across domains that computable phenotypes would enable, and we call upon the broader biology community, publishers, and relevant funding agencies to support efforts to surmount today's data barriers and facilitate analytical reproducibility.