Short report: the spatula test: a simple bedside test to diagnose tetanus.

Four hundred patients with suspected tetanus were studied to determine the value of the spatula test to diagnose tetanus. A positive test result (reflex spasm of the masseters on touching the posterior pharyngeal wall) was seen in 359 (94%) of 380 patients with tetanus and in no patient without tetanus. Thirty-three of 400 patients (13 with tetanus and 20 with other diagnoses) had a negative test result (a gag reflex with attempted expulsion of the spatula). Thus, the test performed on presentation had a high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (94%) for diagnosing tetanus.

Gastric colonization and pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of pharmacologically increasing gastric pH on gastric colonization and the development of pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Medical ICU in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-four tracheotomized patients with tetanus. INTERVENTIONS: Sixteen patients received iv ranitidine to increase gastric pH greater than 4 (ranitidine group), while 18 patients received no prophylaxis for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (control group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean gastric pH was higher in the ranitidine group (median 4.7, range 3.6 to 6.1) than in the control group (median 2.1, range 1.2 to 4.9; p less than .05). Gastric colonization occurred in 15 (94%) of 16 patients who received ranitidine, 2 days (median; range 1 to 5) after intubation; gastric colonization also occurred in all control patients (median 4 days, range 1 to 9; p less than .05). Pneumonia occurred in 13 (81%) of 16 patients who received ranitidine, 3 days (median, range 1 to 5) after intubation and in nine (50%) of 18 control patients (p less than .01) 5 days after tracheal intubation (median, range 3 to 14; p less than .01). Prior gastric colonization by the pathogen that caused pneumonia was demonstrable in nine (56%) of 16 patients who received ranitidine vs. eight (44%) of 18 control patients (p greater than .05). The risk for developing pneumonia in the ranitidine-treated group was highest in the first 4 days after tracheal intubation. There was no difference in the frequency of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacologically increasing gastric pH increases the risk for developing pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients. The pneumonia occurs earlier than in untreated control patients.