Surgical outcomes in patients with acromegaly: Microscopic vs. endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

Transsphenoidal resection of growth hormone-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors remains the first-line treatment for acromegaly. This can be performed through microsurgery or endoscopic surgery. For the past decades, endoscopic surgery has become the preferred technique in an increasing number of centers worldwide. However, whether it offers superior clinical outcomes has yet to be determined. In this paper, we performed a narrative review of the literature comparing both techniques in the treatment of acromegaly. We critically assessed available comparative studies from an objective perspective to determine their suitability for defining superiority of either technique. Available evidence displays substantial methodological variations and reports conflicting findings. Although endoscopic surgery provides a wider exposure and enhanced visibility of the surgical field, this does not consistently translate into better clinical outcomes, as most tumors are equally accessible through both techniques. Postoperative outcomes such as remission and complication rates are similar between both techniques. The management of acromegaly should be performed by experienced pituitary neurosurgeons, regardless of the approach. The involvement of a multidisciplinary team in a dedicated pituitary center is critical to ensure optimal outcomes.

Current and Future Perspectives of Microscopic and Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas: A Narrative Review.

Transsphenoidal resection remains the standard treatment for most pituitary adenomas. However, the ideal surgical approach to safely access these lesions, either microsurgical or endoscopic, continues to be debated. Since the introduction of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, centers around the world have increasingly adopted this technique, experiencing a shift away from the conventional microsurgical approach. Large series reporting the efficacy and safety of endoscopic surgery have fueled a growing interest in comparing clinical outcomes between both approaches. Still, proving superiority of either surgical approach remains an elusive task due to the inherent drawbacks of surgical observational studies, as we are still faced with a growing body of evidence reporting conflicting results. Thus, a comprehensive discussion regarding the reach and limitations of both techniques becomes necessary. In this narrative review, we perform a critical appraisal of the literature and provide an expert opinion on the state-of-the-art in transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas. The advantages and limitations of each approach are assessed and compared from a technical standpoint, and their reported outcomes evaluated in the framework of this transition phase. Available evidence should be interpreted in light of individual patient characteristics and within the context of each medical center, taking into consideration the known impact that surgical expertise and multidisciplinary management hold on clinical outcomes.

Anatomical Basis of the Zygomatic-Transmandibular Approach: Operative Video.

Tumor growth in infratemporal fossa (ITF) and parapharyngeal space (PPS) is generally slow and generates very few clinical manifestations, so it is not uncommon for tumors to reach large dimensions at the time of diagnosis, making necessary to perform ample approaches. In zygomatic-transmandibular approach (ZTMA), the access of the ITF and PPS is obtained by a combination of a pterional craniotomy plus a zygomatic-mandibular osteotomy. Tumor excision is achieved by its initial dissection from all of the neurovascular structures of the middle fossa by the neurosurgical team and the final resection by the head and neck team from below. In the first part of this video, we present a brief anatomical-surgical description of the ITF and PPS and in the second part, we show case of a trigeminal schwannoma that could be successfully removed through a ZTMA. Using this approach, an ample and safe exposure of the ITF and PPS is achieved, without affecting the chewing or facial nerve function and with excellent cosmetic results, so it can be considered as a reliable surgical option, particularly in cases of giant tumors that affect these regions ( Figs. 1 and 2 ). The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/oxVFhzT8HsQ .

"Qué hay de nuevo""Osseous Remodeling Technique of the Sella Turcica: A New Surgical Option for Primary Empty Sella Syndrome" / "What's new ""Osseous Remodeling Technique of the Sella Turcica: A New Surgical Option for Primary Empty Sella Syndrome"

La silla turca vacía (STV) o como se la denominó más recientemente, aracnoidocele selar, es una entidad clínico-radiológica con una prevalencia que, si bien no se conoce con exactitud, se estima que es entre el 2 al 20%1. Dos tipos de STV han sido descriptas según su etiología: primaria y secundaria. En la primaria, no existe antecedente de cirugía hipofisaria previa y se cree que se produce debido a un diafragma selar deficiente. Por otro lado, cuando se genera luego de la exéresis de un tumor hipofisario se denomina secundaria. Por lo general, la STV primaria es diagnosticada como un hallazgo incidental en resonancia magnética, en donde se evidencia una herniación aracnoidea y de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) a través del diafragma selar, comprimiendo la glándula hipofisiaria contra el piso de la silla turca. Algunos pacientes pueden manifestar síntomas clínicos (síndrome de silla turca vacía), entre ellos, cefalea, alteraciones endocrinológicas, fístula de LCR y alteraciones visuales. La cirugía está indicada en estas dos últimas manifestaciones

Petroclival Meningiomas: A Simple System That Could Help in Selecting the Approach.

BACKGROUND: Petroclival meningiomas (PCM) represent a neurosurgical challenge due to their strategic location close to the brainstem. OBJECTIVE: To assess the applicability of a retrosigmoid approach (RSA) by analyzing the degree of displacement of the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) elicited by PCM. METHODS: Patients with PCM were prospectively included and divided into those whose imaging studies showed that the posterior end of the MCP was displaced by the tumor and were eligible for and underwent RSA (group A) and those who were not eligible for RSA and who underwent surgery via a posterior transpetrosal approach (group B). We compared tumor behavior, clinical characteristic of patients and surgical results. RESULTS: Twenty patients with PCM were enrolled and allocated to group A (n = 15) or group B (n = 5). The clinical manifestations were more severe in group B; tumors in this group were larger and gross total removal was achieved in only 1 patient (20%). In comparison, in 12 cases on group A, tumors could be totally removed (80%) and all of these patients could recover their quality of life after surgery. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this study is the first to consider displacement of the MCP when establishing a suitable surgical approach for PCM. Our results suggest that the RSA becomes increasingly suitable when peduncle displacement is greater. By using this method, it was also possible to identify two types of tumors: petroclivals (group A) and clivopetrosals (group B), that show some specific clinical and surgical differences.

Osseous Remodeling Technique of the Sella Turcica: A New Surgical Option for Primary Empty Sella Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Empty sella is an anatomic finding that is usually asymptomatic. However, when patients with empty sella finding present with visual deficits, surgical treatment may be necessary. The main goal of surgery is to elevate sellar content through a transsphenoidal approach. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a new technique for precise reconstruction of the sellar floor using a heterologous bone block to restore the anatomic elements of the sella turcica. METHODS: Three patients with primary empty sella who presented with visual field defects were prospectively included. Surgery was performed through a microsurgical transsphenoidal approach and involved elevating the sellar content by using a tricortical heterologous bone graft, the dimensions of which were obtained considering the exact dimensions of each patient's sella turcica. The graft was premodeled outside the surgical bed and carefully introduced into the sella turcica to achieve the required elevation (chiasmapexy). RESULTS: Vision of all 3 patients improved, and the improvement persisted throughout the follow-up period. 2 patients, this improvement was noted immediately after surgery, and in the third patient, this change in vision occurred 1 week later. Long-term imaging studies showed the persistence of the bone graft in the sella turcica and the exact elevation of the sellar content at the end of the follow-up period. There were no complications in the present series. CONCLUSIONS: The technique presented here is simple and reproducible and allows an almost exact and persistent elevation of the sellar content.

Acromegaly: role of surgery in the therapeutic armamentarium.

Acromegaly is a complex disease that requires the intervention of a multidisciplinary team. The most frequent clinical manifestations are growing of distal parts of the body and some areas of the face. Patients may also present arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, colonic polyps, cardiomegaly, neurological and endocrine changes secondary to the presence of a GH-secreting tumor in pituitary or extrapituitary origin, or eutopic hypothalamic GHRH hypersecretion and peripheral GHRH hypersecretion. Surgery is the first treatment used for most patients, regardless of the cause. In the great majority of cases, pituitary tumor can be removed through a transsphenoidal approach. Craniotomy is reserved for those cases with giant tumors, particularly when they grow toward the middle or posterior cranial fossa. Best surgical results are obtained when the tumor is confined into the sella turcica or if it has a regular suprasellar extension. When the disease cannot be controlled with surgery, medical treatment is indicated. Somatostatin analogues are included as the first line of medication, followed by dopamine agonist and growth hormone receptors antagonists. Radiation therapy can be also indicated in two main forms for residual tumor with medically refractory patients: radiosurgery for small tumors or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for larger ones.

Diaphragma sellae: a surgical reference for transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas.

OBJECTIVE: To classify patterns of descent of the diaphragma sellae (DS) to the sella turcica after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas and to determine whether there is any correlation between type of descent and volume or growth pattern of the tumor, as well as the presence of any postoperative hormone alteration, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and/or residual tumor. METHODS: One hundred patients with pituitary macroadenomas in which microsurgical transsphenoidal approach was indicated were prospectively included. We classified patterns of descent of the DS into four types: type A: symmetrical descent with a central fold corresponding to the pituitary stalk; type B: asymmetrical with a lateralized fold; type C: symmetrical and uniform descent without any fold; and type D: minimal or no descent in absence of visible residual tumor. A correlation was made between these types of descent and clinical and radiological findings. RESULTS: The largest tumors were types A and B; endocrine deficit was more frequent in types A and C, whereas the possibility of residual tumor was more elevated in types B and D. No statistically significant differences were found regarding tumor morphology and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that pattern of descent of the DS may serve as a reference to determine the risk of leaving residual tumor as well as the possibility of developing postoperative endocrine deficit. It is apparent that tumor volume, more than morphology, is the main factor determining type of descent of the DS.

[Giant clivus chordomas. Are extensive surgeries really justified?]. / Cordomas gigantes del clivus. Se justifican las cirugías extensas?

Because of their location and biological behavior, clivus chordomas are tumors that still represent a great challenge, mainly when they have reached huge dimensions. In this paper we have selected the patients with the biggest clivus chordomas to analyze if they really can be helped with the current surgical procedures with the morbidity that it implies. Eleven patients with giant clivus chordomas were included. All of them were operated on following the recent criteria of Cranial Base Surgery. It was mainly analyzed, if the degree of the resection had any relation to the postoperative functional outcome and the disease-free survival time; it was also evaluated if there existed a correlation between the pathologic findings and the clinical course. It was possible to get a total resection in 8 patients and partial in 3. In all cases there was an evident improvement in their postoperative functional outcome, specially in those with complete resections. The disease-free survival time was also greater in the patients with more ample resections. There was not any correlation among the histologic variety of tumors (typical or chondroid) and the clinical prognosis.

Cordomas gigantes del clivus: ¿Se justifican las cirugías extensas? / Giant clivus chordomas: Are extensive surgeries really justified?

Debido a su localizacion y comportamiento biológico, los cordomas del clivus son tumores que aún representan un gran reto, principalmente cuando han alcanzado grandes dimensiones. En este artículo, hemos seleccionado a los pacientes con los cordomas del clivus más grandes, a fin de analizar si realmente se pueden beneficiar con procedimientos quirúrgicos extensos, con la morbilidad que ello implica. Once pacientes con cordomas gigantes del clivus fueron incluidos, todos ellos intervenidos de acuerdo a los criterios recientes de cirugía de base de cráneo. Fue analizado principalmente si el grado de resección presentaba alguna relación con el estado funcional postoperatorio y el tiempo de supervivencia libre de enfermedad; también fue evaluado si existía alguna correlación entre los hallazgos histopatológicos y el curso clínico. En este grupo fue posible lograr una resección total del tumor en 8 pacientes y parcial en 3. En todos los casos se observó una evidente mejoría en el estado funcional postoperatorio, pero particularmente en los pacientes con resecciones totales. El tiempo de supervivencia libre de enfermedad fue también mayor en los pacientes con las resecciones más amplias. No se encontró correlación alguna entre la variedad histológica de los tumores (clásico o condroide) y el pronóstico clínico.

Because of their location and biological behavior, clivus chordomas are tumors that still represent a great challenge, mainly when they have reached huge dimensions. In this paper we have selected the patients with the biggest clivus chordomas to analyze if they really can be helped with the current surgical procedures with the morbidity that it implies. Eleven patients with giant clivus chordomas were included. All of them were operated on following the recent criteria of Cranial Base Surgery. It was mainly analyzed, if the degree of the resection had any relation to the postoperative functional outcome and the disease-free survival time; it was also evaluated if there existed a correlation between the pathologic findings and the clinical course. It was possible to get a total resection in 8 patients and partial in 3. In all cases there was an evident improvement in their postoperative functional outcome, specially in those with complete resections. The disease-free survival time was also greater in the patients with more ample resections. There was not any correlation among the histologic variety of tumors (typical or chondroid) andthe clinical prognosis.