Efficiency of water treatment with crushed shell of jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa) fruit to adsorb Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions: experimental and quantum chemical assessment of the complexation process.

The shell surrounding fruits of the jatobá-do-cerrado tree, in its natural state, was modified by the addition of HNO3 and NaOH and used as an adsorbent in the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. The untreated (JIN) and chemically modified (JCT) fruit shell samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction. Their efficiency as adsorbents in the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied under different conditions of pH (2-9) and it was observed that the optimal pH for Cu (II) adsorption was 5.5 and for Ni (II) it was 6.0. The adsorption isotherms were obtained at different temperatures (298, 308, 318 K) and the qmax values ranged from 33.96 to 41.00 mg g-1. The adsorbents presented higher selectivity toward Cu ions (II). The thermodynamic analysis results suggest that the adsorption process studied is of a physical nature. Supported by quantum mechanical calculations, the interaction sites of the ion-cellulose and ion-lignin complexes were identified, evidencing the central role of water molecules in stabilization of the complexes. The experimental and theorical results indicate that JIN and JCT have good potential for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions and are thus promising materials for the removal of other metal ions in aqueous systems.

The state of global scientific literature on chlorophyll-A / O estado da arte da literatura científica global sobre clorofila-A

Chlorophyll is a green pigment common to all photosynthetic cells of autotrophic organisms in aquatic or terrestrial environments. Techniques used to quantify this pigment include fluorescence, UV spectrophotometer, chromatography, HPLC, and remote sensing. Determination of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll - a (Chl-a), has been used widely in many areas of science. The present study investigated the state of the global scientific literature on Chl-a, determining the countries, approaches, and environments where Chl-a has been studied and the geographic scale used. To obtain this scientometric information, we conducted a study from the Scopus database over a 21-year period from 1990 through 2011. This period saw significant increases in the number of publications (r=0.84 and P< 0.001), different journals where publications appeared (160 journals), major papers with a multidisciplinary character, and a predominance of descriptive approaches with studies conducted in aquatic and marine habitats at a regional scale. The country with the highest number of publications was China (21.64% of total papers; location of study), and the USA had the highest number of authors (19.52% of total papers). The main determining factor for publications was socioeconomic (according to model selection criteria; AIC). This study highlight the multidisciplinary use of Chl-a, and may give some directions to new studies about this pigment.

A clorofila é um pigmento verde, comum em todas as células fotossintéticas de organismos autotróficos, de ambientes aquáticos ou terrestres. As técnicas mais utilizadas para quantificar esse pigmento são a fluorescência, a espectrofotometria de UV, a cromatografia HPLC e o uso de sensores remotos. Assim, a determinação do pigmento fotossintético chlorofila-a (Chl-a), tem sido utilizada amplamente em diversas áreas da ciência. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o estado da arte da literatura científica para o pigmento fotossintetizante clorofila-a, determinando os países de estudo, os fatores socioeconômicos- ambiental que estão ligados ao estudo de clorofila ­a, abordagens utilizadas, e ainda, os ambientes estudados, a escala geográfica e as revistas. Para obter tais informações realizou-se um estudo cienciométrico, a partir da base de dados Scopus, numa escala temporal de 21 anos (entre 1990 e 2011). Os padrões encontrados para as pesquisas com Chl-a são o aumento temporal de publicações (r=0.84 and P<0.001), a diversidade de revistas que publicaram estudos sobre o assunto (160 revistas), maior número de publicações com caráter multidisciplinar, predomínio de estudos com abordagens descritivas realizados em ambientes aquáticos e marinhos e estudos em escala geográfica regional. A China foi o país mais estudado com 21,64% do total de artigos publicados, e os estadunidenses lideraram com o maior número de publicações sobre este assunto (19,52% do total de artigos publicados). Utilizando o critério de seleção de modelos de Akaike observou-se que as publicações são impulsionadas pelo fator socioeconômico PIB. Este estudo demonstrou o uso multidisciplinar da Chl-a e pode indicar algumas direções para novos estudos com esse pigmento.

Development of a flow system for the determination of cadmium in fuel alcohol using vermicompost as biosorbent and flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

In this study a method for the determination of cadmium in fuel alcohol using solid-phase extraction with a flow injection analysis system and detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry was developed. The sorbent material used was a vermicompost commonly used as a garden fertilizer. The chemical and flow variables of the on-line preconcentration system were optimized by means of a full factorial design. The selected factors were: sorbent mass, sample pH, buffer concentration and sample flow rate. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained using sample pH in the range of 7.3-8.3 buffered with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at 50 mmol L(-1), a sample flow rate of 4.5 mL min(-1) and 160 mg of sorbent mass. With the optimized conditions, the preconcentration factor, limit of detection and sample throughput were estimated as 32 (for preconcentration of 10 mL sample), 1.7 microg L(-1) and 20 samples per hour, respectively. The analytical curve was linear from 5 up to at least 50 microg L(-1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 and a relative standard deviation of 2.4% (35 microg L(-1), n=7). The developed method was successfully applied to spiked fuel alcohol, and accuracy was assessed through recovery tests, with recovery ranging from 94% to 100%.