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Background: The supplementary immunization activity (SIA) for the rubella vaccination of adult men born between 1962 and 1978 began in 2019 in Japan because of a vaccine gap in the cohort, as vaccination was not mandatory for those born in that period. However, SIA coverage remains low, despite an active campaign and financial support. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled study based on a 2 (scenario: self-vaccination, child vaccination) × 2 (message: self-interest, group-interest) factorial design, using a Japanese online panel. Participants with children were assigned to the child vaccination scenario in Intervention 1, whereas others were assigned to the self-vaccination scenario. After Intervention 1, all participants were given the same information about rubella. In Intervention 2, participants assigned to self-interest messages received a message emphasizing the risk of rubella, and those assigned to group-interest messages received a message emphasizing herd immunity. After Intervention 2, we evaluated the effects using a questionnaire. Results: Among the 2,206 participants, information regarding rubella was evaluated as more reliable in the group-than in the self-interest message condition, especially among women. Women evaluated the necessity of rubella vaccination for adult men and women to be higher in the child-vaccination scenario and group-interest messages. However, no differences were found among men. By contrast, men exposed to the self-interest message positively evaluated the reliability of the rubella explanation. Conclusion: The findings indicate that emphasizing self-interest messages is more effective for men in promoting herd immunity against rubella.
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Altruismo , Vacuna contra la Rubéola , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Vacunación , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Vacuna contra la Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Japón , Adulto , Vacunación/psicología , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores Sexuales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Programas de InmunizaciónRESUMEN
We report a pediatric case developing hypoglycemic encephalopathy during the acute phase of coxsackievirus (CV)-A4 infection. A part of the sequence of the virus detected from our patient was completely identical to that in other CV-A4 strain reported as a recombinant strain with lethal CV-A2, suggesting that the properties of CV-A4 might be associated with the severe hypoglycemic encephalopathy.
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Encefalopatías , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus , Hipoglucemia , Humanos , Hipoglucemia/etiología , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/virología , Encefalopatías/virología , Encefalopatías/etiología , Masculino , Enterovirus Humano A , Femenino , Enterovirus/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rubella remains a public health challenge in Japan, impeding the attainment of herd immunity. Despite vaccination efforts since 1976, persistent outbreaks reveal a susceptibility gap in male adults born before 1995. Seroepidemiological surveys are pivotal in evaluating population immunity and identifying at-risk groups. METHODS: This study aims to pinpoint high-risk areas for potential rubella outbreaks in Japan by merging seroepidemiological data from 2020 with population census information. Various data sources, including spatial demographic data, reported rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases, and traveler lodging statistics, were employed. Geospatial information for Japan's 230,300 small geographic areas was analyzed, and HI (hemagglutination inhibition) titers were examined by age and sex. Seroconversion was defined as an HI titer ≥ 1:32 or 1:16, indicating protective immunity. Geospatial maps illustrated the distribution of susceptible individuals per square kilometer, emphasizing high-risk urban areas like Tokyo and Osaka. Demographic shifts in the working-age population were assessed. RESULTS: Susceptible individuals cluster in densely populated urban centers, persisting despite demographic changes. The study highlights areas at risk of increased susceptibility, particularly with an HI titer cut-off of 1:16. Foreign travelers pose potential rubella importation risks as travel volume to Japan rises. To prevent epidemics and congenital rubella syndrome burden, achieving and sustaining herd immunity in high-risk areas is crucial. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers a comprehensive assessment of vulnerability in densely populated Japanese regions. Integrating population statistics with seroepidemiological data enhances our understanding of population immunity, guiding resource allocation for supplementary vaccination planning. To avert rubella epidemics, high-risk locations must bolster indirect protection through herd immunity, ultimately preventing congenital rubella syndrome.
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Brotes de Enfermedades , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/epidemiología , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Lactante , Anciano , Medición de Riesgo , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Inmunidad Colectiva , Recién Nacido , Pruebas de Inhibición de Hemaglutinación , Análisis Espacial , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
A nationwide survey of SARS-CoV-2 antinucleocapsid seroprevalence among blood donors in Japan revealed that, as of November 2022, infection-induced seroprevalence of the population was 28.6% (95% CI 27.6%-29.6%). Seroprevalence studies might complement routine surveillance and ongoing monitoring efforts to provide a more complete real-time picture of COVID-19 burden.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Donantes de Sangre , COVID-19/epidemiología , Japón/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Anticuerpos AntiviralesRESUMEN
Earlier, we demonstrated the co-circulation of genetically distinct non-rodent-borne hantaviruses, including Boginia virus (BOGV) in the Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens), Seewis virus (SWSV) in the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus) and Nova virus (NVAV) in the European mole (Talpa europaea), in central Poland. To further investigate the phylogeny of hantaviruses harbored by soricid and talpid reservoir hosts, we analyzed RNAlater®-preserved lung tissues from 320 shrews and 26 moles, both captured during 1990-2017 across Poland, and 10 European moles from Ukraine for hantavirus RNA through RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. SWSV and Altai virus (ALTV) were detected in Sorex araneus and Sorex minutus in Boginia and the Bialowieza Forest, respectively, and NVAV was detected in Talpa europaea in Huta Dlutowska, Poland, and in Lviv, Ukraine. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods showed geography-specific lineages of SWSV in Poland and elsewhere in Eurasia and of NVAV in Poland and Ukraine. The ATLV strain in Sorex minutus from the Bialowieza Forest on the Polish-Belarusian border was distantly related to the ATLV strain previously reported in Sorex minutus from Chmiel in southeastern Poland. Overall, the gene phylogenies found support long-standing host-specific adaptation.
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Infecciones por Hantavirus , Topos , Orthohantavirus , Humanos , Animales , Filogenia , Musarañas , Polonia/epidemiología , Orthohantavirus/genética , Ucrania/epidemiología , Teorema de Bayes , ARN Viral/genética , Infecciones por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Hantavirus/veterinariaRESUMEN
As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in healthcare facilities are a serious public health concern, we performed a case-control study to investigate the risk of COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers. We collected data on participants' sociodemographic characteristics, contact behaviors, installation status of personal protective equipment, and polymerase chain reaction testing results. We also collected whole blood and assessed seropositivity using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and microneutralization assay. In total, 161 (8.5%) of 1,899 participants were seropositive between August 3 and November 13, 2020. Physical contact (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1-5.6) and aerosol-generating procedures (1.9, 1.1-3.2) were associated with seropositivity. Using goggles (0.2, 0.1-0.5) and N95 masks (0.3, 0.1-0.8) had a preventive effect. Seroprevalence was higher in the outbreak ward (18.6%) than in the COVID-19 dedicated ward (1.4%). Results showed certain specific risk behaviors of COVID-19; proper infection prevention practices reduced these risks.
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Galactosa , Enfermedades de la Piel , Humanos , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos , Macrófagos , Lectinas Tipo CRESUMEN
Background: Based on routine surveillance data, Japan has been affected much less by COVID-19 compared with other countries. To validate this, we aimed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and examine sociodemographic factors associated with cumulative infection in Japan. Methods: A population-based serial cross-sectional seroepidemiological investigation was conducted in five prefectures in December 2021 (pre-Omicron) and February-March 2022 (Omicron [BA.1/BA.2]-peak). Anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike antibodies were measured to detect infection-induced and vaccine/infection-induced antibodies, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between various factors and past infection. Results: Among 16 296 participants (median age: 53 [43-64] years), overall prevalence of infection-induced antibodies was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.9-2.5%) in December 2021 and 3.5% (95% CI: 3.1-3.9%) in February-March 2022. Factors associated with past infection included those residing in urban prefectures (Tokyo: aOR 3.37 [95% CI: 2.31-4.91], Osaka: aOR 3.23 [95% CI: 2.17-4.80]), older age groups (60s: aOR 0.47 [95% CI 0.29-0.74], 70s: aOR 0.41 [95% CI 0.24-0.70]), being vaccinated (twice: aOR 0.41 [95% CI: 0.28-0.61], three times: aOR 0.21 [95% CI: 0.12-0.36]), individuals engaged in occupations such as long-term care workers (aOR: 3.13 [95% CI: 1.47-6.66]), childcare workers (aOR: 3.63 [95% CI: 1.60-8.24]), food service workers (aOR: 3.09 [95% CI: 1.50-6.35]), and history of household contact (aOR: 26.4 [95% CI: 20.0-34.8]) or non-household contact (aOR: 5.21 [95% CI:3.80-7.14]) in February-March 2022. Almost all vaccinated individuals (15 670/15 681) acquired binding antibodies with higher titers among booster dose recipients. Conclusions: Before Omicron, the cumulative burden was >10 times lower in Japan (2.2%) compared with the US (33%), the UK (25%), or global estimates (45%), but most developed antibodies owing to vaccination.
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COVID-19 , Vacunas , Humanos , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Japón/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticuerpos AntiviralesRESUMEN
In Madagascar, the house mouse (Mus musculus) is widely believed to have colonized with human activities and is now one of the most abundant rodents on the island. However, its genetic background at the genomic level remains unclear, and clarifying this would help us to infer the timing of introduction and route of migration. In this study, we determined the whole-genome sequences of five Madagascar house mice captured from an inland location in Madagascar. We examined the genetic background of samples by analyzing the mitochondrial and autosomal genomes. We confirmed that the mitochondrial genome lineages of collected samples formed a single clade placed at one of the most basal positions in the Mus musculus species. Autosomal genomic sequences revealed that these samples are most closely related to the subspecies M. m. castaneus (CAS), but also contain a genetic component of the subspecies M. m. domesticus (DOM). The signature of a strong population bottleneck 1,000-3,000 years ago was observed in both mitochondrial and autosomal genomic data. In a comparison with global samples of M. musculus, the Madagascar samples showed strong genetic affinity to many CAS samples across a wide range of Indian Ocean coastal and insular regions, with divergence time estimated as around 4,000 years ago. These findings support the proposition that the ancestors of these animals started to colonize the island with human agricultural activity and experienced a complex history during their establishment.
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Genoma , Ratones , Animales , Humanos , Madagascar , Genoma/genéticaRESUMEN
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine administration started in February 2021 in Japan. As of December 2021, approximately 75% of the population aged ≥12 years had received two doses of vaccine. We conducted a study to investigate vasovagal reactions (VVR) after COVID-19 vaccination using data on adverse events following immunization. The crude reporting rate of VVR (cases/1,000,000 doses) after vaccination was 9.6 in all age groups combined, and was more frequent in the younger age groups: 28.6 and 37.2 in individuals aged 10-19 years and 20-29 years, respectively. In individuals aged 10-29 years, the rate was similar in males and females (33.0 and 34.2, respectively, p = 0.53); but was higher after dose 1 than after dose 2 (57.4 and 8.8, respectively, p < 0.001). Based on these results, caution needs to be exercised when vaccinating adolescents and young adults, especially with dose 1 of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Síncope Vasovagal , Adolescente , Adulto , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/efectos adversos , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Síncope Vasovagal/inducido químicamente , Vacunación/efectos adversos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including the Omicron variant, is less severe in children than in adults. To date, there has been no detailed description of COVID-19-associated severe encephalopathy due to the Omicron variant during the neonatal and early infantile periods. CASE PRESENTATION: During the outbreak of the Omicron variant, a 29-day-old male presented with a pale and ill appearance. The patient was intubated for mechanical ventilation owing to recurrent apnea, which subsequently turned out to be a breath-holding that may have been caused by seizure. In addition, nonconvulsive status epilepticus was observed. Total duration of repetitive seizure activities was approximately 30 min per hour when seizures were most severe. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on day 14 revealed extensive hyperintensity in the T2 sequence, hypointensity in the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence in the deep and subcortical white matter, and diffusion restriction in the corpus callosum. The Omicron BA.1 variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was detected in his respiratory sample. Follow-up MRI on day 45 revealed multiple cystic cavitations. CONCLUSION: Although COVID-19 is not severe in most children, life-threatening conditions such as COVID-19-associated severe encephalopathy can occur during the neonatal and early infantile periods.
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Encefalopatías , COVID-19 , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , COVID-19/complicaciones , SARS-CoV-2 , Encefalopatías/etiología , Encefalopatías/complicaciones , Convulsiones/etiologíaRESUMEN
In Japan, large-scale mumps epidemics recur every 4-6 years because of low vaccination coverage. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps in the Japanese population and identify the age groups most affected. The prevalence of anti-mumps antibodies was evaluated based on 1000 serum samples obtained from the Japanese National Serum Reference Bank. These samples consisted of 50 sera for each of 10 different age groups, collected during 2007-2008 (pre-epidemic period) and 2012-2013 (post-epidemic period). Seropositivity was lowest in the 6-11 months subgroup (3% and 0% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively) and highest in the 10-14 years group (66% and 72% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively). A comparison of anti-mumps antibody prevalence throughout the two periods considered revealed a large rise in seropositivity among the 2004-2008 birth cohort, using that of the 1-4 years group as representative in the pre-epidemic period (from 22% in pre- to 58% in post-epidemic periods; p = 0.0002). These results indicate that most people likely gain antibodies to the mumps virus during their childhood, especially during the first epidemic that they experience after their second year of life. Therefore, children should be vaccinated against mumps soon after their first birthday for effective prevention.
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Sarampión , Paperas , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Japón/epidemiología , Sarampión/epidemiología , Paperas/epidemiología , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , VacunaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Japan amended the recommended age for the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination to less than 6 months after 2005, but subsequently amended the recommended age to 5-8 months (latest amendment, <1 year) in April 2013 due to the increasing incidence of BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis since 2005. METHODS: We collected data on BCG-associated vaccine adverse events (VAEs) in the population aged <1 year between April 2013 and March 2017. The incidence of BCG-associated VAE was analyzed using census and vaccine coverage data from the government website. We compared the incidence of VAEs in patients vaccinated at less than 6 months with those vaccinated at 6 months or older. RESULTS: Among the 581 BCG-associated VAEs recorded during the study period, 354 (61%) were male, and the average age at vaccination was 5.7 months. The incidence of VAEs per million population aged <1 year at vaccination was highest for suppurative lymphadenitis (63.7), followed by skin lesions (38.4), and BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis (3.1). Disseminated BCG and anaphylaxis were rare (1.1 and 1.6%, respectively). The incidence of VAEs in the population vaccinated at <6 months of age was higher for BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis (3.8) and disseminated BCG (1.3) than in the population vaccinated at ≥6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The population vaccinated at <6 months of age was more likely to develop BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis than the population vaccinated at ≥6 months of age, indicating that the change in the recommended vaccination age in 2013 might have contributed to the subsequent decrease in the incidence of BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis.
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Vacuna BCG , Osteítis , Osteomielitis , Vacuna BCG/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Osteítis/etiología , Osteomielitis/inducido químicamente , Osteomielitis/complicaciones , Vacunación/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The Culex vishnui subgroups, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus, are considered the primary vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Asia. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of JEV isolates from Asian countries have shown that JEVs with diverse genetic variants are present in Asia. Furthermore, some JEV strains have been found to have crossed the East China Sea and been introduced into Japan. In this study, the possibility of overseas migration of the JE vector mosquito, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was examined from the genetic, physical, and meteorological perspectives. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed based on both whole coding sequences and on the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of Cx. vishnui subgroups collected from Asian countries. Culex tritaeniorhymchus was classified into two genetically independent taxa by COI sequences: the Japanese type (Ct-J), which inhabits Japan except for the Amami Islands of southern Japan, and the continental type (Ct-C), which inhabits the Asian region except for Japan. It was confirmed that approximately 10% of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus trapped during the summer in western Kyushu were Ct-C, and that they could fly for up to 38 h continuously. The meteorological analysis also confirmed that the atmospheric flow occurring over the continent coincided with the date of Ct-C capture. This is the first report showing the existence of two taxa in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Their physical and physiological characteristics suggest the possibility of long-distance migration from overseas regions to Japan across the East China Sea. Future efforts are expected to provide evidence to support the occurrence of long-distance migration of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with JEV.
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Culex , Culicidae , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie) , Encefalitis Japonesa , Animales , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/genética , Encefalitis Japonesa/epidemiología , Japón , Mosquitos Vectores , FilogeniaAsunto(s)
Artritis Psoriásica , Psoriasis , Enfermedades Cutáneas Vesiculoampollosas , Enfermedad Aguda , Artritis Psoriásica/diagnóstico , Artritis Psoriásica/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Psoriásica/epidemiología , Humanos , Psoriasis/diagnóstico , Psoriasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Psoriasis/epidemiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Two-sided messages that include two perspectives (i.e., risks and benefits) are more effective than one-sided messages that convey only one perspective (usually only the benefits). Refutational two-sided messages are effective for communicating risks regarding vaccines. To examine the effectiveness of refutational two-sided messages in risk communication regarding novel vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, we conducted the randomized controlled study based on a 3 × 3 × 2 mixed design (Intervention 1: vaccines against subcutaneous influenza, "novel severe infectious disease," or intranasal influenza; intervention 2: one-sided, non-refutational two-sided, or refutational two-sided messages; two questionnaires) using a Japanese online panel. Participants completed questionnaires before and after receiving an attack message (negative information). We evaluated the impact of attack messages on the willingness to be vaccinated, and the anticipated regret of inaction (ARI). Among 1,184 participants, there was a significant difference in the willingness to be vaccinated among the message groups (p < 0.01). After receiving the attack message, willingness to be vaccinated decreased in the one-sided message group and increased in the non-refutational two-sided and refutational two-sided message groups. Additionally, ARI in the refutational two-sided message groups was significantly higher than in the one-sided groups (p = 0.03). In conclusion, two-sided messages are more effective than one-sided messages in terms of willingness to be vaccinated. Furthermore, the high ARI in the refutational two-sided message group indicated that refutational two-sided messages were more effective than one-sided messages for communicating the risks of vaccines, especially those against emerging infectious diseases.
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COVID-19 , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Vacunas contra la Influenza , Actitud , COVID-19/prevención & control , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
To date, six hantavirus species have been detected in moles (family Talpidae). In this report, we describe Academ virus (ACDV), a novel hantavirus harbored by the Siberian mole (Talpa altaica) in Western Siberia. Genetic analysis of the complete S-, M-, and partial L-genomic segments showed that ACDV shared a common evolutionary origin with Bruges virus, previously identified in the European mole (Talpa europaea), and is distantly related to other mole-borne hantaviruses. Co-evolution and local adaptation of genetic variants of hantaviruses and their hosts, with possible reassortment events, might have shaped the evolutionary history of ACDV.
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Topos/virología , Orthohantavirus/genética , Orthohantavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Evolución Molecular , Genoma Viral , Orthohantavirus/clasificación , Orthohantavirus/fisiología , Especificidad del Huésped , Topos/clasificación , Filogenia , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
This is the English version of guidelines for the management of asteatosis 2021 in Japan. Asteatosis is a synonym of xerosis found in a wide range of diseases that induce dry skin through impaired functions of either water retention of the stratum corneum or skin covering with acid mantle. Patients with asteatosis may be accompanied by pruritus. Moisturizers are the first-line treatment for asteatosis and their adequate use must be recommended. The main purpose of the present guidelines is to define skin symptoms requiring treatment with moisturizers for medical use in patients with asteatosis. If the deterioration of marked scaling or scratch marks is predicted, therapeutic intervention with moisturizers for medical use should be considered even in the absence of pruritus. Regarding six important points requiring decision-making in clinical practice (clinical questions), we evaluated the balance between the benefits and harm of medical interventions in reference to previous reports of clinical research, and presented the recommendation grades and evidence levels to optimize the patient outcome by medical interventions.
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Emolientes , Ictiosis , Emolientes/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Japón , Prurito/diagnóstico , Prurito/tratamiento farmacológico , Prurito/etiología , PielRESUMEN
Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) has been recognised as a more acute and severe autoimmune disease than adult-onset SLE. With the development of medications for the disease and supportive therapy, the mortality rate associated with cSLE has drastically improved; the 10-year survival rate among patients with cSLE between 1995 and 2006 in Japan was 98.3%. However, the 10-year survival rate without any permanent functional impairment remained low at 66.1%. Therefore, the current treatment goal for cSLE is to ensure that they can perform normal daily activities throughout their lives by preventing the occurrence and/or progression of organ damage. For this purpose, appropriate treatments and evaluations are required according to the severity and risk of organ damage; however, there are no established guidelines for cSLE. Therefore, the Pediatric Rheumatology Association of Japan and the Pediatric Rheumatology Subcommittee in the Japan College of Rheumatology developed a comprehensive guidance for clinical practice based on cSLE-related data collected from Japanese national surveys and relevant articles from both domestic and international sources. However, due to the lack of indications for defined and objective evidence quality levels, this guidance should be used on the basis of the judgement of the attending physicians for individual patients.