Dietary flavonoids may have a protective and therapeutic effect in Parkinson disease: A systematic review.

Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons because of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Polyphenols in vegetables, known for their high antioxidant capacity, may prevent the onset, or delay the progression of the disease; among these, flavonoids are the most abundant class of polyphenols in foods. Clinical and cohort studies have evaluated the effect of polyphenol consumption on the risk of developing PD or of attenuating the symptoms after diagnosis; therefore, it is necessary to integrate the scientific evidence into making dietary recommendations. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies that have investigated the use of polyphenols in PD. The studies were identified through the PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Web of Science databases. A total of 1100 studies were found; these were analyzed and filtered by 2 independent reviewers. After completion, 5 studies were included (3 randomized controlled trials and 2 cohort studies). The consumption of flavonoids, anthocyanins, or 2-5 servings/week of specific foods (apples, red wine, blueberries, and strawberries) reduces the risk of PD and associated mortality. Treatment with licorice, curcumin, or cocoa, which are rich in flavonoids and other polyphenols, improves motor function in PD patients. No statistically significant differences were found in quality of life, disease progression or nonmotor symptoms such as cognitive ability and mood. Although cohort studies suggest a neuroprotective effect, further clinical studies are urgently needed to evaluate the effect of specific flavonoids and other polyphenols in PD.

Chronic Treatment with the Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 Attenuates Motor Impairment, Striatal Microglial Activation, and Dopaminergic Loss in Rats with 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Hemiparkinsonism.

Gut dysbiosis is considered a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), and chronic treatment with probiotics could prevent it. Here we report the assessment of a probiotic mixture [Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and Bifidobacterium animalis lactis BB-12 (BB-12)] administered to male rats 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right striatum, a model that mimics the early stages of PD. Before and after lesion, animals were subjected to behavioral tests: narrow beam, cylinder test, and apomorphine (APO)-induced rotations. Dopaminergic (DA) denervation and microglia recruitment were assessed with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+) and ionized calcium-binding protein-1 adapter (Iba1+) immunostaining, respectively. Post 6-OHDA injury, rats treated with sunflower oil (probiotics vehicle) developed significant decrease in crossing speed and increases in contralateral paw slips (narrow beam), forepaw use asymmetry (cylinder), and APO-induced rotations. In striatum, 6-OHDA eliminated ≈2/3 of TH+ area and caused significant increase of Iba1+ microglia population. Retrograde axonal degeneration suppressed ≈2/5 of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In hemiparkinsonian rats, probiotics treatment significantly improved the crossing speed, and also reduced paw slips (postlesion days 14 and 21), the loss of TH+ neurons in SNpc, and the loss of TH+ area and of Iba1+ microglia count in striatum, without affecting the proportion of microglia morphological phenotypes. Probiotics treatment did not attenuate forepaw use asymmetry nor APO-induced rotations. These results indicate that the mixture of probiotics LGG and BB-12 protects nigrostriatal DA neurons against 6-OHDA-induced damage, supporting their potential as preventive treatment of PD.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescent Students in a Highly-Marginalized Locality in Yucatan, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases and differences by sex in adolescents in a highly-marginalized locality in Yucatan. METHODS: The study was carried out with high school students (n = 170). Weight, height, age, waist circumference, and blood pressure were recorded; the indicators height/age, body mass index (BMI)/age, waist circumference/height, and systolic blood pressure/height were calculated. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were calculated. RESULTS: Concerning height/age, only 44.1% of the adolescents had normal height, while 55.2% had low or severely low height. Concerning waist circumference/height, 26% presented a cardiovascular risk, more frequently in women (p<.05) than in men; of the adolescents, 8.8% registered prehypertension/hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors found in the population, confer susceptibility to health risks due to age, poverty, and social marginalization. It is necessary to carry out intervention programs for adolescents from highly-marginalized communities.

Volviéndonos mejores: necesidad de acción inmediata ante el reto de la obesidad. Una postura de profesionales de la salud.

La creciente epidemia de obesidad ha sido uno de los retos más importantes de salud pública en México durante los últimos años. Con apoyo de la Federación Mundial de Obesidad, en 2021 formamos un grupo de profesionales para identificar y resumir las acciones prioritarias en las que puede enfocarse nuestro país para hacer frente a esta epidemia. Al proceso de desarrollo y discusión de este grupo se sumaron más de 1 000 profesionales de la salud para retomar recomendaciones de documentos y guías de alto nivel previamente publicados. En conmemoración del Día Mundial de la Obesidad, en este 2022 se presenta esta postura como insumo para el desarrollo de acciones en el ámbito profesional y de los diferentes sectores, en la que se incluyen 10 recomendaciones de acción, desde la perspectiva poblacional hasta la atención individualizada, y se enfatiza en la importancia de la participación social, de las intervenciones integrales con visión centrada en la persona y de la sostenibilidad planetaria, además de mejorar la educación y las campañas de difusión, propiciar un ambiente promotor de entornos activos y blindar de conflictos de interés los esfuerzos de prevención y control. La postura hace un llamado para abordar la obesidad de manera seria, con base en la evidencia científica, oportuna e integral, con enfoque de curso de vida, de forma ética y sensible, y sin perpetuar las barreras del estigma de peso en la sociedad.

Volviéndonos mejores: necesidad de acción inmediata ante el reto de la obesidad. Una postura de profesionales de la salud / Becoming better: the need for immediate action to address obesity. A position statement from health professionals

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: In recent decades, the growing obesity epidemic in Mexico has become one of the most important public health challenges faced by the country. With support from the World Obesity Federation, we formed a working group in 2021 to identify and summarize priority actions that Mexico can take to face this epidemic. More than 1 000 health professionals joined the development and discussion process. Recommendations from previously published, high-level documents and guidelines were taken into account. In commemoration of World Obesity Day 2022, this statement is presented as input for health care professionals to develop actions to address obesity. The statement includes 10 recommendations that include population-level and individual-level actions. It emphasizes the importance of social participation, comprehensive interventions with a person- centered perspective, planetary sustainability, on improving education and communication campaigns, as well as fostering a built environment that promotes active living, and shielding prevention and control efforts from conflicts of interest. The statement calls for obesity to be treated seriously, based on scientific evidence, in a timely and comprehensive manner, employing a life-course and ethical approach that does not perpetuate weight stigma in society.

Chronic feeding with 3% dried raw blueberries (V. corymbosum) reduces apomorphine-induced rotations and striatal dopaminergic loss in hemiparkinsonian rats.

Blueberries (BB) are rich in antioxidant polyphenols, and their intake could prevent Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we assessed whether rats chronically fed dried raw BB develop resistance to dopaminergic denervation and motor disorders caused by unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a dopaminergic neurotoxin acting mainly by inducing oxidative stress. Male rats were fed either with LabDiet® alone or supplemented with 3% lyophilized raw BB for 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after injecting 6-OHDA (day 0) or vehicle (mock lesion) into the right striatum. The cylinder test was performed on days -14, -7, -1, +7, +14, and +21; the percentage of ipsilateral forepaw (IF) use asymmetry was determined by counting the wall contacts made with either forepaw or with both. Apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced rotation was performed on days -1, +7, +14, and +21. Full contralateral rotations were counted in 3-min periods, every 15 min, up to 90 min. Striatal slices were immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the ionized calcium-binding protein-1 adapter (Iba1) [immunoreactive area or microglia count in right striatum expressed as % of the left striatum]. Antioxidants in BB methanolic extracts neutralized the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl in a concentration-dependent manner. Anthocyanins have been reported as the most abundant polyphenols in BB. Using the pH differential method, the total anthocyanin content (malvidin-3-glucoside equivalents) in raw BB averaged 21.04 mg/g dry weight. The range of anthocyanin intake by rats throughout the study varied from 37.7 to 72.2 mg/kg body weight. The time and food type factors, as well as their interaction were significant according to two-way RM-ANOVA in both the apomorphine-induced rotations and the cylinder test. Compared with LabDiet® alone, chronic supplementation with 3% dried raw BB decreased apomorphine-induced rotations on days +14 and +21 (p < 0.001) and produced a 46% reduction in total rotations post-surgery (p < 0.05), but only caused a partial, non-significant, decrease of IF asymmetry. BB supplementation reduced TH loss in the striatum (p < 0.05) but did not attenuate the increase of Iba1+ microglia. The consumption of 3% dried raw blueberries attenuates dopaminergic denervation and partially reverses motor disorders in the 6-OHDA-induced PD model in rats. The phytochemicals of raw blueberries that contribute to the observed neuroprotective effect are yet to be identified.

Toxicological Screening of Four Bioactive Citroflavonoids: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches.

Many studies describe different pharmacological effects of flavonoids on experimental animals and humans. Nevertheless, few ones are confirming the safety of these compounds for therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to investigate the preclinical safety of naringenin, naringin, hesperidin, and quercetin by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. For this, an MTT-based cytotoxicity assay in VERO and MDCK cell lines was performed. In addition, acute toxicity was evaluated on Wistar rats by OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (Test No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity-Class Method). Furthermore, we used the ACD/Tox Suite to predict toxicological parameters such as hERG channel blockade, CYP450 inhibition, and acute toxicity in animals. The results showed that quercetin was slightly more cytotoxic on cell lines (IC50 of 219.44 ± 7.22 mM and 465.41 ± 7.44 mM, respectively) than the other citroflavonoids. All flavonoids exhibited an LD50 value > 2000 mg/kg, which classifies them as low-risk substances as OECD guidelines established. Similarly, predicted LD50 was LD50 > 300 to 2000 mg/kg for all flavonoids as acute toxicity assay estimated. Data suggests that all these flavonoids did not show significant toxicological effects, and they were classified as low-risk, useful substances for drug development.

[Frequent consumption of industrialized food and its perception among overweight and obese indigenous Mayan adolescents]. / Consumo frecuente de alimentos industrializados y su percepción en adolescentes indígenas Mayas con sobrepeso y obesidad.

The scope of this paper was to identify what kind and which type of modern industrialized foods that overweight and obese adolescents consume and the perception they have of them. The study was of the qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and interpretative type and was conducted with adolescent students from four high schools in the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán, Mexico. It consisted of three stages, the first of which involved recording anthropometric measurements of 292 high school students to obtain their Body Mass Index. In the second stage, 58 students who were overweight and obese were randomly selected and a food consumption frequency questionnaire was applied. In the third stage, four focus groups were held to ascertain the perception with respect to food consumption. A high intake of modern industrialized foods was observed at breakfast, school break and dinner, though traditional dishes are still consumed at mealtimes. The conclusion drawn is that there is a transculturation of food among adolescents.

Se planteó como objetivo identificar cuáles y de qué tipo son los alimentos industrializados modernos que los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad consumen y la percepción que tienen de ellos. El estudio fue de tipo cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; se llevó a cabo con estudiantes adolescentes de cuatro secundarias del municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, México. Constó de tres etapas, en la primera se realizaron mediciones antropométricas a 292 estudiantes de las secundarias para obtener el Índice de Masa Corporal, en la segunda se seleccionaron al azar 58 estudiantes que presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad; a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En la tercera etapa se realizaron cuatro grupos focales para conocer la percepción respecto al consumo de alimentos. Se observó una ingesta alta de alimentos industrializados modernos en el desayuno, receso escolar y cena; en el tiempo de la comida aún se consumen preparaciones tradicionales. Existe una transculturación de la alimentación en los adolescentes.

Consumo frecuente de alimentos industrializados y su percepción en adolescentes indígenas Mayas con sobrepeso y obesidad / Frequent consumption of industrialized food and its perception among overweight and obese indigenous Mayan adolescents

Resumen Se planteó como objetivo identificar cuáles y de qué tipo son los alimentos industrializados modernos que los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad consumen y la percepción que tienen de ellos. El estudio fue de tipo cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; se llevó a cabo con estudiantes adolescentes de cuatro secundarias del municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, México. Constó de tres etapas, en la primera se realizaron mediciones antropométricas a 292 estudiantes de las secundarias para obtener el Índice de Masa Corporal, en la segunda se seleccionaron al azar 58 estudiantes que presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad; a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En la tercera etapa se realizaron cuatro grupos focales para conocer la percepción respecto al consumo de alimentos. Se observó una ingesta alta de alimentos industrializados modernos en el desayuno, receso escolar y cena; en el tiempo de la comida aún se consumen preparaciones tradicionales. Existe una transculturación de la alimentación en los adolescentes.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to identify what kind and which type of modern industrialized foods that overweight and obese adolescents consume and the perception they have of them. The study was of the qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and interpretative type and was conducted with adolescent students from four high schools in the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán, Mexico. It consisted of three stages, the first of which involved recording anthropometric measurements of 292 high school students to obtain their Body Mass Index. In the second stage, 58 students who were overweight and obese were randomly selected and a food consumption frequency questionnaire was applied. In the third stage, four focus groups were held to ascertain the perception with respect to food consumption. A high intake of modern industrialized foods was observed at breakfast, school break and dinner, though traditional dishes are still consumed at mealtimes. The conclusion drawn is that there is a transculturation of food among adolescents.

Comparación entre la percepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal en estudiantes de secundaria de dos municipios de Yucatán / Comparison between body perception and body mass index in secondary students from two municipalities of Yucatan / Comparação entre percepção corporal e índice de massa corporal em estudantes do ensino médio de dois municipios de Yucatán / Comparaison entre la perception corporelle et l'indice de masse corporelle chez des élèves du secondaire de deux municipalités du Yucatán

Resumen Objetivo Comparar la relación de la Percepción de la Imagen Corporal y el Índice de Masa Corporal en estudiantes de secundaria de dos municipios de Yucatán. Material y Métodos Estudio cuantitativo y transversal, en 462 estudiantes de 11 a 17 años pertenecientes a escuelas de los municipios de Abalá y Chacsinkín, Yucatán. Se tomó el peso corporal y la talla, se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC)/edad, de acuerdo a los patrones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para adolescentes. Se determinó la percepción de la imagen corporal mediante el instrumento Análisis de la Percepción de la Imagen Corporal (APC), propuesta por Stunkard y Stellard, modificado por Collins. Para el análisis estadístico inferencial se utilizó la prueba Chi-cuadrara con un valor de significancia estadística de 5%. Resultados 62.9% de los adolescentes, tienen un Índice de Masa Corporal normal, mientras que 35.6% presentan una prevalencia combinada de obesidad y sobrepeso. En cuanto a Percepción de la Imagen Corporal, 28.8 % de los adolescentes se percibieron de acuerdo con su IMC real; 25.3% se percibieron con IMC mayor al real y 45.9% se percibieron con IMC menor al que tienen en realidad Conclusiones En el municipio de Abala, los adolescentes presentaron mayor prevalencia de normo peso y exceso de peso; frecuencia mayor de concordancia entre la percepción corporal y el IMC real y sobre estimación de su IMC, a diferencia de la mayor frecuencia de subestimación que se presentó en los adolescentes del municipio de Chacsinkín Los adolescentes de ambos municipios con exceso de peso, subestimaron su IMC y no lo identifican como un problema de salud, lo que representa un área de oportunidad para el trabajo del equipo multidisciplinario de salud.

Abstract Objective To compare the relationship between the Perception of the Body Image and the Body Mass Index in secondary school students of two municipalities of Yucatán. Material and Methods Quantitative and cross-sectional study, with a population of 462 students aged from 11 to 17 belonging to schools in the municipalities of Abalá and Chacsinkin, Yucatán. Body weight and height were taken; Body Mass Index (BMI) by age was calculated according to the patterns of the World Health Organization (WHO) for adolescents. Body image perception was determined by means of the Body Image Perception Analysis (BPI) instrument proposed by Stunkard and Stellard and modified by Collins. For the inferential statistical analysis, the Chi-square test with a statistical significance value of 5% was used. Results 62.9% of adolescents have a normal Body Mass Index; while 35.6% have a combined prevalence of obesity and overweight. Regarding Perception of Body Image, 28.8% of adolescents were perceived according to their real BMI; 25.3% were perceived with BMI greater than the real and 45.9% were perceived with BMI lower than they actually have Conclusions In the municipality of Abalá, adolescents presented a higher prevalence of normal weight and excess weight; higher frequency of concordance between body perception and real BMI and overestimation of their BMI, unlike the higher frequency of underestimation that occurred in adolescents in the municipality of Chacsinkin Adolescents in both municipalities with excess weight underestimated their BMI and they did not identify it as a health problem, which represents an area of opportunity for the work of the multidisciplinary health team.

Sumário Objetivo Comparar a relação entre a percep9áo da imagem corporal e o índice de massa corporal em estudantes do ensino médio de dois municipios de Yucatán. Material e Métodos Estudo quantitativo e transversal, em 462 alunos de 11 a 17 anos pertencentes a escolas dos municipios de Abalá e Chacsinkin, Yucatán. O peso corporal e a altura foram medidos, calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) / idade, de acordo com os padrões da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para adolescentes. A percepção da imagem corporal foi determinada utilizando o instrumento Body Image Perception Analysis (APC), proposto por Stunkard e Stellard, modificado por Collins. O teste do qui-quadrado com valor de significância estatística de 5% foi utilizado para a análise estatística inferencial. Resultados 62,9% dos adolescentes têm um Índice de Massa Corporal normal, enquanto 35,6% têm uma prevalência combinada de obesidade e sobrepeso. Em relação a percepção da imagem corporal, 28,8% dos adolescentes foram percebidos de acordo com o IMC real; 25,3% foram percebidos com IMC maior que o real e 45,9% foram percebidos com IMC menor do que realmente Conclusões No municipio de Abala, os adolescentes apresentaram maior prevalência de peso normal e excesso de peso; maior frequência de concordância entre a percepção corporal e o IMC real e superestimação do IMC, diferentemente da maior frequência de subestimação que ocorreu em adolescentes no município de Chacsinkín. Os adolescentes dos dois municípios com excesso de peso subestimaram seu IMC e não o identificam como um problema de saúde, o que representa uma área de oportunidade para o trabalho da equipe multiprofissional de saúde.

Résumé Objectif Comparer la relation entre la Perception de l'Image Corporelle et l'Indice de Masse Corporelle chez des élèves du secondaire de deux municipalités du Yucatan. Matériel et méthodes Étude quantitative et transversale, avec une population de 462 élèves, de 11 a 17 ans, inscrits dans des écoles des municipalités d'Abalá et de Chacsinkin, Yucatán. Le poids et la taille ont été relevés, et l'Indice de Masse Corporelle en fonction de l'âge (IMC-pour-l'âge) a été calculé selon les normes de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) pour adolescents. La Perception de l'Image Corporelle a été déterminée a l'aide de l'instrument Analyse de la Perception de l'Image Corporelle (BPA) proposé par Stunkard et Stellard et modifié par Collins. Le test du Khi-deux avec une valeur de signification statistique de 5 % a été utilisé pour l'analyse statistique inférentielle. Résultats 62,9 % des adolescents ont un Indice de Masse Corporelle normal alors qu'il existe une prévalence combinée d'obésité et de surpoids de 35,6 %. La Perception de l'Image Corporelle a été en accord à l'IMC réel dans 28,8 % des cas. 25,3 % se sont per9us comme ayant un IMC supérieur à leur IMC réel et 45,9 % comme ayant un IMC inférieur à leur IMC réel. Conclusions Dans la municipalité d'Abala, les adolescents ont présenté une prévalence plus élevée de poids normal et de surpoids, une fréquence plus élevée de concordance entre leur perception corporelle et l'IMC réel et une surestimation de leur IMC, en comparaison avec la fréquence plus élevée de sous-estimation chez les adolescents de la municipalité de Chacsinkin. Les adolescents des deux municipalités ayant un excès de poids ont sous-estimé leur IMC et ne l'ont pas identifié comme un problème de santé, ce qui constitue un champs d'opportunités pour le travail de l'équipe de santé multidisciplinaire.

The effect of diet on oxidative stress and metabolic diseases-Clinically controlled trials.

Oxidative stress is associated with several chronic diseases. It is acknowledged that molecules damaged by reactive oxygen species activate the inflammatory process and that this response increases the production of free radicals. Modifications in a diet can improve or decrease redox state markers. The aim of this revision was to provide an update of clinical controlled trials, to assess changes in diet and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with metabolic diseases. They were investigated randomized controlled intervention studies (RCTs) published in MEDLINE (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) that were conducted in subjects with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia; with dietary intervention; where markers of oxidative stress have been evaluated and published in the last 5 years. Food antioxidants, hypocaloric diets with loss of adipose tissue, substitution of animal protein by vegetable, and changes in the microbiota improve antioxidant status in people with chronic disease. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus and adipose tissue in obesity are known to trigger oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, in turn, decreases insulin sensitivity and favors an inflammatory state producing adhesion molecules. Oxidative stress and adhesion molecules, can increase blood pressure and oxidation of lipoproteins, that ultimately could lead to a cerebrovascular event. Consumption of high-antioxidant and polyphenol foods increases plasma antioxidant capacity and decreases oxidative stress markers in people with diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia. In addition, weight loss caused by caloric restriction with or without exercise increases the endogenous antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it is likely that the combination of a hypocaloric diet with a high content of antioxidants and polyphenols will have a greater effect. Other dietary changes with antioxidant effect, such as the substitution of animal for vegetable protein or the addition of fiber, might be mediated by changes in the microbiota. However, this aspect requires further study.

Riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y su percepción en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de comunidades mayas de Yucatán / Risk of cardiovascular diseases and their perception in adolescents with overweight and obesity in Mayan communities of Yucatan

Las investigaciones realizadas en adolescentes del área rural y su percepción de salud son escasas, lo que representa un área de oportunidad para prevenir enfermedades de tipo cardiovascular en la vida adulta. El objetivo fue determinar el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y su percepción en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de comunidades mayas. Se llevó a cabo en dos etapas: cuantitativatransversal y cualitativa. En el Municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, con estudiantes de secundarias (n = 292). Se registró el peso, talla, edad, circunferencia de cintura, tensión arterial y se calcularon los indicadores Talla/Edad, Índice de Masa Corporal/Edad, Cintura Cadera/Talla y Tensión Arterial sistólica/Talla. Se realizaron grupos focales con adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad según Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) para explorar creencias acerca del sobrepeso/obesidad, alimentos que lo provocan y enfermedades ocasionadas. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y prueba de Chi-cuadrado. El 96,9% de los adolescentes tuvo talla normal; según IMC, 54,1% peso Normal, 28,4% sobrepeso y 17,1% obesidad. El 30,5% presentó riesgo cardiovascular según Cintura Cadera/Talla y el 8,9% de los adolescentes registró prehipertensión/hipertensión, más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. Respecto a la percepción del sobrepeso/obesidad, los adolescentes señalaron que no es buena para la salud; los alimentos que ocasionan sobrepeso/obesidad son ricos en hidratos de carbono, grasas, con alto contenido calórico y las enfermedades derivadas del sobrepeso/obesidad son diabetes, anemia, anorexia y desnutrición. Se encontró riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes, mayor en los hombres. Perciben que no llevan una buena alimentación, lo que podría ocasionarles sobrepeso/obesidad y desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares(AU)

The research carried out in adolescents in rural areas and their perception of health is scarce, which represents an area of opportunity to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, since at this stage increases the degree of autonomy. The objective was to determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases and their perception in adolescents with overweight and obesity in Mayan communities. It was carried out in two stages: quantitative-transversal and qualitative; In the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán with secondary students (n = 292). The weight, height, age, waist circumference, blood pressure was recorded and height/age indicators, Body mass index/age, waist circumference/age and systolic/height were calculated. Focal groups were conducted with overweight or obese adolescents according to Body Mass Index (BMI) to explore beliefs about overweight/obesity, foods that cause obesity and illness. Descriptive statistics and Chisquare test were used. Height was adequate in 96.9% of adolescents, according to BMI, 54% had normal weight 28.4% were overweight and 17.1% were obese. 30.5% showed cardiovascular risk, according to waist circumference/height and 8.9% of adolescents had prehypertension/hypertension, being more frequent in males than females. About the perception of overweight/obesity, adolescents feel that it is not good for health; the foods that cause these problems are rich in carbohydrates, fats, with high caloric value; diseases resulting from overweight/obesity are diabetes, anaemia, anorexia and malnutrition. However, adolescents present cardiovascular risk, being higher in males. Adolescents perceive that they are not eating well, which can lead to overweight/obesity and the development of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Evaluation of the Antihyperglycemic Effect of Minor Steviol Glycosides in Normoglycemic and Induced-Diabetic Wistar Rats.

Steviol glycosides are a family of compounds found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni that are responsible for sweetness capacity. The antihyperglycemic effect of the two major steviol glycosides, Rebaudioside A and Stevioside, has been studied and it has been found that despite having the same common structure, only Stevioside exerts an antihyperglycemic effect. Although other steviol derivatives are found in smaller amounts (minor steviol glycosides) in S. rebaudiana, whether or not they possess antihyperglycemic activity has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of minor steviol glycosides in normoglycemic and diabetic (streptozotocin/nicotinamide) Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) both before and after chronic treatment (28 days). After 6 h of fasting, IPGTT was conducted in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using 1 g/kg of glucose plus 20 mg/kg of the minor glycoside (Dulcoside A, Rebaudioside B, C, D, or Steviolbioside) or control treatment (distilled water, glibenclamide, or metformin); the blood of the tip of the tail was collected at time 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min.; and blood glucose was measured, and its net area under the curve (AUCnet) was calculated. After 28-day chronic oral administration, IPGTT was again performed. Differences were considered significant at P < .05 by one-way ANOVA. Acute intraperitoneal or chronic oral administration of 20 mg/kg of minor steviol glycosides had no antihyperglycemic effect in normoglycemic or induced-diabetic Wistar rats. Considering the dose tested, it is unlikely that these glycosides have an effect on glucose in diabetic or normoglycemic humans.

Replacing sugar with S. rebaudiana extracts on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream / Substituição do açúcar com extratos de S. rebaudiana sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de sorvete de morango

ABSTRACT: Ice cream is a product whose formulation requires considerable amounts of sugar. In addition to providing flavor, sugar contributes to the physicochemical characteristics of ice cream but its consumption in large quantities is related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. For this reason, the food industry seeks to formulate products with sweeteners that preserve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the original product. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with no calories and high sweetening capacity and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of replacing sugar with different levels of extracts of S. rebaudiana Morita II and Criolla, on the physicochemical and sensory properties of strawberry ice cream. Using a 2x2 factorial experimental design, a total of 4 formulations were prepared with two levels of concentration of the aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (5 or 8%) and the variety of S. rebaudiana (Morita II or Criolla). Proximate composition, physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were determined in processed products. The proximate analysis of strawberry ice cream varied significantly (P<0.05) depending of variety and level used on the formulation. The viscosities of all ice cream mixes were decreasing as the shear rate was increased, indicating a pseudoplastic behavior. The sensory analysis showed differences (P<0.05) among the formulations tested, however the score of all products were above the indifference point, suggesting that all of these formulations may have a commercial potential.

RESUMO: Sorvete é um produto cuja formulação requer quantidades consideráveis de açúcar. Além de proporcionar o sabor, o açúcar contribui para as propriedades físico-químicas do sorvete, mas o seu consumo em grandes quantidades está relacionada com as doenças crônicas, como diabetes e obesidade. Por essa razão, a indústria alimentícia buscou formular produtos com adoçantes para manter as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto original. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que contém naturalmente glicosídeos sem calorias com alta capacidade adoçante, cujo consumo é considerado seguro. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do açúcar por diferentes níveis de extratos de S. rebaudiana Morita II e Criolla, sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais do sorvete de morango. Usando um modelo experimental de fator 2x2, um total de 4 formulações foram preparadas com 2 níveis de concentração de extrato aquoso de Stevia rebaudiana (5 ou 8%) e a variedade de Stevia (Morita II ou Criolla). Os produtos processados foram submetidos a análises proximais e físico-químicas, e avaliação sensorial foi realizada para três deles. A análise do sorvete de morango teve uma variação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05), dependendo da variedade e do nível utilizado na formulação. A viscosidade da mistura de sorvete diminuía com o aumento da velocidade de corte, indicando um comportamento pseudoplástico. A análise sensorial mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as formulações avaliadas e a pontuação de todos os produtos estava acima do ponto de indiferença, indicando que todos eles podem ter um potencial comercial.

Validation of HPLC-UV method for determination of minor glycosides contained in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves.

Leaves of Stevia rebaudiana contain glycosides with sweetness and biological activity. However besides the major glycosides, there are other glycosides within extracts that may contribute to its activity, and therefore it is important to quantify them. In this work, an isocratic HPLC method was validated for determination of dulcoside A, steviolbioside, rebaudioside C and rebaudioside B. An HPLC method was performed using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm) and a UV detector set at 210 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a 32:68 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and sodium phosphate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 2.6), set to a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The calculated parameters were: sensitivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy and precision. The calibration curves were linear over the working range 25-150 µg/mL, with coefficient of correlation of ≥0.99 and coefficient of determination of ≥0.98. The LOD was 5.68-8.81 µg/mL, while the LOQ was 17.21-26.69 µg/mL. The percentage recoveries of fortified samples were 100 ± 10% and precision, relative standard deviation, was <10%. The method validation showed accuracy, linearity and precision; therefore this method can be applied for quantitative analysis of minor steviol glycosides in S. rebaudiana leaves.

[Safety assessment of stevia rebaudiana bertoni grown in southeastern Mexico as food sweetener]. / Evaluación de la inocuidad de Stevia rebaudiana bertoni cultivada en el sureste de méxico como edulcorante de alimentos.

Stevia rebaudiana leaves and their glycosides have been recently and significantly used so important as sweeteners. However, it has been reported an antihyperglycemic effect of the extract and a glycoside. The aim of this study was to quantify S. rebaudiana glycosides, assess cytotoxicity of the extract and its acute and chronic effect on blood glucose in animal models and in human. The glycosides of the Morita II and Criolla extract were quantified by HPLC, using a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm and particle size of 5 uM) with UV detection at 210 nm, mobile phase of acetonitrile/sodium phosphate buffer 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Cytotoxicity study was performed in Vero cells, whereas an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and a chronic consumption assay (4 weeks) were executed in an animal model of diabetes; finally the glycemic index (G.I.) was determined in healthy individuals. The glycoside content is higher in the Morita variety II although both had a CC50 >300 g/mL. The areas under the curve of the IPGTT and fasting glucose of the animals were not significantly different (p> 0.05) and the I.G. extract was 11.11 %, which classifies the extract as low I.G. The extract of S. rebaudiana Morita II has a low glycemic index and, in the doses tested, is not cytotoxic nor has acute or chronic effect on blood sugar, which makes it a safe sweetener.

Las hojas de Stevia rebaudiana y sus glucósidos recientemente se han comenzado a utilizar de manera importante como edulcorantes. Sin embargo, existen reportes acerca del efecto antihiperglucemiante de extractos y un componente glucósido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar los glucósidos de S. rebaudiana, evaluar la citotoxicidad y el efecto de la administración aguda y crónica del extracto sobre la glucemia en modelos animales como en humanos. Los glucósidos de los extracto de las variedades Morita II y Criolla se cuantificaron por HPLC, empleando una columna C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm y tamaño de partícula de 5m), con detector UV a 210 nm, fase móvil de acetonitrilo/amortiguador fosfato de sodio 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Se realizó un estudio de citotoxicidad en células Vero, una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa intraperitoneal y ensayo de consumo crónico (4 semanas) en un modelo animal de diabetes y finalmente, se determinó el índice glicémico (I.G) en individuos sanos. El contenido de glucósidos fue mayor en la variedad Morita II aunque la CC50 en ambas es >300 g/mL. Las áreas bajo la curva de la IPGTT así como la glucosa en ayuno de los animales no fueron significativamente diferentes (p>0.05) y el I.G. del extracto fue 11.11%, lo cual lo clasifica como I.G. bajo. El extracto de S. rebaudiana Morita II es de bajo índice glicémico y, en las dosis evaluadas, no es citotóxico ni posee efecto agudo o crónico sobre la glucemia, lo cual lo hace un edulcorante inocuo.

Evaluación de la inocuidad de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni cultivada en el sureste de México como edulcorante de alimentos / Safety assessment of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni grown in Southeastern Mexico as food sweetener

Las hojas de Stevia rebaudiana y sus glucósidos recientemente se han comenzado a utilizar de manera importante como edulcorantes. Sin embargo, existen reportes acerca del efecto antihiperglucemiante de extractos y un componente glucósido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar los glucósidos de S. rebaudiana, evaluar la citotoxicidad y el efecto de la administración aguda y crónica del extracto sobre la glucemia en modelos animales como en humanos. Los glucósidos de los extracto de las variedades Morita II y Criolla se cuantificaron por HPLC, empleando una columna C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm y tamaño de partícula de 5µm), con detector UV a 210 nm, fase móvil de acetonitrilo/amortiguador fosfato de sodio 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Se realizó un estudio de citotoxicidad en células Vero, una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa intraperitoneal y ensayo de consumo crónico (4 semanas) en un modelo animal de diabetes y finalmente, se determinó el índice glicémico (I.G) en individuos sanos. El contenido de glucósidos fue mayor en la variedad Morita II aunque la CC50 en ambas es >300 µg/mL. Las áreas bajo la curva de la IPGTT así como la glucosa en ayuno de los animales no fueron significativamente diferentes (p>0.05) y el I.G. del extracto fue 11.11%, lo cual lo clasifica como I.G. bajo. El extracto de S. rebaudiana Morita II es de bajo índice glicémico y, en las dosis evaluadas, no es citotóxico ni posee efecto agudo o crónico sobre la glucemia, lo cual lo hace un edulcorante inocuo (AU)

Stevia rebaudiana leaves and their glycosides have been recently and significantly used so important as sweeteners. However, it has been reported an antihyperglycemic effect of the extract and a glycoside. The aim of this study was to quantify S. rebaudiana glycosides, assess cytotoxicity of the extract and its acute and chronic effect on blood glucose in animal models and in human. The glycosides of the Morita II and Criolla extract were quantified by HPLC, using a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm and particle size of 5 uM) with UV detection at 210 nm, mobile phase of acetonitrile/sodium phosphate buffer 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Cytotoxicity study was performed in Vero cells, whereas an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and a chronic consumption assay (4 weeks) were executed in an animal model of diabetes; finally the glycemic index (G.I.) was determined in healthy individuals. The glycoside content is higher in the Morita variety II although both had a CC50 >300 µg/mL. The areas under the curve of the IPGTT and fasting glucose of the animals were not significantly different (p> 0.05) and the I.G. extract was 11.11 %, which classifies the extract as low I.G. The extract of S. rebaudiana Morita II has a low glycemic index and, in the doses tested, is not cytotoxic nor has acute or chronic effect on blood sugar, which makes it a safe sweetener (AU)

[Development of a gummy candy reduced in calories by sugar substitution with Stevia rebaudiana B]. / Desarrollo de una golosina tipo "gomita" reducida en calorías mediante la sustitución de azúcares con Stevia rebaudiana B.

The consumption of gummy candy is widespread among people of different ages but mainly by children. The formulation of this product requires sugar that contributes to their flavor and consistency, but with the undesirable effect of increase its glycemic index and its calories from simple sugars; it is known that consumption of products with these last two characteristics are related to childhood obesity, which is a worldwide growing disease. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with high sweetening power and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this work was to develop a gummy candy reduced in calories by replacing sugar with Stevia rebaudiana B., and analyzes its texture and acceptability. Gummy candy were prepared with different percentage of sugar reduction (-20, -40, -60, -80 and -100%) and a product control (100% sugar); gummy elasticity was assess by displacement and maximum deformation, whereas resistance was evaluated by breaking strength; those gummies with better elasticity and resistance parameters underwent proximate analysis and sensory evaluations with a unstructured scale applied to 90 school children aged between 6 and 10 years old. A gummy candy reduced in calories with 60% sugar substitution with S. rebaudiana was developed; the level of satisfaction in school children was statistically the same respect to the gummy made of 100% sugar (p <0.05).

Las gomitas son golosinas de consumo difundido entre personas de diferentes edades aunque principalmente por los niños. La formulación de este producto requiere azúcar que contribuye a su sabor y consistencia, aunque con el efecto indeseable de incrementar su índice glicémico y calorías provenientes de azúcares simples; se sabe que el consumo de productos con estas dos últimas características están relacionados con la obesidad infantil, la cual es una enfermedad en crecimiento a nivel mundial. La Stevia rebaudiana es una planta que naturalmente contiene glucósidos con alto poder endulzante y que se considera segura para su consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una golosina tipo "gomita" reducida en calorías mediante la sustitución de azúcares con Stevia rebaudiana B. y analizar su textura y grado de aceptación. Se elaboraron gomitas con diferente porcentaje de reducción de azúcar (-20, -40, -60, -80 y -100%) y un producto control (100% azúcar), a las cuales se evaluó su desplazamiento y deformación máxima para evaluar la elasticidad, así como la fuerza de ruptura para determinar la resistencia; aquellas gomitas con mejores parámetros de elasticidad y resistencia se les realizaron el análisis proximal y el análisis sensorial con una escala no estructurada aplicada a 90 niños escolares con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 10 años. Se desarrolló una golosina tipo "gomita" reducida en calorías con un porcentaje de sustitución de azúcar de hasta 60% con S. rebaudiana, cuyo nivel de agrado en niños escolares fue estadísticamente igual comparado con la gomita realizada con 100% de azúcar (p.

Diet, exercise and gut mucosal immunity.

Diet and exercise are primary strategies recommended for the control of the obesity epidemic. Considerable attention is being paid to the effect of both on the immune system. However, little research has been done on the effect of diet, nutrients or exercise on the mucosal immune system. The gastrointestinal tract (gut) is not only responsible for the entry of nutrients into the organism, but also for triggering the primary immune response to orally ingested antigens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue contains a large amount of immune cells, disseminated all along the intestine in Peyer's patches and lamina propria. Specific nutrients or their combinations, as well as the microflora, are capable of modulating the immune system through cell activation, production of signalling molecules or gene expression. We have observed an increase in T-cells as well as a decrease in B-cells from Peyer's patches, induced by diets high in fats or carbohydrates in Balb/c mice. It has also been demonstrated that exercise modulates the immune system, where moderate levels may improve its function by increasing the proliferation of lymphocytes from various sites, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, whereas exhaustive acute exercise may cause immunosuppression. High-fat diets combined with exercise are able to induce an increase in CD3+ lymphocytes due to increased CD8+ cells and a decrease in B-cells. Explanations and consequences of the effects of diet and exercise on the gut mucosal immunity are still being explored.