Influencia de los genotipos del sistema renina-angiotensina en la respuesta antiproteinúrica a dosis altas de olmesartán en nefropatías proteinúricas no diabéticas / The influence of renin-angiotensin system genotypes on the antiproteinuric response to high doses of olmesartan in non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathies

Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta antiproteinúrica a un tratamiento multifactorial basado en dosis elevadas de antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARAII) (olmesartán) en pacientes con nefropatías proteinúricas no diabéticas, según tres de los polimorfismos del sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA): inserción/deleción del gen de la enzima convertidora de angiontensina (ECA), M235T del gen del angiotensinógeno y A1166C del receptor AT1 (rAT1) para la angiotensina II. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 53 pacientes con nefropatía proteinúrica no diabética, con un tiempo medio de evolución de 84,4 ± 15 meses. Género varón en 41 (77,4 %); edad media 49,7 ± 3 años; índice de masa corporal 30 ± 6 kg/m2. Todos recibieron olmesartán (40 mg/12 h) asociado a un promedio de 2,4 ± 1,6 fármacos antihipertensivos durante una mediana de tiempo de 13 meses (rango intercuartil 7-25 meses). Resultados: La presión arterial (PA) sistólica descendió de 145 ± 14 hasta 128 ± 14 mmHg (p < 0,001) y la PA diastólica desde 85 ± 11 a 79 ± 7 mmHg (p < 0,01). La presión de pulso pasó de 53,5 ± 14 a 48 ± 12 mmHg (p < 0,05). La proteinuria se redujo de 2,74 ± 1,6 a 0,9 ± 1 g/24 h (p < 0,001), representando un descenso promedio del 67,1 %. Según los polimorfismos del SRA, la respuesta antiproteinúrica fue: polimorfismo del gen del angiotensiógeno: genotipo TT: 76,8 %; genotipo MM: 67,3 %; genotipo MT: 65,8 %, significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) para genotipo TT respecto de MM y MT. Polimorfismo del gen de la ECA: genotipo DD: 71,4 %; genotipo ID: 60,6 %, genotipo II: 34,8 %, significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) para genotipo DD respecto a ID e II, y asimismo (p < 0,05) para el genotipo ID respecto a II. Polimorfismo del gen del rAT1: genotipo AC: 85,2 %; genotipo CC: 73,7 %; genotipo AA: 62,7 %; significativamente mayor para el genotipo AC (p < 0,05) respecto a AA y CC. Las diferencias entre la proteinuria inicial y final del período de seguimiento fueron significativas (p < 0,01) para las asociaciones genotípicas: DD/AA, DD/MT, DD/MM, DD/TT y DD/AC, si bien la asociación con mayor efecto antiproteinúrico fue DD/AC (89,9 %, p < 0,05 %). Conclusiones: La administración de dosis altas de olmesartán en pacientes con nefropatía proteinúrica no diabética comporta reducciones significativas en la proteinuria. Este descenso fue independiente del control tensional y de otros factores de confusión. Los polimorfismos del SRA pueden modular la respuesta antiproteinúrica al tratamiento con ARAII

Objective: To assess the antiproteinuric response to multifactorial treatment based on high doses of angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) (olmesartan) in patients with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathies, according to three renin-angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms: insertion/deletion of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, the angiotensinogen gene M235T and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C. Material and method: We studied 53 patients with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathy with a mean progression time of 84.4±15 months. 41 were males (77.4%); mean age 49.7±3 years, body mass index 30±6kg/m2. All received olmesartan (40mg/12h) associated with a mean of 2.4±1.6 antihypertensive drugs for a median period of 13 months (interquartile range 7-25 months). Results: Systolic blood pressure (BP) decreased from 145±14mmHg to 128±14mmHg (P<.001) and diastolic BP from 85±11mmHg to 79±7mmHg (P<.01). Pulse pressure decreased from 53.5±14mmHg to 48±12mmHg (P<.05). Proteinuria decreased from 2.74±1.6g/24h to 0.9±1g/24h (P<.001), representing a mean decrease of 67.1%. According to RAS polymorphisms, antiproteinuric response was: angiotensinogen gene polymorphism: genotype TT: 76.8%; genotype MM: 67.3%; genotype MT: 65.8%, significantly higher (P<.05) for genotype TT compared to genotypes MM and MT. Polymorphism of the ACE gene: genotype DD: 71.4%; genotype ID: 60.6%, genotype II: 34.8%, significantly higher (P<.05) for genotype DD compared to genotypes ID and II, and also (P<.05) for genotype ID compared to II. AT1R gene polymorphism: genotype AC: 85.2%; genotype CC: 73.7%; genotype AA: 62.7%; significantly higher for genotype AC (P<.05) compared to genotypes AA and CC. The differences between initial and final proteinuria for the follow-up period were significant (P<.01) for genotypic associations DD/AA, DD/MT, DD/MM, DD/TT and DD/AC, although the association with the highest antiproteinuric effect was DD/AC (89.9%, P<.05%). Conclusions: Administering high doses of olmesartan in patients with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathy results in significant reductions in proteinuria. This decrease was independent of blood pressure control and other confounding factors. RAS polymorphisms may modulate the antiproteinuric response to treatment with ARBs

The influence of renin-angiotensin system genotypes on the antiproteinuric response to high doses of olmesartan in non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the antiproteinuric response to multifactorial treatment based on high doses of angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) (olmesartan) in patients with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathies, according to three renin-angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms: insertion/deletion of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, the angiotensinogen gene M235T and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 53 patients with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathy with a mean progression time of 84.4±15 months. 41 were males (77.4%); mean age 49.7±3 years, body mass index 30±6kg/m2. All received olmesartan (40mg/12h) associated with a mean of 2.4±1.6 antihypertensive drugs for a median period of 13 months (interquartile range 7-25 months). RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (BP) decreased from 145±14mmHg to 128±14mmHg (P<.001) and diastolic BP from 85±11mmHg to 79±7mmHg (P<.01). Pulse pressure decreased from 53.5±14mmHg to 48±12mmHg (P<.05). Proteinuria decreased from 2.74±1.6g/24h to 0.9±1g/24h (P<.001), representing a mean decrease of 67.1%. According to RAS polymorphisms, antiproteinuric response was: angiotensinogen gene polymorphism: genotype TT: 76.8%; genotype MM: 67.3%; genotype MT: 65.8%, significantly higher (P<.05) for genotype TT compared to genotypes MM and MT. Polymorphism of the ACE gene: genotype DD: 71.4%; genotype ID: 60.6%, genotype II: 34.8%, significantly higher (P<.05) for genotype DD compared to genotypes ID and II, and also (P<.05) for genotype ID compared to II. AT1R gene polymorphism: genotype AC: 85.2%; genotype CC: 73.7%; genotype AA: 62.7%; significantly higher for genotype AC (P<.05) compared to genotypes AA and CC. The differences between initial and final proteinuria for the follow-up period were significant (P<.01) for genotypic associations DD/AA, DD/MT, DD/MM, DD/TT and DD/AC, although the association with the highest antiproteinuric effect was DD/AC (89.9%, P<.05%). CONCLUSIONS: Administering high doses of olmesartan in patients with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathy results in significant reductions in proteinuria. This decrease was independent of blood pressure control and other confounding factors. RAS polymorphisms may modulate the antiproteinuric response to treatment with ARBs.

Papel de la denervación simpática de arterias renales en un paciente con hipertensión arterial refractaria / Role of renal sympathetic denervation in a refractory arterial hypertension patient

A pesar de los progresos en el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y el empleo de múltiples fármacos antihipertensivos, un pequeño pero significativo porcentaje de los pacientes con HTA refractaria severa verdadera continúa sin alcanzar su objetivo de control tensional. En estos casos, la denervación simpática renal (DNSR) parece mostrarse como un método seguro y eficaz para aquellos pacientes hipertensos severos refractarios al tratamiento farmacológico múltiple. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 52 años de edad diagnosticado de HTA esencial refractaria a tratamiento con 7 fármacos antihipertensivos. Tras 10 ingresos hospitalarios sin conseguir un adecuado control de las cifras de presión arterial, decidimos plantear la DNSR como coadyuvante al tratamiento médico. El procedimiento se realizó sin complicaciones a corto y medio plazo, consiguiéndose una mejoría significativa de las cifras tensionales, con el objetivo de disminuir su riesgo vascular global (AU)

Despite advances in the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension (AHT) and the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs, a small but significant percentage of true severe refractory arterial hypertension patients are still not reaching their target blood pressure. In these cases, renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) seems to be a safe and effective method for severe hypertensive patients who are resistant to multiple drug treatment. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient diagnosed with essential hypertension, resistant to treatment with seven antihypertensive drugs. After 10 hospitalisations without achieving adequate blood pressure control, we decided to propose renal sympathetic denervation as an addition to medical treatment. The procedure was performed without complications in the short to medium-long term, achieving a significant improvement in blood pressure with the intention of reducing overall vascular risk (AU)

Role of renal sympathetic denervation in a refractory arterial hypertension patient.

Despite advances in the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension (AHT) and the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs, a small but significant percentage of true severe refractory arterial hypertension patients are still not reaching their target blood pressure. In these cases, renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) seems to be a safe and effective method for severe hypertensive patients who are resistant to multiple drug treatment. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient diagnosed with essential hypertension, resistant to treatment with seven antihypertensive drugs. After 10 hospitalisations without achieving adequate blood pressure control, we decided to propose renal sympathetic denervation as an addition to medical treatment. The procedure was performed without complications in the short to medium-long term, achieving a significant improvement in blood pressure with the intention of reducing overall vascular risk.

Efectos renoprotectores a largo plazo de dosis altas de irbesartán en la nefropatía diabética establecida / High doses of irbesartan offer long-term kidney protection in cases of established diabetic nephropathy

Antecedentes: Hipotéticamente, la utilización de dosis altas de antagonistas del receptor AT1 de angiotensina II, al bloquear más el receptor AT1, debería producir mayores beneficios que el uso de de dosis convencionales. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos sobre proteinuria y función renal con dosis ultraaltas de irbesartán en la nefropatía diabética establecida. Material y método: Estudio prospectivo de intervención no controlado ni aleatorizado de 3 años de seguimiento, utilizando un tratamiento multifactorial basado en 600 mg diarios de irbesartán. Se analizan variables demográficas, antropométricas y analíticas al inicio y final del estudio. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes (75% con diabetes tipo 2) con promedio de edad de 57,1 ± 10 años, 29 (72,5%) hombres, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 30,7 ± 5 kg/m2. Resultados: La presión arterial sistólica (157,6 ± 27 vs. 130,1 ± 14) y diastólica (88,8 ± 10 vs. 76,2 ± 8 mmHg) se redujeron significativamente (p < 0,001) al final del estudio. El perfil lipídico mejoró significativamente. La kaliemia no se modificó. La creatinina sólo aumentó 0,17 mg/dl, aunque fue significativo (p < 0,05), y el filtrado glomerular estimado se redujo (69,8 ± 29,7 vs. 60,25 ± 23,0 ml/min/m2) (p < 0,05). La proteinuria se redujo de 2,4 ± 1,99 a 0,98 ± 1,18 g/24 h (p < 0,001). La reducción promedio fue 59,2%, y el 25% de los pacientes se hizo normoalbuminúrico. Salvo IMC y hemoglobina glucosilada, todos los objetivos recomendados por la American Diabetes Association se alcanzaron. Ningún paciente abandonó el estudio por efectos secundarios. Conclusión: El tratamiento de la nefropatía diabética establecida con dosis ultraaltas de irbesartán se mostró muy eficaz y seguro en reducir la proteinuria y retardar la progresión hacia la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (AU)

Background: Hypothetically, the greater the blockade of angiotensin AT1 receptors from ultra-high doses of angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB), the greater the expected renoprotection effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high doses of irbesartan on proteinuria and renal function in diabetics with established or overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN). Material and Method: Ours was a prospective, non-randomised 3-year follow-up study, using a multifactorial therapeutic approach based on irbesartan 600mg daily. Demographic variables, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were comparatively analysed at the beginning and end of the study. Forty patients (75% with type 2 diabetes) were included, average age 57.1±10, 29 male (72.5%). Results: SBP (157.6±27mm Hg vs 130.1±14mm Hg) and DBP (88.8±10mm Hg vs 76.2±8mm Hg) decreased significantly at the end of follow-up (P<.001). Serum creatinine increased by only 0.17mg/dl, although this was a statistically significant difference (P<.05). Proteinuria markedly decreased from 2.64±1.99 to 0.98±1.18 (P<.0001), i.e. 59.2%. Twenty-five percent of patients had normal albuminuria at the end of the follow-up period. Lipid profiles significantly improved. No patients withdrew from the study due to side effects, and serum potassium did not change significantly over the course of the study. Except for BMI and HbA1c, all other therapeutic targets set out by ADA recommendations improved significantly. Conclusions: The treatment of ODN with ultra-high doses of irbesartan was highly effective and safe in reducing proteinuria and slowing the progressive course to ESRD (AU)

High doses of irbesartan offer long-term kidney protection in cases of established diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypothetically, the greater the blockade of angiotensin AT1 receptors from ultra-high doses of angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB), the greater the expected renoprotection effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high doses of irbesartan on proteinuria and renal function in diabetics with established or overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ours was a prospective, non-randomised 3-year follow-up study, using a multifactorial therapeutic approach based on irbesartan 600mg daily. Demographic variables, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were comparatively analysed at the beginning and end of the study. Forty patients (75% with type 2 diabetes) were included, average age 57.1 +/- 10, 29 male (72.5%). RESULTS: SBP (157.6 +/- 27mm Hg vs 130.1 +/- 14mm Hg) and DBP (88.8 +/- 10mm Hg vs 76.2 +/- 8mm Hg) decreased significantly at the end of follow-up (P<.001). Serum creatinine increased by only 0.17mg/dl, although this was a statistically significant difference (P<.05). Proteinuria markedly decreased from 2.64 +/- 1.99 to 0.98 +/- 1.18 (P<.0001), i.e. 59.2%. Twenty-five percent of patients had normal albuminuria at the end of the follow-up period. Lipid profiles significantly improved. No patients withdrew from the study due to side effects, and serum potassium did not change significantly over the course of the study. Except for BMI and HbA1c, all other therapeutic targets set out by ADA recommendations improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of ODN with ultra-high doses of irbesartan was highly effective and safe in reducing proteinuria and slowing the progressive course to ESRD.

Estudio “Objetivo Kontrol”: inercia terapéutica en hipertensión arterial. Diseño y metodología / “Kontrol Objective” Study: therapeutic inertia in arterial hypertension. Design and methodology

Introducción: En la actualidad, únicamente el 40% de los hipertensos tratados mantienen cifras tensionales dentro de los límites recomendados por las guías de práctica clínica. La inercia terapéutica (IT) es uno de los problemas para alcanzar un buen control de la presión arterial, y se desconoce en gran medida los factores que influyen en ella. Objetivos: elaborar y validar un cuestionario para medir la IT en el control de la HTA e identificar factores relacionados con la organización sanitaria que faciliten o prevengan la IT.Métodos: En la elaboración del cuestionario se utilizarán técnicas cualitativas (revisión de la literatura, informantes clave, grupos de discusión, análisis semiológico de la discusión y extracción de ítems). Posteriormente, mediante técnicas cuantitativas, se validará el cuestionario en un trabajo de campo, comparando la puntuación obtenida en el cuestionario con la medida directa de la IT obtenida a partir de las historias clínicas de pacientes (validez de criterio). Simultáneamente se identificarán factores asociados a la IT, en particular en aspectos del paciente, del médico, de enfermería y del tiempo dedicado a la consulta.Conclusiones: El producto principal de este estudio será un instrumento que ayude a medir el grado de IT del médico y a conocer qué factores del paciente, del médico y de su entorno contribuyen a producir en el médico la intención de actuar o no frente a un fracaso terapéutico. La principal limitación del estudio dependerá de en qué medida un test autoaplicable sobre conocimientos teóricos y juicios de valor sobre situaciones clínicas concretas pueda ser un reflejo fiable de la actuación clínica en circunstancias reales(AU)

Introduction: Only 40% of persons treated for arterial hypertension (AHT) currently maintain blood pressure levels within the limits recommended by clinical practice guidelines. Treatment inertia (TI) is one of the problems in achieving good blood pressure control, however the factors influencing TI are largely unknown.Objectives: To develop and validate a questionnaire to measure TI in controlling AHT and to identify factors related with the organization of healthcare that facilitate or prevent TI. Methods: Qualitative techniques (literature review, key informants, discussion groups, subsequent semiologic analysis of the discussion and extraction of items) were used in developing the questionnaire. Quantitative techniques were then used to validate the questionnaire in fieldwork, comparing the score obtained on the questionnaire with the direct measurement of TI obtained from clinical histories of patients (criterion validity). At the same time, factors associated with TI were identified, in particular, aspects related with the patient, physician, nursing staff and time devoted to the medical consultation.Conclusions: The main product of this study will be an instrument that helps to measure the physician’s degree of TI and to determine what factors related with the patient, physician and setting help produce the physician’s intention to act or not when faced with treatment failure. The main study limitation will depend on the extent to which a self-completed test on theoretical knowledge and value judgments about specific clinical situations can reliably reflect clinical actions in real circumstances(AU)

Índice tobillo-brazo y método oscilométrico / No disponible

No disponible