Modified Trans-Sinusal Transglabellar Approach for Anterior Cranial Fossa Meningiomas: Technical Note and Literature Review.

Introduction Currently, skull base surgery faces the dilemma of achieving the maximum possible tumor resection through less aggressive approaches and with minimal retraction of brain tissue. The objective of this work is to report a minimally invasive step-by-step approach to anterior cranial fossa tumors and to perform a literature review. Methods In our work, we describe a step-by-step approach, with images, which is a variation of the transglabellar approach. Results In all cases, we achieved maximum total resection of the lesion. There were no postoperative complications related to the surgery. In one case, we used the access to remove a foreign body in the frontal lobe. Conclusion The frontal trans-sinusal transglabellar access allows direct access to anterior cranial fossa tumors and other frontal lobe lesions close to the floor of the anterior fossa, without the need for brain retraction, allowing early devascularization of the tumor. However, this access is not recommended for all types of tumors, and is being improved for more anteriorly located lesions.

Conhecimento de adolescentes sobre hanseníase após intervenção educativa / Adolescents' knowledge about leprosy after an educational intervention / El conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la lepra después de una intervención educative

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educativa no conhecimento de adolescentes sobre a hanseníase. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental, com um componente avaliativo do conhecimento de adolescentes, antes e após a aplicação de uma oficina educativa sobre hanseníase com 53 adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos. Resultados: Observou-se aumento no percentual do conhecimento ótimo imediatamente após a intervenção (p<0,01), mantendo-se no pós-teste tardio (p=0,24). A média da quantidade de acertos foi estatisticamente diferente entre o pré e pós-teste imediato (p<0,01) e foi estatisticamente igual entre o pós-teste imediato e tardio (p=0,99). Verificou-se aumento no número de acertos em todos os itens do instrumento após a intervenção (p<0,01). Conclusão: Conclui-se que houve melhora no conhecimento dos adolescentes entre o pré e o pós-teste imediato. Ainda, o conhecimento manteve-se estatisticamente similar entre o pós-teste imediato e tardio, sugerindo um efeito positivo da intervenção tanto imediatamente, quanto tardiamente (AU).

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on the knowledge of adolescents about leprosy. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study, with an evaluative component of the knowledge of adolescents, before and after the application of an educational workshop on leprosy with 53 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. Results: There was an increase in the percentage of optimal knowledge immediately after the intervention (p<0.01), remaining in the late post-test (p=0.24). The mean number of correct answers was statistically different between the immediate pre- and post-test (p<0.01) and was statistically equal between the immediate and late post-test (p=0.99). There was an increase in the number of correct answers in all items of the instrument after the intervention (p<0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that there was an improvement in the adolescents' knowledge between the pre- and post-test immediately. Furthermore, knowledge remained statistically similar between the immediate and late post-test, suggesting a positive effect of the intervention both immediately and later (AU).

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa sobre el conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la lepra. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cuasi-experimental, con un componente evaluativo del conocimiento de los adolescentes, antes y después de la aplicación de un taller educativo sobre lepra con 53 adolescentes de 10 a 14 años. Resultados: Hubo un aumento en el porcentaje de conocimiento óptimo inmediatamente después de la intervención (p <0.01), permaneciendo en el post-test tardío (p = 0.24). La media del número de respuestas correctas fue estadísticamente diferente entre la prueba previa y posterior inmediata (p <0.01) y fue estadísticamente igual entre la prueba posterior inmediata y tardía (p = 0.99). Hubo un aumento en el número de respuestas correctas en todos los ítems del instrumento luego de la intervención (p <0.01). Conclusión: Se concluye que hubo una mejora en el conocimiento de los adolescentes entre el pre y post test de forma inmediata. Además, el conocimiento se mantuvo estadísticamente similar entre la prueba posterior inmediata y tardía, lo que sugiere un efecto positivo de la intervención tanto inmediatamente como más tarde (AU).

Light-induced shifts in opsin gene expression in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps.

The development of the vertebrate eye is a complex process orchestrated by several conserved transcriptional and signaling regulators. Aside from partial or complete loss, examples of exceptional modifications to this intricate organ are scarce. The unique eye of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps is composed of duplicated corneas and pupils, as well as specialized retina regions associated with simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In a previous transcriptomic study of the A. anableps developing eye we identified expression of twenty non-visual and eleven visual opsin genes. Here, we surveyed the expression territories of three non-visual melanopsins genes (opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3), one teleost multiple tissue opsin (tmt1b) and two visual opsins (lws and rh2-1) in dorsal and ventral retinas. Our data showed that asymmetry of non-visual opsin expression is only established after birth. During embryonic development, while inside pregnant females, the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, and tmt1b spans the whole retina. In juvenile fish (post birth), the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, and tmt1b genes becomes restricted to the ventral retina, which receives aerial light. Raising juvenile fish in clear water instead of the murky waters found in its natural habitat is sufficient to change gene expression territories of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, tmt1b, and rh2-1, demonstrating that different lighting conditions can shift opsin expression and potentially contribute to changes in spectral sensitivity in the four eyed fish.

Agroindustrial waste as ecofriendly and low-cost alternative to production of chitosan from Mucorales fungi and antagonist effect against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacco and Scytalidium lignicola Pesante.

This study aimed to evaluate the production of fungal chitosan (FuChi) from Mucorales fungi cultivated in a cashew apple juice (CAJ) and cheese whey (CW) mixture, and to determine the growth-inhibitory effect of this biopolymer against Fusarium solani CFF109 and Scytalidium lignicola CMM1098, which cause root rot disease in cassava plants. Cunninghamella phaeospora UCP 1303 and Cunninghamella elegans UCP 1306 showed the highest FuChi production in screening assay, being selected to a CCRD 22 design to analyze the influence of different CAJ and CW concentrations in the increase of FuChi production. All nine Mucorales fungi cultivated in CAJ-CW medium, showing FuChi production in the range of 27.58 (Mucor hiemalis UCP 1309) to 65.40 mg/g (C. elegans UCP 1306). During CCRD 22 design, the highest FuChi production (64.09 mg/g) was achieved by C. elegans UCP 1306 cultivated in medium containing 40% (v/v) of CAJ and 30% (v/v) of CW, presenting 75% deacetylation degree and crystallinity indexes of 41.50%. FuChi at 16000 µg/mL showed a better inhibition against S. lignicola mycelial growth (81.70%) when compared with F. solani (22.13%) and induced alterations in hyphae morphology on both strains. CAJ and CW are promising substrates for FuChi production, and this biopolymer shows antimicrobial effect against F. solani and S. lignicola.

Eye development in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps: cranial and retinal adaptations to simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision.

The unique eyes of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps have long intrigued biologists. Key features associated with the bulging eye of Anableps include the expanded frontal bone and the duplicated pupils and cornea. Furthermore, the Anableps retina expresses different photoreceptor genes in dorsal and ventral regions, potentially associated with distinct aerial and aquatic stimuli. To gain insight into the developmental basis of the Anableps unique eye, we examined neurocranium and eye ontogeny, as well as photoreceptor gene expression during larval stages. First, we described six larval stages during which duplication of eye structures occurs. Our osteological analysis of neurocranium ontogeny revealed another distinctive Anablepid feature: an ossified interorbital septum partially separating the orbital cavities. Furthermore, we identified the onset of differences in cell proliferation and cell layer density between dorsal and ventral regions of the retina. Finally, we show that differential photoreceptor gene expression in the retina initiates during development, suggesting that it is inherited and not environmentally determined. In sum, our results shed light on the ontogenetic steps leading to the highly derived Anableps eye.