Effects of aerobic versus resistance training on serum fetuin-A, fetuin-B, and fibroblast growth factor-21 levels in male diabetic patients.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic versus resistance training programs on serum fetuin-A, fetuin-B, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) levels in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants (n = 34) were randomly assigned to a resistance training group (RTG; n = 12), an aerobic training group (ATG; n = 11), or a control group (n = 11). The ATG completed 30-45 min of aerobic running training at 65%-75% of the maximum heart rate. The RTG completed three sets of 10 repetitions maximum of leg press, bench press, knee extension, seated cable row, knee flexion, military press, and calf rise. Blood samples were taken before and after the training period to assess dependent variables. After 8 weeks, both the ATG and the RTG reduced fetuin-A (p < 0.05) and fetuin-B (p < 0.05), but increased FGF-21 (p < 0.05). Moreover, the RTG showed greater decrease than the ATG in fetuin-A (-18.3% vs. -7.9%), fetuin-B (-29.2% vs. -11.45%), and a lower increase in FGF-21 (42.2% vs. 25.1%), respectively. Aerobic and resistance exercise training significantly decreased serum fetuin-A, and fetuin-B, and increased FGF-21 levels in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, more significant alterations in serum factors were observed from resistance training. Thus, resistance training may be considered a more suitable training strategy.

Comparative effect of order based resistance exercises on number of repetitions, rating of perceived exertion and muscle damage biomarkers in men / / Efeito comparativo da sequência de execução dos exercícios resistidos no número de repetições, percepção subjetiva de esforço e biomarcadores de danos musculares em homens / / Efecto comparativo de la secuencia de ejecución de ejercicios de fuerza en el número de repeticiones, el grado de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo y biomarcadores de daño muscular en hombres (AU)

Objetivo. el propósito del presente estudio fue comparar los efectos de la secuencia de ejercicios de entrenamiento de la fuerza en el número de repeticiones realizadas, la percepción del esfuerzo y en los marcadores de daño muscular. Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos da ordem de exercícios resistidos sobre o número de repetições, percepção subjetiva de esforço e biomarcadores de danos musculares. Método. Una semana despues de la realización de un test de una repetición máxima (1RM), los 11 varones sanos no entrenados participantes, realizaron dos secuencias de ejercicios de fuerza, consistentes en 4 series de 4 ejercicios al 70% de 1RM con dos minutos de reposo entre series, con los ejercicios ejecutados hasta el fallo y distinto orden: la secuencia A consistió: sentadillas hack (HS), prensa de piernas (LP), extensión de piernas (LE), y flexión curl de piernas (LC), mientras que para la secuencia B la secuencia era la opuesta a la A (LC, LE, LP, HS). Método. Uma semana após o teste de uma repetição máxima (1 RM), 11 homens saudáveis não treinados completaram duas ordens de exercícios resistidos, incluindo 4 séries de 4 exercícios a 70% de 1RM, com intervalos de 2 minutos entre as séries com exercícios realizados até a falha e de ordem distintas: ordem A incluiu: agachamento hack (HS), leg press (LP), extensão da perna (LE) e flexão de perna (LC), por outro lado, a ordem B ocorreu de forma oposta à ordem A (LC, LE, LP, HS). Resultados. el incremento de la actividad CK y de la concentración de lactato fue la misma para la secuencia A y la secuencia B (P> 0.05). El total de la media del número de repeticiones para HS y LC mostraron un descenso significativo (P< 0.05) cuando se realizaron posteriormente en cada secuencia de ejercicios; no obstante, no se observó una diferencia significativa, en el recuento del número total de repeticiones, de cada una de las secuencias de ejercicios de fuerza (secuencia A= 8.59 ± 1.61, secuencia B= 8.78 ± 1.96). el grado de percepción del esfuerzo (RPE) no presentó cambios significativos entre las secuencias de ejercicios; no obstante, la RPE aumenta para HS y LC cuando este fue la última secuencia de ejercicio. Resultados. Ocorreram aumentos da atividade de CK e concentração de lactato tanto para a ordem A e B (P> 0.05). A média do número total de repetições para HS e LC indicou uma diminuição significativa (P <0.05), quando foram realizadas posteriormente em cada ordem de exercícios; no entanto, não houve diferença significativa na média do número total de repetições nos exercícios resistidos (Ordem A = 8.59 ± 1.61, B = 8.78 ± 1.96). A percepção subjetiva de esforço (RPE) não foi significativamente diferente entre as ordens de exercícios; contudo, a percepção subjetiva de esforço aumentou para HS e LC, quando estes exercícios foram realizados por último. Conclusão. Ambas as ordens de exercícios resistidos foram igualmente eficientes nos parâmetros de danos musculares (CK, lactato), percepção subjetiva de esforço, assim como na média do número total de repetições, contudo à medida que a sessão de exercício progredia, o número de repetições realizadas até a falha diminui no último exercício em uma única ordem e a ordem dos exercícios pode influenciar no desempenho. Conclusion. se puede concluir que ambas secuencias de ejercicios de fuerza fueron igualmente de efectivos en los parámetros de daño muscular (CK, lactate), RPE y el recuento del total del número de repeticiones del ejercicio, aunque cuando la sesión de ejercicio progresaba, el número de repeticiones realizadas hasta la fatiga mental, disminuía en el último ejercicio en sólo uno de las secuencias, por lo que la secuencia de ejercicios puede influir en el rendimiento (AU)

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of orders of resistance exercise, on the number of repetitions performed, rating of perceived exertion and muscle damage biomarkers. Method: One week after the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test, 11 healthy untrained male participants completed two resistance exercise protocols including 4 sets of 4 exercises at 70% 1RM, with 2 min rest intervals between sets, exercises performed until failure and different orders: order A including: hack squat (HS), leg press (LP), leg extension (LE), and leg curl (LC), while order B was opposed to order A (LC, LE, LP, HS). Results: Increase of CK activity and lactate concentration was the same for order A and order B (P > 0.05). The total mean number of repetitions for HS and LC indicated a significant decrease (P < 0.05) when they were performed later in each exercise orders; however, no significant difference in the average of total number of exercise repetition was observed for neither resistance exercise orders (order A = 8.59 ± 1.61, order B = 8.78 ± 1.96). Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was not significantly different between the exercise orders; however, the RPE increases for HS and LC when they were the last exercise orders. Conclusion: It can be concluded that both of the resistance exercise orders were equally effective in muscle damage parameters (CK, lactate), RPE and the average of the total number of exercise repetitions, although when the exercise session progressed, the number of repetitions performed to volitional failure decreased in last exercise in one single order, and the exercise order can influence performance (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos da ordem de exercícios resistidos sobre o número de repetições, percepção subjetiva de esforço e biomarcadores de danos musculares. Método: Uma semana após o teste de uma repetição máxima (1 RM), 11 homens saudáveis não treinados completaram duas ordens de exercícios resistidos, incluindo 4 séries de 4 exercícios a 70% de 1RM, com intervalos de 2 minutos entre as séries com exercícios realizados até a falha e de ordem distintas: ordem A incluiu: agachamento hack (HS), leg press (LP), extensão da perna (LE) e flexão de perna (LC), por outro lado, a ordem B ocorreu de forma oposta à ordem A (LC, LE, LP, HS). Resultados: Ocorreram aumentos da atividade de CK e concentração de lactato tanto para a ordem A e B (P> 0.05). A média do número total de repetições para HS e LC indicou uma diminuição significativa (P <0.05), quando foram realizadas posteriormente em cada ordem de exercícios; no entanto, não houve diferença significativa na média do número total de repetições nos exercícios resistidos (Ordem A = 8.59 ± 1.61, B = 8.78 ± 1.96). A percepção subjetiva de esforço (RPE) não foi significativamente diferente entre as ordens de exercícios; contudo, a percepção subjetiva de esforço aumentou para HS e LC, quando estes exercícios foram realizados por último. Conclusão: Ambas as ordens de exercícios resistidos foram igualmente eficientes nos parâmetros de danos musculares (CK, lactato), percepção subjetiva de esforço, assim como na média do número total de repetições, contudo à medida que a sessão de exercício progredia, o número de repetições realizadas até a falha diminui no último exercício em uma única ordem e a ordem dos exercícios pode influenciar no desempenho (AU)

Anti-inflammatory effects of anti-platelet treatment in atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is considered an inflammatory disease. T-cells, macrophages, and mast cells infiltrate atherosclerotic plaques and platelets play an essential role releasing inflammatory mediators that stimulate plaque progression. This is important in acute coronary syndromes but it is also the mechanism involved in plaque progresion and endothelial dysfunction. Antiplatelet drugs exert their effects not only by inhibition of platelet aggregation but also through their antiinflammatory effect. Aspirin, thyenopiridines and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors have antiinflammatory properties that involve different mechanisms of action, especially related to the blockade of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interactions. Testing platelet function in addition to assessing levels of inflammatory markers, and not only the risk of bleeding, could help in decision-making to balance the risk-benefit of anti-thrombotic treatment. Different clinical settings are associated with variable inflammatory states, and this could be, in part, responsible for variable response to treatment.

Osteopontin and calbindin gene expression in the eggshell gland as related to eggshell abnormalities.

Eggshell quality is a major concern to the poultry industry: eggs with poor-quality shells hatch poorly and are rejected in the processing plant. The eggshell gland (ESG) proteins and the matrix proteins, which participate in crystallization, fulfill important functions during formation of the calcified tissues and contribute to the biomechanical properties of the mature product. We selected layers that consistently produced eggshells with specific abnormalities, and continued to do so after molting, and evaluated the expression of 2 genes-osteopontin (OPN) and calbindin-as related to particular eggshell abnormalities. These genes are synthesized by the ESG and appear to participate in the calcification process. When the ESG produces normal eggshells, OPN was expressed uniformly by all of the epithelial cells facing the lumen, and calbindin was expressed by the glandular epithelium. In contrast, in the layers producing pimpled eggs, OPN was expressed only in sections of the pseudostratified epithelium, separated by areas of cells devoid of OPN gene expression, whereas calbindin was expressed at much greater levels throughout the glandular epithelium. Almost no OPN gene expression was observed in the ESG of layers producing corrugated shells, but their pattern of calbindin expression was similar to but somewhat greater than that in ESG that produced normal eggshells. In cases in which eggs had cracks at the sharp or blunt poles, OPN was expressed only at the side opposite to the cracks, whereas calbindin was expressed at both sides equally independent of the cracks. The results suggest that synthesis of the proteins associated with the formation of eggshells with the various abnormalities is controlled by different mechanisms. This may imply that more than 1 strategy will be required to improve eggshell quality.