Collembola of the Cavalum and Landeiro Caves (Madeira, Portugal).

The cave fauna of the Macaronesian archipelagos is rich in endemic species. Unlike the Azores and the Canary Islands, the cave fauna of the Madeira archipelago is little known. The only two cave complexes studied, Machico and São Vicente, lack protection measures. São Vicente is seriously threatened because it is being exploited for touristic purposes, while the Machico complex, the only one in its natural state, is open to the public but without any control. The importance of the conservation of this cave fauna is indisputable. So far, of the 13 cavernicolous species recorded, two of them-genus Centromerus-are critically endangered. Apart from occasional sampling, no monitoring study has ever been carried out. The aim of this work has been to make a species checklist of the cave fauna of the Machico complex, the least studied so far. For this purpose, during 2001-2002, a monitoring study was carried out using traps and manual collections in the lava tubes of Landeiros and Cavalum (I, II, III). Fourteen species of springtails were recorded. Of these, four are new species, Neelus serratus Jordana & Baquero sp. nov., Coecobrya decemsetosa Jordana & Baquero sp. nov., Coecobrya octoseta Jordana & Baquero sp. nov., and Sinella duodecimoculata Jordana & Baquero sp. nov., and one is a new record for the archipelago, Lepidocyrtus curvicollis Bourlet, 1839.

Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning.

Catalogue of Vietnamese springtails (Hexapoda, Collembola).

Based on what we believe is a complete survey of the previous literature, the citations of the collembola found in Vietnam are recorded. In total, the catalogue includes 350 species in 118 genera from 21families (69 dubious records). For each species the current name is indicated, as well as the basionym and main synonyms with the complete bibliographic reference, the records for different provinces and regions with the authorships, and the general distribution data. When necessary, taxonomic notes are added. The catalog includes 120 bibliographic references (up to December 2021). The main goal of this paper is to promote future studies on the collembolan fauna of Vietnam.

New species and records of Neanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Mazandaran Province (Northeastern Iran), with a key to Iranian species of the subfamily.

Four new species of the subfamily Neanurinae, namely Cryptonura dohezarensis sp. nov., Cryptonura abmalensis sp. nov., Cryptonura sariensis sp. nov. and Neanura persica sp. nov. from different forests in the Northern Iranian province of Mazandaran are described and illustrated. C. dohezarensis sp. nov. is characterized by body without pigment, dorsal tubercles rounded, mandible with 3 teeth, tubercles Cl and Af on head separate, tubercles Di on Th IIIII with 3 chaetae and tubercle L on Abd III with 3 chaetae; C. abmalensis sp. nov.by body with bluish pigment, dorsal tubercles triangular, mandible with 4 teeth, tubercles Cl and Af on head fused, chaetae A on head absent, tubercles L on Abd II and III with 4 chaetae and tubercle De+Dl+L on Abd V with 5 ordinary chaetae; C. sariensis sp. nov.by body with bluish pigment, dorsal tubercles rounded, mandible with 5 teeth, tubercles Cl and Af on head separate and a reduced dorsal chaetotaxy; N. persica sp. nov. belongs to the group of Neanura with ventral chaetae L on Abd V, without chaetae Ocp on the head and tubercles Di on Th I absent, and is characterized by one character unknown in other members of the genus, e.g., the fusion of cephalic tubercles Cl and Af. In addition four other taxa have been found in the same forests: Cryptonura persica Smolis et al., 2012 and three species that may represent new species but there is insufficient material available to prepare full descriptions (one species in the genus Cryptonura, one in Vitronura and one in Endonura). An identification key of the genus and species of Neanurinae recorded so far from Iran is given.

The subfamily Pachyotominae in Mexico (Collembola: Isotomidae) with description of a new Pachyotoma species.

Pachyotoma primamexicana sp. nov, from Popocatépetl, Mexico is described; it is similar to Pachyotoma alpa (Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980) and P. muskegis (Guthrier, 1903). It can be distinguished from all other the members of the genus by the small size of PAO (about half the size of closest eye) and the formula (2,3,3) of the slightly capitate tenent hairs. An identification key for Nearctic Pachyotominae and a table with diagnostic morphological characters to the Nearctic species of the genus with integument clearly granulated is given. Three new records of species from Mexico are listed: Pachyotoma crassicauda (Tullberg, 1871), Coloburella octogenaria (Mills & Schmidt, 1957) and Bonetrura boneti (Yosii, 1962). A discussion on the distribution of the subfamily Pachyotominae and some notes on the biogeography of the subfamily are provided.

The family Onychiuridae (Collembola) from karst caves of the Basque biospeleologic district, with description of four new species.

The study of Onychiuridae from 42 caves of the north of the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France has revealed the existence of 32 species inhabiting the caves of the Basque bio-speleological district, among which four new species are described: Deuteraphorura bizkaiensis sp. nov., Deuteraphorura bolivari sp. nov., Onychiurus arbailakensis sp. nov. and Protaphorura leitzaldeaensis sp. nov. Furthermore, three species, Deuteraphorura boneti (Gisin, 1953), Deuteraphorura akelaris (Jordana Beruete, 1983) and Spinonychiurus vandeli (Cassagnau, 1960), are redescribed based on type and new material to furnish the description of some characters, especially concerning the chaetotaxy, not considered in the original description. Keys to the recorded species are also reported.

A review of the Iranian species of the family Onychiuridae (Collembola, Poduromorpha), with description of five new species from Hyrcanian Forests in Iran.

Five new species from different tribes of the family Onychiuridae, namely Heteraphorura kaprusi sp. nov. (Hymenaphorurini), Deuteraphorura dashtenazensis sp. nov. and Onychiuroides mazandaranensis sp. nov. (Onychiurini), Protaphorura hyrcanica sp. nov. and P. iranica sp. nov. (Protaphorurini), from different Caspian Hyrcanian Mixed Forests in the Northern Iranian province of Mazandaran are described and illustrated. H. kaprusi sp. nov. belongs to the oriental species-group of the genus characterized by granulated vesicles in PAO, D. dashtenazensis sp. nov.-to the group of Deuteraphorura species with 1+1 pso on Th. I, and with 3+3 pso on the posterior part of head and Th. II-Abd. III tergites, O. mazandaranensis sp. nov.-to the group of Onychiuroides with 4 papillae and 5 chaetae on AIIIO, P. hyrcanica sp. nov. and P. iranica sp. nov.-to the group of Protaphorura species with 3 pso on Ant. base, 2+2 pso on Th. II and subcoxae 1 of legs II-III without pso. In addition two other species have been found in the same forests: Protaphorura sakatoi (Yosii, 1966) and Protaphorura golestanica Kaprus', Shayanmehr Kahrarian, 2017 (second record of the species). An identification key of the 30 species of Onychiuridae recorded so far from Iran is given.

A new species of Odontella from Tierra del Fuego and notes on Afrodontella Deharveng, 1981 (Collembola: Odontellidae).

Odontella rapoporti sp. nov., from Tierra del Fuego is described, as the third species of the Odontella lobata group, which has a subantarctic distribution. The new species is similar to O. lobata and O. setosa, but can be distinguished from them by the number of chaetae on the dens (6 or 7 chaetae in O. setosa vs. 5 chaetae in the other species) and the number of chaetae in the distal whorl of the tibiotarsus (9 chaetae in O. lobata vs. 11 in the other species). The closely related monotypic genus Afrodontella Deharveng, 1981, and its type species (A. septemlobata) are described.

Simonachorutes, a new genus of Pseudachorutinae (Collembola, Neanuridae) from Europe.

Simonachorutes gen. nov. a new genus of subfamily Pseudachorutinae is described from Europe. It has a unique suite of morphological characters (8 + 8 ocelli, very long buccal cone, mandibles absent, tibiotarsal chaetotaxy reduced, furcula present) and is similar to Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871, Paranurida Skarzynski & Pomorski, 1994 and Pongeia Najt & Weiner, 2002. S. romeroi comb. nov. and S. agrensis comb. nov. are redescribed and S. weinerae sp. nov. from Poland is described.

Three new species and one new record of Tullbergiidae (Collembola: Onychiuroidea) from Tierra del Fuego.

Three new species, Tullbergia rapoporti sp. nov., Dinaphorura nerudai sp. nov. and Dinaphorura najtae sp. nov., and one new record, Tullbergia meridionalis Cassagnau & Rapoport, 1962 are described based on specimens from Tierra del Fuego. Tullbergia rapoporti sp. nov. is similar to T. crozetensis, but can be distinguished from it by the presence of an empodial appendage and the chaetotaxy of Abd VI. Dinaphorura nerudai sp. nov. is diagnosed by the dorsal pso formula, the seven spiniform processes on Abd VI, an elongate PAO, the absence of vesicle on Ant IV and the dorsal chaetotaxy. Dinaphorura najtae sp. nov. is characterised by the dorsal pso formula, the seven spiniform processes on Abd VI, a triangular PAO, the absence of vesicle on Ant IV and the dorsal chaetotaxy.

The genus Folsomides Stach (Collembola, Isotomidae) in Kermanshah Province (W Iran) with the description of two new species.

The genus Folsomides Stach, 1922 is represented by four species in the Iranian fauna, two of which are new to the science. Folsomides halshinicus sp. nov. and Folsomides subvinosus sp. nov. are found in Kermanshah Province (Western Iran). The new species belong to the Folsomides angularis (Axelson, 1905) group and they are distinguishable from other congeneric species by the macrochaetotaxy (11/22233 macrochaetae on thoracic II to abdominal V tergites) and the number of chaetae on dens. A table with the diagnostic characters for the identification of Iranian species of Folsomides is given. Some figures of F.vinosus Fjellberg, 1993 from Canary Island was given after study of type specimens.

Collembola Poduromorpha from Guelma Province (Northeastern Algeria), with description of a new Superodontella species (Collembola: Odontellidae).

Ten Poduromorpha species have been found in the Taya Region, three of which are new for Algeria: Hypogastrura vernalis (Carl, 1901), Xenylla brevisimilis mediterranea Gama, 1964 and Superodontella tayaensis sp. nov. The new species is morphologically closest to S. subalpina Arbea, 1990, with three subequal dental chaetae. They differ in the number of tibiotarsal chaetae and the sensilar chaetotaxy of Ant IV.