Population-based prevalence and trend of birth defects in Costa Rica from 2000 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze the prevalence and trend of birth defects (BDs) in Costa Rica, where BDs are the second leading cause of infant and under-five mortality. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of selected BDs prevalence and trends from 2000 to 2019 was performed, based on data from the Costa Rican Birth Defects Register Center, the national BDs surveillance system with coverage of 98% of live births in the country. We used Joinpoint regression to identify any calendar year where a significant change in trend occurred; the annual percent change (APC) and the average annual percent change (AAPC) were determined. Marginal means and prevalence ratios by subperiod (2000-2009 as referent and 2010-2019) were estimated using Poisson regression, and compared using Wald's chi-square tests (alpha ≤0.05). RESULTS: From 2000 to 2019, BDs occurred in 2.3% of live births (95% CI: 2.3-2.4); 73% of which were major BDs. Males presented a significantly higher prevalence (sex ratio 1.13 males/females). The trend showed an AAPC of +3.7 (p < .05) with two joinpoints, 2005 and 2013. A significant APC (+11.3) was observed during 2005-2013, within the context of improvements in the surveillance system, such as the increase in the reporting age, and the incorporation of other data sources in addition to maternity hospitals. Most of the BDs groups presented a significant upward trend. The highest AAPC was observed for the respiratory system (+11.7), congenital heart defects (+9.5), and nervous system (+8.5). CONCLUSIONS: The BDs present a clear upward trend in the last two decades due, among other things, to a significant improvement in the surveillance system.

Integrated surveillance strategy to support the prevention of neural tube defects through food fortification with folic acid: the experience of Costa Rica.

PURPOSE: (1) To describe how Costa Rica implemented an integrated surveillance strategy of folate deficiency, neural tube defects (NTDs) prevalence, NTDs-associated infant mortality rate (NTDs-IMR), and folic acid food fortification (FAFF), to support with evidence NTDs prevention policies; (2) to disseminate updated data from monitoring programs. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis, using the databases of national surveillance systems for NTDs outcomes to compare NTDs-prevalence and NTDs-IMR observed in the pre-fortification (1987-1998) and post-fortification (2010-2020) periods. In addition, using data from FAFF monitoring program (2010-2020), means of folic acid concentration (mg/kg) and folic acid daily intake (µg/day) were calculated for each fortified food (corn and wheat flour, rice and milk), as well as its contribution to folic acid estimated average requirement (EAR). RESULTS: After FAFF Costa Rica showed a decrease of 84% in folic acid deficiency in women of childbearing age, as well as a 53% decrease in the prevalence of NTDs, falling from 11.82/10,000 to 5.52/10,000 livebirths. In addition, there was a 76% reduction in the NTDs-IMR from 77.01/100,000 to 18.66/100,000 livebirths. Between 2010 and 2020, all fortified foods provided an average contribution of 119% of the EAR of folic acid in the population. CONCLUSION: To reduce NTD risk, an integrated surveillance strategy is essential not only to base prevention strategies on evidence, but also to demonstrate their impact and improve interventions over time. The experience in Costa Rica provides evidence that this type of surveillance is feasible to be implemented in developing countries.

Reduction of infant mortality from congenital heart defects in a middle-income country: Costa Rican experience.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze recent infant and neonatal mortality from congenital heart defects (CHD) in Costa Rica, a middle-income country where CHD mortality was above expectations. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of infant and neonatal mortality rates from CHD (IMR-CHD and NMR-CHD) during 2000-2019 was performed, according to province, sex, specific CHD, and sub-period, using data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. We used joinpoint regression to identify any calendar-year where a significant change in trend occurred; the average annual percent change (AAPC) was determined. Using Poisson regression, marginal means and mortality ratios (MR) for IMR-CHD and NMR-CHD by sub-period (2000-2006-referent-, 2007-2013, 2014-2019) were estimated and compared using Wald's chi-square tests (α ≤ .05). RESULTS: During 2000-2019, CHD accounted for 12% of overall infant mortality. IMR-CHD and NMR-CHD decreased linearly over the study period (AAPC = -3.4; p < .01). IMR-CHD decreased by 41%, from 13.6 per 10,000 in 2000-2006 (13.4% of infant mortality) to 8.1 per 10,000 in 2014-2019 (10% of infant mortality) (MR = 0.59; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.52-0.68). NMR-CHD decreased by 38%, from 7.9 per 10,000 in 2000-2006 (11.1% of neonatal mortality) to 4.9 per 10,000 in 2014-2019 (7.9% of infant mortality) (MR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.52-0.68). Male presented significantly higher NMR-CHD. The main causes of mortality (2014-2019) were total anomalous pulmonary venous connections, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and double inlet ventricle. CONCLUSIONS: IMR-CHD, NMR-CHD, and their proportional contribution to mortality by all causes and by birth defects decreased significantly, demonstrating that all improvements implemented in the last decades have yielded favorable results.

Identification of a Novel Lipase with AHSMG Pentapeptide in Hypocreales and Glomerellales Filamentous Fungi.

Lipases are enzymes that hydrolyze triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol. A typical element in lipases is a conserved motif of five amino acids (the pentapeptide), most commonly G-X-S-X-G. Lipases with the pentapeptide A-X-S-X-G are present in species of Bacillus, Paucimonas lemoignei, and the yeast Trichosporon asahii; they are usually thermotolerant and solvent resistant. Recently, while searching for true lipases in the Trichoderma harzianum genome, one lipase containing the pentapeptide AHSMG was identified. In this study, we cloned from T. harzianum strain B13-1 the lipase ID135964, renamed here as ThaL, which is 97.65% identical with the reference. We found that ThaL is a lid-containing true lipase of cluster III that belongs to a large family comprising highly conserved proteins in filamentous fungi in the orders Hypocreales and Glomerellales, in which predominantly pathogenic fungi are found. ThaL was expressed in conidia, as well as in T. harzianum mycelium, where it was cultured in liquid minimal medium. These results-together with the amino acid composition, absence of a signal peptide, mitochondrial sorting prediction, disordered regions in the protein, and lineage-specific phylogenetic distribution of its homologs-suggest that ThaL is a non-canonical effector. In summary, AHSMG-lipase is a novel lipase family in filamentous fungi, and is probably involved in pathogenicity.

Prevalence of microcephaly: the Latin American Network of Congenital Malformations 2010-2017.

Objective: The Latin American Network of Congenital Malformations: ReLAMC was established in 2017 to provide accurate congenital anomaly surveillance. This study used data from ReLAMC registries to quantify the prevalence of microcephaly from 2010 to 2017 (before, during and after the Zika virus epidemic). Design: Nine ReLAMC congenital anomaly registries provided case-level data or aggregate data for any live births, still births or terminations of pregnancy with microcephaly. Births to pregnant women infected with Zika virus first occurred in Brazil in 2015, and in the remaining registry areas in 2016 with the exception of Chile that did not experience Zika virus. Therefore the prevalence of microcephaly for 2010-2014 and individual years 2015, 2016 and 2017 was estimated using multilevel random effect Poisson models. Clinical classification and characteristics of the cases were compared pre and post Zika for all centres providing individual case-level data. Results: The prevalence of microcephaly for all registries excluding Brazil was 2.3 per 10 000 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.6) for 2010-2014 rising to 5.4 (95% CI 4.8 to 6.0) in 2016 and 5.9 (95% CI 5.3 to 6.6) in 2017. Brazil had a prevalence of 0.6 per 10 000 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.6) in 2010-2014, rising to 5.8 (95% CI 5.6 to 6.1) in 2015, 8.0 (95% CI 7.6 to 8.3) in 2016 and then falling in 2017. Only 29 out of 687 cases of microcephaly were reported as congenital Zika syndrome in countries excluding Brazil. Conclusions: The prevalence of microcephaly was influenced both by Zika causing congenital Zika syndrome and by increased reporting awareness.

Evans syndrome in adults: an observational multicenter study.

Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare condition, defined as the presence of 2 autoimmune cytopenias, most frequently autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and rarely autoimmune neutropenia. ES can be classified as primary or secondary to various conditions, including lymphoproliferative disorders, other systemic autoimmune diseases, and primary immunodeficiencies, particularly in children. In adult ES, little is known about clinical features, disease associations, and outcomes. In this retrospective international study, we analyzed 116 adult patients followed at 13 European tertiary centers, focusing on treatment requirements, occurrence of complications, and death. ES was secondary to or associated with underlying conditions in 24 cases (21%), mainly other autoimmune diseases and hematologic neoplasms. Bleeding occurred in 42% of patients, mainly low grade and at ITP onset. Almost all patients received first-line treatment (steroids with or without intravenous immunoglobulin), and 23% needed early additional therapy for primary refractoriness. Additional therapy lines included rituximab, splenectomy, immunosuppressants, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, and others, with response rates >80%. However, a remarkable number of relapses occurred, requiring ≥3 therapy lines in 54% of cases. Infections and thrombotic complications occurred in 33% and 21% of patients, respectively, mainly grade ≥3, and correlated with the number of therapy lines. In addition to age, other factors negatively affecting survival were severe anemia at onset and occurrence of relapse, infection, and thrombosis. These data show that adult ES is often severe and marked by a relapsing clinical course and potentially fatal complications, pinpointing the need for high clinical awareness, prompt therapy, and anti-infectious/anti-thrombotic prophylaxis.

Mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos en Costa Rica: actualización 2010-2018 / Infant mortality from birth defects in Costa Rica: update 2010-2018

Resumen Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la tendencia de los diferentes tipos de defectos congénitos en la tasa de mortalidad infantil y neonatal en Costa Rica durante el período 2010-2018 con respecto al primer período 2000-2009. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis de estadísticas vitales. La fuente de información fue el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos de Costa Rica, mediante su sistema de acceso público y consulta en línea, se consultó la base de defunciones por causa y la base de nacimientos para el período 2000-2018. Las causas de defunción por defectos congénitos se agruparon por sistemas, además se seleccionaron los defectos de mayor mortalidad en el periodo de estudio para su análisis específico. Para describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos de 2010-2018 con respecto al decenio anterior, se calcularon tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal para los períodos 2000- 2009 y 2010-2018 con su respectivo intervalo de confianza (IC95%). Se construyó un modelo de regresión Poisson Log lineal para cada grupo de defectos congénitos y para los defectos específicos seleccionados, tomando como factor de ajuste los subperíodos comparados. Se estimaron razones de prevalencias y se compararon mediante chi cuadrado de Wald usando como base el período 2000-2009. Resultados. En las últimas dos décadas, los defectos congénitos causaron 29% a 38% de la mortalidad infantil general. La tasa de mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos durante 2000-2009 fue 3,19 (IC95%: 3,1-3,3) y descendió significativamente a 2,97 (IC95%: 2,8-3,1) en el período 2010-2018. Esta disminución se dio a expensas de la afectación de los sistemas circulatorio y digestivo.Al analizar la mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos específicos, se demostró una disminución significativa únicamente en espina bífida y algunos defectos cardiacos: transposición de grandes arterias, defecto septal ventricular, coartación aorta y otras anomalías cardiacas no especificadas. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal por defectos congénitos no varió significativamente entre los períodos comparados, en 2000-2009 fue 2,13 (IC95%: 2,0-2,2) y 2,17 (IC95%: 2,1-2,3) en 2010-2018. El único grupo de defectos congénitos que presentó una disminución significativa en la tasa de mortalidad neonatal en la última década fue el sistema circulatorio. Conclusiones. En la última década se presentó una disminución significativa de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos. Este descenso obedeció principalmente a una disminución significativa en las tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal por defectos cardiacos.

Abstract Objective. This study aims to identify the trend of the different types of congenital defects in the infant and neonatal mortality rate in Costa Rica during the period 2010- 2018, and to compare it with the period 2000-2009. Methods. A vital statistics analysis was performed. The source of information was the Costa Rican National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, through its public domain system and online consultation, the base of deaths by cause and the base of births for the period 2000-2018 were consulted. The causes of death due to congenital defects were grouped by system, in addition, the defects with the highest mortality in the study period were selected for their specific analysis. To describe the behavior of infant mortality due to congenital defects in 2010-2018 with respect to the previous decade, infant and neonatal mortality rates were calculated for the periods 2000-2009 and 2010- 2018 with their respective confidence interval (95% CI). A linear Poisson Log regression model was constructed for each group of congenital defects and for the specific defects selected, taking the sub periods compared as an adjustment factor. Prevalence ratios were estimated and compared using Wald's chi square based on the period 2000-2009. Results. In the last two decades, birth defects caused 29% to 38% of overall infant mortality. The infant mortality rate due to congenital defects during 2000-2009 was 3.19 (95% CI: 3.06-3.32) and presented a significant decrease to 2.97 (95% CI: 2.84-3.11) in the 2010-2018 period. This decrease occurred at the expense of the affection of circulatory and digestive systems. When analyzing infant mortality due to specific congenital defects, a significant decrease was shown only in spina bifida and some cardiac defects: transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, aortic coarctation and other unspecified cardiac anomalies. The neonatal mortality rate due to congenital defects did not vary significantly between the periods compared, in 2000-2009 it was 2.13 (95% CI: 2.03-2.24) and 2.17 (95% CI: 2.06-2, 29) in 2010-2018. The only group of congenital defects that presented a significant decrease in the neonatal mortality rate in the last decade was the circulatory system. Conclusions. In the last decade there was a significant decrease in the infant mortality rate due to congenital defects. This decrease was mainly due to a significant decrease in infant and neonatal mortality rates from heart defects.

COVID-19; optimización del acceso a elementos de protección personal mediante la creación de herramientas de gestión en farmacias de efectores públicos de Santa Fe / COVID-19; optimization of access to personal protection elements through the creation of management tools in pharmacies of public effectors of Santa Fe

INTRODUCCIÓN La protección adecuada al momento de la atención de pacientes COVID-19 es de suma importancia en cualquier sistema de salud. El aumento indiscriminado en la demanda de los equipos de protección personal (EPPs) provocó su escasez, originó una reconfiguración del mercado y la aparición de productos para el mismo fin, de composición y precio muy variable. Surge la necesidad de analizar las compras realizadas por efectores de la provincia de Santa Fe, lo que acarreó la dificultad de acceder a datos por su atomización en diferentes sistemas informáticos. OBJETIVO Generar herramientas de gestión para mejorar el acceso a EPPs que garanticen la seguridad del personal sanitario, para optimizar gestiones de compra, mediante integración de datos en la Red de Servicios Farmacéuticos (RSF). METODOS Estudio de investigación-acción participativa desde Sep/20 a Ago/21. Se analizaron las gestiones de compras de EPPs realizadas por Servicios de Farmacia de diez efectores públicos de tercer nivel de complejidad. Se confeccionaron fichas para cada EPP con requisitos mínimos de calidad y seguridad. Se adaptó una plataforma Business Intelligence (BI) que integra datos de gestiones de compras. A partir de dicha herramienta y sobre la base del precio de cada rubro, se calculó media, valores máximos y mínimos, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación (CV). RESULTADOS El desarrollo de la herramienta BI permitió interoperabilidad de los sistemas informáticos en 7/10 efectores. El mayor CV se observó en barbijo quirúrgico con un 93.75% y una variación del precio en el periodo Dic/19-Jun/20 de 3960%. DISCUSIÓN Las fichas técnicas constituyen material de consulta básico para la gestión de los EPPs. La herramienta BI permite integrar los datos de los efectores, lo cual nutre al Sistema de Salud y permite transformarlos en información, generar conocimientos para realizar intervenciones y optimizar recursos asignados mediante el uso racional de los bienes públicos

Prevalencia al nacimiento de síndrome de Down, según edad materna en Costa Rica, 1996-2016 / Birth prevalence of Down syndrome according maternal age in Costa Rica, 1996-2016

Resumen Justificación: El síndrome de Down es la cromosomopatía más frecuente en Costa Rica y el mundo, así como la principal causa de discapacidad intelectual. La edad materna avanzada es el mayor factor de riesgo conocido para este padecimiento. El objetivo fue conocer la tendencia de síndrome de Down en nacidos vivos, según edad materna en Costa Rica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de prevalencias de todos los casos de síndrome de Down nacidos vivos en Costa Rica entre 1996-2016, reportados al Centro Nacional de Registro de Enfermedades Congénitas, programa nacional de vigilancia de los defectos congénitos. Se determinó la tendencia y prevalencia en nacidos vivos según edad materna: < 20, 20-34 y 35 años o más, y según período: 1996-2007 y 2008-2016. Se realizó una regresión de Poisson, tomando como referencias el grupo 20-34 años y 1996-2002, y se compararon estimados mediante chi cuadrado de Wald. Se calculó la razón de prevalencias en madres ≥35 años y la fracción atribuible poblacional para este estrato. Por último, se comparó la tendencia del síndrome de Down con la tendencia de la tasa de fecundidad específica en madres ≥35 años en el país, para el período en estudio. Resultados: Para 1996-2016, la prevalencia de síndrome de Down en nacidos vivos fue de 1,02 x 1000 (IC95 %: 0,97-1,07). Hubo un aumento significativo de 0,91 (1996-2007) a 1,16 x 1000 (2008-2016), a expensas de la prevalencia en madres ≥35 años, la cual aumentó de 4,27 a 5,44 x 1000; mientras que la tasa de fecundidad en estas madres cayó significativamente de 20,15 x 1000 (IC95 %: 20,02-20,28) en 1996-2007, a 15,58 x 1000 (IC95 % 15,46-15,70) para o 2008-2016. La edad materna media en SD fue de 32,2 años, contra 25,5 años para la población general (p≤0,001). La razón de prevalencia ajustada por período, en madres de ≥35 años, contra madres de 20-34 años fue de 8,05 (IC95 % 7,25-8,95) y la fracción atribuible poblacional del 41,22 %. Conclusiones: La prevalencia al nacimiento de síndrome de Down en Costa Rica aumentó a expensas de la prevalencia en madres ≥35 años, pese a que la tasa de fecundidad específica en esas mujeres cayó significativamente. La inclusión del Hospital Nacional de Niños como institución de referencia nacional para este síndrome, dentro de la red de vigilancia de los defectos congénitos, pudo ser un factor determinante en el aumento de la prevalencia.

Abstract Justification: Down syndrome is the most frequent chromosomopathy in Costa Rica and the world, as well as the main cause of intellectual disability. Advanced maternal age is the main known risk factor for this condition. The objective was to know the trend of Down syndrome in live births according to maternal age in Costa Rica. Methods: A prevalence study was made of all Down syndrome cases, born alive in Costa Rica from 1996 to 2016 and reported to the Costa Rican Births Defects Register Center, a national program for the monitoring of congenital defects. The trend and prevalence in live births was determined, according to maternal age: <20, 20-34 and 35 years or more, and according to period: 1996-2007 and 2008-2016. A Poisson regression was carried out, taking as references the group 20-34 years and the period 1996-2002 and the results were compared Wald's chi-square. The prevalence ratio in mothers ≥35 years and the population attributable fraction was calculated for this stratum. Finally, the trend of Down syndrome was compared with the trend of the specific fertility rate in mothers ≥35 years. Results: For 1996-2016 the prevalence of Down syndrome in live births was 1.02 x 1000 (95% CI: 0.97-1.07). There was a significant increase from 0.91 (1996-2007) to 1.16 x 1000 (2008-2016), at the expense of the prevalence in mothers ≥35 years, which increased from 4.27 to 5.44 x 1000; while the fertility rate in these mothers fell significantly from 20.15 x 1000 (95% CI: 20.02-20.28) in 1996-2007, to 15.58 x 1000 (95% CI 15.46-15.70) in 2008-2016. Maternal age mean MS in SD was 32.2 years, versus 25.5 years in the general population (p≤0.001). The prevalence ratio adjusted by period, in mothers of ≥35 years, against mothers of 20-34 years was of 8.05 (95% CI 7.25-8.95) and the population attributable fraction was 41.22%. Conclusions: The livebirth`s prevalence of Down syndrome in Costa Rica increased for the study period, at the expense of prevalence in mothers ≥35 years, although the specific fertility rate in these women fell significantly. The inclusion of the National Children's Hospital - as a national reference institution for this syndrome - within the surveillance network of congenital defects, could be a determining factor in in prevalence rise.

Glucogenosis Hepática. Características clínicas, laboratoriales e imagenológicas en pacientes pediátricos menores de 15 años / Hepatic glycogenosis. Clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics in pediatric patients under 15 years old

Antecedentes: La glucogenosis (GSD) hepática es una enfermedad hereditaria autosómica recesiva caracterizada por la alteración del depósito de glucógeno en los tejidos. La enfermedad se presenta con hepatomegalia, debilidad muscular y retraso del crecimiento. Esta patología usualmente se diagnostica clínicamente a partir de los 6 meses de edad cuando la ingesta de alimentos del lactante es más espaciada y puede debutar con sintomatología de hipoglicemia. Debido a la inespecificidad de la presentación clínica de la enfermedad es muy importante la sospecha diagnóstica desde los centros de primer nivel de atención y su derivación oportuna a centros de especialidad. Objetivo: Evaluar y describir el perfil nutricional y clínico en pacientes menores de 15 años con Glucogenosis Hepática. Método: Se describe una serie de casos de 14 pacientes menores de 15 años con diagnóstico clínico de GSD hepática, atendidos en la consulta de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín entre 2016 y 2018. El diagnóstico se lo realizó de acuerdo a la clínica que presentó cada paciente como la presencia de distensión abdominal, hepatomegalia, adinamia, retraso en el crecimiento y datos laboratoriales como niveles de glicemia en sangre periférica, transaminasas, y realización de elastografía entre los principales. Se analizaron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos, de laboratorio (transaminasas, glicemia periférica) y elastografía hepática. Para el análisis de datos se creó una base de datos en Microsoft Excel 2013 y se procesó con el programa Epi Info 7. Resultados: En este grupo de casos, los tipos específicos de GSD hepática fueron tipo IX, 57,14% (8), tipo III, 28,57% (4) y tipo Ia-b, 14,29% (2) pacientes. La prevalencia de características clínicas ante la sospecha de la GSD hepática fueron: hepatomegalia 100% (14), y retraso en el crecimiento el 64,3% (9). De acuerdo a los exámenes de sangre periférica los valores promedio de transaminasas hepáticas (AST/TGO U/L) (ALT/TGP U/L) y glucosa, fueron de 364±384, 302±255 y 61±15 mg/dL, respectivamente. La elastografía con la que se evaluó el nivel de fibrosis hepática al momento del diagnóstico arrojó los siguientes resultados: F0 (no fibrosis hepática) en el 28,57% (4), F1 con el 28,57% (4), F2-F3 con el 35,71% (5), y F4 7,14%. Conclusión: La Glucogenosis es una patología que debería ser sospechada a tiempo en centros del primer nivel de salud para luego referir oportunamente los casos a los centros de referencia. La hepatomegalia y el retardo en el crecimiento son signos cardinales de alerta para la sospecha de esta patología.

Prevalencia al nacimiento de gastrosquisis y onfalocele en Costa Rica / (Prevalence of gastroschisis and omphalocele in Costa Rica)

Resumen Justificación: En varios países se ha documentado un aumento de los defectos congénitos de pared abdominal, principalmente gastrosquisis. El objetivo es conocer la tendencia por edad materna de gastrosquisis y onfaloce en Costa Rica, durante 1996-2014. Métodos: Utilizando la base de datos del sistema nacional de vigilancia de defectos congénitos, se calcularon tasas de defectos congénitos de pared abdominal por edad materna (menores de 20, 20-34, 35 años o más), y período (1996-2002, 2003-2008 y 2009-2014) con sus respectivos IC 95%. Se realizó una regresión de Poisson, tomando como base el grupo 20-34 años y el período 1996-2002 y se compararon estimados mediante chi cuadrado de Wald. Se evaluó el impacto de la EM mediante fracción atribuible poblacional y se calcularon tasas de fecundidad y distribución proporcional de los nacimientos de acuerdo a esta variable. Resultados: La prevalencia de defectos congénitos de pared abdominal aumentó de 0,76 (IC95% 0,15-1,36) por 10 000 nacimientos en 1996 a 3,48 (IC95% 2,12-4,85) en el 2014. El riesgo relativo para gastrosquisis fue 3,76 (2,95-4,79) en madres menores de 20 años y la fracción atribuible poblacional 36,2%. El riesgo relativo para onfalocele fue 2,09 (1,22-3,59) en madres mayores de 35 años y la fracción atribuible poblacional 8,9%. Se documentó una disminución proporcional de los nacimientos y la tasa de fecundidad en madres menores de 20 y mayores de 35. Conclusión: La prevalencia de defectos congénitos de pared abdominal ha aumentado significativamente a través del tiempo. El aumento de gastrosquisis en las madres menores de 20 años fue mayor, a pesar que los nacimientos han disminuido en este grupo de edad.

Abstract Background: In several countries, an increase in abdominal wall defects, mainly gastroschisis, has been documented. The objective is to know the trend of gastroschisis and omphaloce by maternal age in Costa Rica, between 1996 and 2014. Methods: using the database of the national congenital defects surveillance system, congenital abdominal wall defects rates were calculated by maternal age (under 20, 20-34, 35 years or more), and period (1996-2002, 2003-2008 and 2009-2014) with their respective 95% CI. A Poisson regression was carried out, taking as a base the group 20-34 years and the period 1996-2002, and were compared estimated by Wald's chi-square. The impact of MS was evaluated by population attributable fraction and fertility and proportional distribution of births were calculated according to this variable. Results: abdominal wall defects prevalence increased from 0.76 (95% CI 0.15-1.36) per 10,000 births in 1996 to 3.48 (95% CI 2.12-4.85) in 2014. Relative risk for gastroschisis was 3.76 (2.95- 4.79) in mothers younger than 20 years and the population attributable fraction 36.2%. The relative risk for omphalocele was 2.09 (1.22-3.59) in mothers older than 35 years and population attributable fraction 8.9%. There was a decrease in the proportional distribution of births and the fertility rate in mothers under 20 and over 35. Conclusion: the prevalence of congenital abdominal wall defects has increased significantly over time. The increase in gastroschisis in mothers under 20 years was greater, despite the fact that births have decreased in this age group.

Hallazgos por imagen en pacientes con atresia de vías biliares en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período de enero 2016 - marzo 2017 / Imaging findings in patients with biliary atresia in Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, in the period between Jan 2016-Mar 2017

Introducción. Revisión de los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos de la atresia de la vía biliar, una anomalía del desarrollo biliar que tiene un riesgo alto de mortalidad por las complicaciones asociadas si no se la corrige oportunamente. Material y métodos. Serie de siete casos reportados en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el periodo enero 2016 a marzo 2017, seis mujeres y un varón, todos con cuadro clínico de ictericia prolongada, acolia, patrón de colestasis, hallazgos por imagen y biopsias sugestivas de atresia de vías biliares. Resultados. Todos los pacientes presentaron ictericia y coluria, en exámenes de laboratorio patrón colestásico en todos los pacientes, en los estudios de imagen el hallazgo predominante en sospecha de atresia de vías biliares fue la ausencia de la vesícula biliar y el signo del cordón triangular solamente en tres pacientes, en la biopsia hepática todos mostraron algún grado de fibrosis hepática. Discusión. La atresia de la vía biliar es una enfermedad compleja y grave, en nuestra serie de casos se confirma la utilidad del ultrasonido como método de diagnóstico de atresia de vías biliares ya que es un método mucho más accesible que la resonancia magnética que generalmente tiene menor disponibilidad y mayor costo. Conclusión. El ultrasonido abdominal es una herramienta extremadamente valiosa en sospecha clínica de atresia de vías biliares, debe realizarse un diagnóstico oportuno para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes.

Introduction. This is a review of clinical and radiological findings of biliary atresia, an anomaly of biliary tree development that carries a high risk of mortality due to complications unless they are corrected in a short time. Materials and methods. We reviewed a series of seven cases reported at Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, from January 2016 to March 2017. Six women and one male were followed. All of them showed clinical signs such as long term jaundice, cholestasis, as well as, imaging findings and liver biopsies, suggesting biliary tract atresia. Results. All patients presented jaundice and choluria, in laboratory tests a cholestasic pattern in all of them, in the imaging studies the predominant finding in suspicion of biliary atresia was the absence of gallbladder and the triangular cord sign in only three patients, in the liver biopsy all of them showed some degree of liver fibrosis. Discussion. Bile duct atresia is a complex and serious disease. In our case serie we confirmed the utility of ultrasound as diagnosis method in biliary duct atresia, is more available than magnetic resonance which is more expensive and less available in different centers. Conclusion. Abdominal ultrasound is an extremely valuable tool in clinical suspicion of biliary atresia, a timely diagnosis must be made to improve patient´s prognosis.

Neuraminidase activity of blue eye disease porcine rubulavirus: Specificity, affinity and inhibition studies.

Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV), also known as La Piedad Michoacan Virus (LPMV) causes encephalitis and reproductive failure in newborn and adult pigs, respectively. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein is the most exposed and antigenic of the virus proteins. HN plays central roles in PorPV infection; i.e., it recognizes sialic acid-containing cell receptors that mediate virus attachment and penetration; in addition, its neuraminidase (sialic acid releasing) activity has been proposed as a virulence factor. This work describes the purification and characterization of PorPV HN protein (isolate PAC1). The specificity of neuraminidase is restricted to sialyl(α2,3)lactose (3SL). HN showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with fetuin as substrate (km=0.029µM, Vmax=522.8nmolmin-1mg-1). When 3SL was used as substrate, typical cooperative kinetics were found (S50=0.15µM, Vmax=154.3nmolmin-1mg-1). The influenza inhibitor zanamivir inhibited the PorPV neuraminidase with IC50 of 0.24µM. PorPV neuraminidase was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by nucleoside triphosphates with the level of inhibition depending on phosphorylation level. The present results open possibilities to study the role of neuraminidase in the pathogenicity of PorPV infection and its potential inhibitors.

The polymorphic weddellite crystals in three species of Cephalocereus (Cactaceae).

Mineral inclusions in plant cells are genetically regulated, have an ecological function and are used as taxonomic characters. In Cactaceae, crystals in epidermal and cortical tissues have been reported; however, few studies have conducted chemical and morphological analyses on these crystals, and even fewer have reported non-mineral calcium to determine its systematic value. Cephalocereus apicicephalium, C. totolapensis and C. nizandensis are Cactaceae species endemic to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico with abundant epidermal prismatic crystals. In the present study, we characterize the mineral cell inclusions, including their chemical composition and their morphology, for three species of Cephalocereus. Crystals of healthy branches of the three species were isolated and studied. The crystals were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), their morphology was described using a petrographic and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their elemental composition was measured with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDXAR). The three species synthesized weddellite with different degrees of hydration depending on the species. The optical properties of calcium oxalate crystals were different from the core, which was calcium carbonate. We observed a large diversity of predominantly spherical forms with SEM. EDXAR analysis detected different concentrations of Ca and significant amounts of elements, such as Si, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and Fe, which may be related to the edaphic environment of these cacti. The occurrence of weddellite is novel for the genus according to previous reports. The morphological diversity of the crystals may be related to their elemental composition and may be a source of phylogenetic characters.

Neural tube defects in Costa Rica, 1987-2012: origins and development of birth defect surveillance and folic acid fortification.

Our aim was to provide a descriptive overview of how the birth defects surveillance and folic acid fortification programs were implemented in Costa Rica-through the establishment of the Registry Center for Congenital Anomalies (Centro de Registro de Enfermedades Congénitas-CREC), and fortification legislation mandates. We estimated the overall prevalence of neural tube defects (i.e., spina bifida, anencephaly and encephalocele) before and after fortification captured by CREC. Prevalence was calculated by dividing the total number of infants born with neural tube defects by the total number of live births in the country (1987-2012).A total of 1,170 newborns with neural tube defects were identified from 1987 to 2012 (1992-1995 data excluded); 628 were identified during the baseline pre-fortification period (1987-1991; 1996-1998); 191 during the fortification period (1999-2002); and 351 during the post-fortification time period (2003-2012). The overall prevalence of neural tube defects decreased from 9.8 per 10,000 live-births (95 % CI 9.1-10.5) for the pre-fortification period to 4.8 per 10,000 live births (95 % CI 4.3-5.3) for the post-fortification period. Results indicate a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease of 51 % in the prevalence of neural tube defects from the pre-fortification period to the post-fortification period. Folic acid fortification via several basic food sources has shown to be a successful public health intervention for Costa Rica. Costa Rica's experience can serve as an example for other countries seeking to develop and strengthen both their birth defects surveillance and fortification programs.

Mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos en Costa Rica, 1981-2010 / Infant mortality from birth defects in Costa Rica, 1981-2010

OBJETIVO: Identificar las tendencias y el impacto de los diferentes tipos de defectos congénitos (DC) en la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) y neonatal (TMN) en Costa Rica para el período 1981-2010. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos del Centro Centroamericano de Población, que utiliza las versiones 9 y 10 de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades para clasificar las causas de defunción. Se analizaron tendencias de mortalidad infantil, neonatal y residual. Para cada grupo de DC se construyó un modelo de regresión Poisson Log Lineal. Se obtuvieron las TMI y las TMN y los riesgos relativos correspondientes a las tres décadas 1981-1990, 1991-2000 y 2001-2010, con sus intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Los estimados se compararon mediante chi cuadrado de Wald. RESULTADOS: Al comparar la década de 1980 con la del 2000, la TMN y la TMI por DC presentó una disminución significativa de 2,37 (IC95%: 2,26-2,48) a 2,13 (2,03-2,23) y de 4,13 (3,99-4,27) a 3,18 (3,05-3,31), respectivamente. Los grupos de DC que registraron una reducción significativa en la TMI fueron: sistema nervioso, digestivo y circulatorio. Con excepción del sistema circulatorio, estos grupos experimentaron una caída significativa en la TMN. En el resto de los grupos se registró un aumento significativo o no hubo cambio. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha producido una disminución de la TMI y la TMN por DC, aunque proporcionalmente estas tasas han crecido debido a un mayor descenso de las otras causas. Esta reducción es mucho menor en la mortalidad neonatal. Se debe fortalecer la prevención primaria y la atención neonatal de los DC.

OBJECTIVE: Identify trends for different types of birth defects and their impact on infant (IMR) and neonatal (NMR) mortality rates in Costa Rica from 1981 to 2010. METHODS: Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality trends were analyzed, using data from the Central American Population Center, which uses the International Classification of Diseases, versions 9 and 10, to classify causes of death. For each group of birth defects, a Poisson log-linear regression model was constructed. IMR and NMR, relative risk, and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for the three decades (1981-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). Estimates were compared using Wald chi square. RESULTS: Comparison of the 1980s and the 2000s found a significant decrease in NMR and IMR from birth defects in these decades, from 2.37 (95%CI: 2.26-2.48) to 2.13 (2.03-2.23) and from 4.13 (3.99-4.27) to 3.18 (3.05-3.31), respectively. Reduction in IMR was significant for birth defect groups for nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems. There was also a significant drop in NMR for nervous and digestive system groups. All other groups experienced a significant increase or no change. CONCLUSIONS: IMR and NMR from birth defects have decreased, although these rates have increased proportionately due to a greater decline in other causes. This reduction is much smaller for neonatal mortality. Primary prevention and neonatal care of birth defects should be strengthened.

[Infant mortality from birth defects in Costa Rica, 1981-2010]. / Mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos en Costa Rica, 1981-2010.

OBJECTIVE: Identify trends for different types of birth defects and their impact on infant (IMR) and neonatal (NMR) mortality rates in Costa Rica from 1981 to 2010. METHODS: Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality trends were analyzed, using data from the Central American Population Center, which uses the International Classification of Diseases, versions 9 and 10, to classify causes of death. For each group of birth defects, a Poisson log-linear regression model was constructed. IMR and NMR, relative risk, and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for the three decades (1981-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). Estimates were compared using Wald chi square. RESULTS: Comparison of the 1980s and the 2000s found a significant decrease in NMR and IMR from birth defects in these decades, from 2.37 (95%CI: 2.26-2.48) to 2.13 (2.03-2.23) and from 4.13 (3.99-4.27) to 3.18 (3.05-3.31), respectively. Reduction in IMR was significant for birth defect groups for nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems. There was also a significant drop in NMR for nervous and digestive system groups. All other groups experienced a significant increase or no change. CONCLUSIONS: IMR and NMR from birth defects have decreased, although these rates have increased proportionately due to a greater decline in other causes. This reduction is much smaller for neonatal mortality. Primary prevention and neonatal care of birth defects should be strengthened.

[Impact of the fortification of food with folic acid on neural tube defects in Costa Rica]. / Impacto de la fortificación de alimentos con ácido fólico en los defectos del tubo neural en Costa Rica.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of the fortification of food with folic acid on prevalence trends for neural tube defects (NTD) and the infant mortality rate (IMR) associated with this disorder in Costa Rica. METHODS: The surveillance data from the Congenital Disease Registry Center and the Central American Population Center were analyzed. The neural tube defects considered were anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. The trends from 1987-2009, as well as the differences in prevalence and mortality rates prior to and up to 12 years after food fortification with folic acid, were examined (95% confidence interval [CI]). The contribution of fortification to the decrease in the overall IMR was determined. RESULTS: During 1987-1997, prior to the period of food fortification with folic acid, NTD prevalence was 12/10 000 births (95% CI: 11.1-12.8), whereas in 2009 prevalence was 5.1/10 000 births (3.3-6.5). The IMR associated with NTD was 0.64/1 000 births (46-0.82) in 1997 and 0.19/1 000 births (0.09-9.3) in 2009. There were significant decreases in the IMR associated with NTD and the prevalence of NTD: 71%, and 58%, respectively (P < 0.05). The overall IMR decreased from 14.2/1 000 births in 1997 to 8.84/1 000 births in 2009 (P < 0.05). The decrease in the IMR associated with NTD contributed to an 8.8% decrease in the overall IMR from 1997 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: Food fortification with folic acid caused a decrease in NTD at birth and the IMR associated with this malformation during the 1997-2009 period. It also led to a decrease in the overall IMR. There is a temporal relationship between the introduction of fortification policies and the decrease in prevalence and mortality associated with NTD. This intervention should be promoted in Latin American and Caribbean countries where it has not yet been implemented.