Boosting cytotoxicity of adoptive allogeneic NK cell therapy with an oncolytic adenovirus encoding a human vIL-2 cytokine for the treatment of human ovarian cancer.

Despite good results in the treatment of hematological malignancies, Natural killer (NK) cells have shown limited effectiveness in solid tumors, such as ovarian cancer (OvCa). Here, we assessed the potential of an oncolytic adenovirus expressing a variant interleukin-2 (vIL-2) cytokine, Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 (vIL-2 virus), also known as TILT-452, to enhance NK cell therapy efficacy in human OvCa ex vivo. Human OvCa surgical specimens were processed into single-cell suspensions and NK cells were expanded from healthy blood donors. OvCa sample digests were co-cultured ex vivo with NK cells and vIL-2 virus and cancer cell killing potential assessed in real time through cell impedance measurement. Proposed therapeutic combination was evaluated in vivo with an OvCa patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in mice. Addition of vIL-2 virus significantly enhanced NK cell therapy killing potential in treated OvCa co-cultures. Similarly, vIL-2 virus in combination with NK cell therapy promoted the best in vivo OvCa tumor control. Mechanistically, vIL-2 virus induced higher percentages of granzyme B in NK cells, and CD8+ T cells, while T regulatory cell proportions remained comparable to NK cell monotherapy in vivo. Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 virus treatment represents a promising strategy to boost adoptive NK cell therapeutic effect in human OvCa.

Improving the cytotoxic response of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes towards advanced stage ovarian cancer with an oncolytic adenovirus expressing a human vIL-2 cytokine.

While the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) associates with improved survival prognosis in ovarian cancer (OvCa) patients, TIL therapy benefit is limited. Here, we evaluated an oncolytic adenovirus coding for a human variant IL-2 (vIL-2) cytokine, Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 (vIL-2 virus), also known as TILT-452, as an immunotherapeutic strategy to enhance TIL responsiveness towards advanced stage OvCa tumors. Fragments of resected human OvCa tumors were processed into single-cell suspensions, and autologous TILs were expanded from said samples. OvCa tumor specimens were co-cultured with TILs plus vIL-2 virus, and cell killing was assessed in real time through cell impedance measurement. Combination therapy was further evaluated in vivo through a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) ovarian cancer murine model. The combination of vIL-2 virus plus TILs had best cancer cell killing ex vivo compared to TILs monotherapy. These results were supported by an in vivo experiment, where the best OvCa tumor control was obtained when vIL-2 virus was added to TIL therapy. Furthermore, the proposed therapy induced a highly cytotoxic phenotype demonstrated by increased granzyme B intensity in NK cells, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells in treated tumors. Our results demonstrate that Ad5/3-E2F-d24-vIL2 therapy consistently improved TILs therapy cytotoxicity in treated human OvCa tumors.

Assessing support needs in children with intellectual disability and motor impairments: measurement invariance and group differences.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the equivalence of the measurement of support needs between children with intellectual disability (ID) and children with intellectual and motor disabilities (IMD) and compared both groups in the different domains of support. METHOD: The Supports Intensity Scale-Children's Version was used to assess the support needs of 713 children with ID and 286 children with IMD, mainly associated with cerebral palsy. RESULTS: The results supported measurement invariance between the group of ID and IMD, which allowed to conduct comparison between them. Children with IMD scored higher on support needs than did children without IMD, suggesting that children with IMD needed more support than their peers without motor impairments. Furthermore, the ID levels interacted with motor impairments: at the highest levels of ID, groups tended to be similar in support needs, with high scores and low variability. The greatest differences were found in the domains of Home and Community activities. CONCLUSIONS: This study points to the across-condition of the construct of support needs in populations with intellectual and developmental disabilities. However, additional mobility impairments should be considered during the evaluation and planning of systems of support. In this regard, the Supports Intensity Scale-Children's Version might have limitations when discriminating between samples with high support needs.

Is a brief self-report version of the Columbia severity scale useful for screening suicidal ideation in Chilean adolescents?

BACKGROUND: Given the high rates of suicide in the adolescent population and the reluctance of this population to seek help, developing proactive and effective strategies to timely detect individuals at high risk for suicide in non-clinical contexts is a worldwide recognized need. A series of brief self-report questionnaires have been developed for this purpose, however there are few studies providing evidence on their capability to accurately classify suicidal risk levels in specific populations. One of the instruments frequently used to evaluate suicide risk is the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scales (C-SSRS). The goal of this study is to provide psychometric evidence about the accuracy of the Suicidal Ideation subscale (SI) of the C-SSRS to classify suicidal risk levels in a sample of Chilean adolescents using Item Response Theory (IRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Through the two parameter logistic model (2-PLM), we analyzed the capability of a self-report questionnaire addressing suicidal ideation (SI) to differentiate and classify participants according to their SI severity levels. We tested two main parameters: difficulty (localization) and discriminating power of 6 items extracted and adapted from the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scales (C-SSRS). We administered this questionnaire to a general sample of 1645 adolescents aged 13 to 18. RESULTS: Our results show that the items differentiate symptoms addressing suicidal thoughts according to their severity, providing an accurate classification of the SI risk level. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the usage of the C-SSRS in Chilean adolescents. Further research is needed to test its predictive value in different populations.

Examining relationships between psychotic experiences and suicidal ideation in adolescents using a network approach.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in young individuals. Timely and adequate identification of individuals with suicidal ideation could prevent from suicidal behavior. Psychotic experiences (PE) have been shown to increase levels of suicidal ideation (SI) in the general population. Therefore, detailed investigation of the relationship of PE and SI is relevant. However, the exact nature of the relationship between these two phenomena remains unclear. Understanding psychopathology as a complex network of interacting symptoms could be helpful to elucidate specific associations existing between PE and SI. METHOD: A specific type of network analysis, the Ising model, was used to examine connections between dichotomized questions on psychotic experiences and suicidal ideation in a cross-sectional study with 1685 adolescents from the general population aged 13-18 years. RESULTS: SI was mostly connected to the PE domains perceptual anomalies (PA) and bizarre experiences (BE), which have higher strength values in the network. Central nodes within these domains, as indexed by higher centrality measures (strength and betweenness) were: auditory experiences (PA1: hearing voices when you are alone), persecutory ideation (BE1: feelings of being persecuted; BE2: conspiracy against you), and social anxiety (SANX) (SANX1: I cannot get close to people). CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal ideation is differentially connected to specific psychotic experiences. Auditory PE, persecutory ideation, and social anxiety symptoms could play a central role in the interconnectedness of the two constructs.

Farmacoterapéutica de la anticoagulación. Revisión de la literatura / Pharmacotherapeutic of anticoagulation: review of literature / Farmacoterapia da anticoagulação. Revisão da literatura

La terapia anticoagulante tiene múltiples indicaciones en diversos contextos; va más allá de la prevención de la formación de \r\ntrombos o su propagación y tiene como objetivo final mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. En efecto, la anticoagula\r\n-\r\nción se hace relevante en diversas situaciones clínicas que abarcan desde enfermedades crónicas hasta patologías quirúrgicas \r\ny situaciones especiales (obesidad, enfermedad renal crónica, trauma, cáncer) para evitar desenlaces adversos, tales como el \r\ntromboembolismo venoso, los estados hipercoagulables, el síndrome coronario agudo, la fibrilación y el aleteo (\r\nflutter\r\n) auricular, \r\nentre otros. En este sentido, la comprensión adecuada y la formulación de dosis óptimas de anticoagulantes recobran especial \r\nimportancia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar la evidencia proveniente de estudios clínicos sobre el papel de los principales \r\nanticoagulantes orales y parenterales en el contexto de los pacientes con indicación de anticoagulación por antecedentes pato\r\n-\r\nlógicos, quirúrgicos y en situaciones especiales como las mencionadas. Existen diversos conceptos y recomendaciones sobre la profilaxis y el tratamiento anticoagulante en indicaciones habituales; sin embargo, se debe establecer un consenso de anticoagu\r\n-\r\nlación en situaciones especiales que se presentan en la práctica clínica diaria.

Anticoagulant therapy has multiple indications in diverse contexts; it \r\ngoes beyond preventing the formation and propagation of thrombi \r\nand has as its final objective improving the quality of life of patients. \r\nIn effect, anticoagulation becomes relevant in diverse clinical situ\r\n-\r\nations, ranging from chronic diseases to surgical pathologies and \r\nspecial situations (obesity, chronic kidney disease, trauma, cancer), \r\nin order to avoid adverse outcomes such as venous thromboem\r\n-\r\nbolism, hypercoagulable states, acute coronary syndrome, atrial \r\nflutter and fibrillation, among others. In this sense, adequate under\r\n-\r\nstanding and formulation of optimum doses of anticoagulants gain \r\nparticular importance.\r\nThe objective of this work was to review the evidence from \r\nclinical studies on the role of the main oral and parenteral \r\nanticoagulants in the context of patients with indication for \r\nanticoagulation for pathological, surgical and special situations \r\nlike the aforementioned. Although there are several concepts \r\nand recommendations in prophylaxis and anticoagulant \r\ntreatment in habitual indications, in special situations that are \r\npresented in daily clinical practice with patients, and for which \r\nthere is still no consensus about medications and dosages \r\noptimal, indications of anticoagulation should be established

A terapia anticoagulante tem múltiplas indicações em diversos \r\ncontextos. Além da prevenção da formação de trombos \r\nou sua propagação, ela tem como objetivo final melhorar a \r\nqualidade de vida dos pacientes. De fato, a anticoagulação é \r\nrelevante em diversas situações clínicas que abrangem desde \r\ndoenças crônicas até patologias cirúrgicas e situações especiais \r\n(obesidade, doença renal crônica, trauma, câncer) para evitar \r\nresultados adversos, tais como tromboembolismo venoso, \r\nestados hipercoaguláveis, síndrome coronária aguda, fibri\r\n-\r\nlação e flutter atrial, entre outros. Deste modo, a compreensão \r\nadequada e a formulação de doses ótimas de anticoagulantes \r\nsão particularmente importantes. O objetivo deste trabalho \r\nfoi revisar a evidência proveniente de estudos clínicos sobre \r\no papel dos principais anticoagulantes orais e parentais no \r\ncontexto dos pacientes com indicação de anticoagulação por \r\nantecedentes patológicos, cirúrgicos e em situações especiais, \r\ncomo as mencionadas. Existem diversos conceitos e reco\r\n-\r\nmendações sobre a profilaxia e o tratamento anticoagulante \r\nem indicações habituais. Entretanto, deve-se estabelecer um \r\nconsenso de anticoagulação em situações especiais que são \r\napresentadas na prática clínica diária

The Reliability and Validity of Liu´s Self-Report Questionnaire for Screening Putative Pre-Psychotic States (BQSPS) in Adolescents.

The usage of rigorous analyses based on contemporary methods to enhance psychometric properties of screening questionnaires aimed to address psychotic-like experiences (PLE) is currently being encouraged. The Brief Self-Report Questionnaire for Screening Putative Pre-psychotic States (BQSPS) is a recently created tool addressing PLE beyond attenuated positive symptoms (APS). Its psychometric properties as a screening tool for first step assessment seems to be adequate, but further research is needed to evaluate certain validity aspects, particularly its dimensionality, internal structure, and psychometric properties in different populations. We assessed the reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity of BQSPS in two samples: 727 adolescents aged 13-18 years, and 245 young adults aged 18-33 years. We used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The original four-factor structure was not replicated. The best fit in adolescents was obtained by a structure of three-correlated factors: social anxiety (SA), negative symptoms (NS), and positive symptoms (PS). This structure was confirmed in young adult subjects. The three-factor model reached a predictive capability with suicidality as external criterion. PLE are represented by a three-factor structure, which is highly stable between adolescent and young-adult samples. Although the BQSPS seems to be a valid tool for screening PLE, its psychometric properties should be improved to obtain a more accurate measurement.

Intoxicación por antitusivos: a propósito de un caso / Antitussives’ poisoning: a case report

Los medicamentos antitusivos son de uso habitual dentro del ámbito pediátrico, a pesar de que su eficacia no está claramente demostrada. La mayoría de las ingestas accidentales no suelen asociarse a complicaciones severas; sin embargo, en ocasiones pueden presentarse efectos secundarios potencialmente graves. Se presenta un caso de intoxicación con un producto antitusivo (AU)

Antitussive drugs are commonly used in Pediatrics, although their effectiveness is not clearly demonstrated. Most of the accidental intakes do not tend to be associated with severe complications; however sometimes potentially serious side effects may occur. A case of poisoning is presented with a cough suppressant product (AU)

Tumor condrolipomatoso (condrolipoma) de mama / Chondrolipoma of the breast

Introduction: Cartilage is an uncommon component in breast lesions, most of cases it correspond to metaplasia of malignant neoplasm and its occurrence in benign tumors is exceptional. Cartilage- containing breast benign tumors has been subclassified by their majors features accord to each author, but their main composition remains to be adipose tissue, fibrous stroma and cartilage, with or without breast epithelium. Chondrolipoma of the breast was reported for the first time by Kaplan in 1977, and since then reports of this entity has been anecdotal with less than 20 cases published. Clinical case: We expose the first case diagnosed of chondrolipoma of the breast in Colombia, performed on the Pathology Department of Universidad Industrial de Santander (Bucaramanga-Colombia) along with a literature review, due to the low frequency of this diagnosis and the few information about it.

Introducción: El cartílago es un componente poco común en las lesiones de mama, la mayoría de casos corresponden a metaplasias de lesiones malignas siendo excepcional el hallazgo en lesiones benignas; estas últimas se han subclasificado de acuerdo a las características histológicas destacables para cada autor, pero globalmente se componen de tejido adiposo, estroma fibroso y cartílago, mientras que el componente epitelial mamario es de presentación variable. El condrolipoma de mama fue reportado por primera vez en 1977 por Kaplan y desde esa fecha los reportes han sido anecdóticos con menos de 20 casos publicados. Caso clínico: Se expone el primer caso diagnosticado en Colombia de condrolipoma de mama, diagnóstico efectuado en el Departamento de Patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (Bucaramanga-Colombia) y se hace una revisión de la literatura de esta entidad, dada la baja frecuencia de su diagnóstico y a la escasa información al respecto.

Internal structure of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-Positive (CAPE-P15) scale: Evidence for a general factor.

BACKGROUND: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are prevalent in the general population and are associated with poor mental health and a higher risk of psychiatric disorders. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-Positive (CAPE-P15) scale is a self-screening questionnaire to address subclinical positive psychotic symptoms (PPEs) in community contexts. Although its psychometric properties seem to be adequate to screen PLEs, further research is needed to evaluate certain validity aspects, particularly its internal structure and its functioning in different populations. AIM: To uncover the optimal factor structure of the CAPE-P15 scale in adolescents aged 13 to 18 years using factorial analysis methods suitable to manage categorical variables. METHOD: A sample of 727 students from six secondary public schools and 245 university students completed the CAPE-P15. The dimensionality of the CAPE-P15 was tested through exploratory structural equation models (ESEMs). Based on the ESEM results, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to contrast two factorial structures that potentially underlie the symptoms described by the scale: a) three correlated factors and b) a hierarchical model composed of a general PLE factor plus three specific factors (persecutory ideation, bizarre experiences, and perceptual abnormalities). RESULTS: The underlying structure of PLEs assessed by the CAPE-P15 is consistent with both multidimensional and hierarchical solutions. However, the latter show the best fit. Our findings reveal the existence of a strong general factor underlying scale scores. Compared with the specific factors, the general factor explains most of the common variance observed in subjects' responses. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the factor structure of subthreshold psychotic experiences addressed by the CAPE-P15 can be adequately represented by a general factor and three separable specific traits, supporting the hypothesis according to which there might be a common source underlying PLEs.

Subluxación atlantoaxoidea rotacional no traumática en un varón de 6 años / Atlantoaxial rotary subluxation non-traumatic in a 6-year-old male

La subluxación atlantoaxoidea es una etiología que debemos tener presente en el diagnóstico diferencial de la tortícolis adquirida en pediatría. La etiopatogenia de este cuadro no es bien conocida y, aunque parece tener relación con traumatismos leves o afectación inflamatoria del cuello por infecciones respiratorias o cirugías faríngeas, es posible que se origine espontáneamente sin un antecedente. Debe sospecharse ante tortícolis resistente al tratamiento, realizando prueba de imagen y descartando patología infecciosa y tumoral. El manejo depende de la gravedad y duración del proceso.Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 6 años con subluxación atlantoaxoidea rotacional sin traumatismo (AU)

Atlantoaxoidea subluxation is an etiology that must be present in the differential diagnosis of torticollis in pediatrics. The pathogenesis of this disease is not well understood and, although it seems to be related to mild trauma or inflammatory involvement of the neck by respiratory infections or pharyngeal surgeries, possible arising spontaneously without a prior precedent. It should be suspected to torticollis treatment-resistant, making imaging test and discarding infectious and tumoral pathology. Management depends on the severity and duration of the process. We present the case of a 6 year old patient with subluxation rotational atlantoaxoidea without prior trauma, with favorable evolution with conservative treatment (AU)

Estudio serológcco de brucelosis canina en dos lbergues del municipio de enviggado, Colombia (2011) / Canine brucelosiis serological study in two shelters of the unicipality of envigado, Colombia (2011)

El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar la presencia de anticuerpos de brucelosis en la población de dos albergues caninos del municipio de Envigado (Antioquia, Colombia) y a tal fin se seleccionaron 54 perros. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en 10 machos y 44 hembras que fueron procesadas bajo la técnica de inmunocromatografía para Brucella canis. No hubo diferencia estadística entre albergues en los parámetros ‘sexo’ y ‘raza’ de cada grupo de estudio y tampoco se encontró evidencia serológica de la presencia de brucelosis canina en el grupo de animales muestreados. Los resultados indican que, aunque los animales permanecieron en calidad de abandono durante un período de su vida, su condición feral no era permanente debido a que en el momento del estudio se encontraban en albergues. Las políticas intensivas de recolección se orientan más a la atención de mascotas abandonadas que a aquellos animales ferales (los cuales, con mayor frecuencia, pueden ser portadores de la enfermedad). El tipo de población incluida en el estudio, sumado a la práctica estricta de esterilización inmediata dentro del albergue -que a su vez impide los apareamientos entre individuos-, pueden incidir en la reducción la propagación de la enfermedad en el municipio.

The objective of this study was to search the presence of antibodies of canine brucellosis in the population of two hostels in the municipality of Envigado (Antioquia, Colombia). For this were chosen 54 dogs of two canine shelters. They were taken blood samples in 10 males and 44 females, and they were processed under the immunochromatography technique for Brucella canis. There was no statistical difference between the parameters hostels in sex and race of each study group and no serologic evidence was found of the presence of canine brucellosis in canines sampled group. The results indicate that although the animals remained in quality of abandonment in a period of his life, his feral condition was not permanent since they were in shelters at the time of the study. The intensive policies of collecting from patients, is oriented more to care for pets abandoned, but not for ferine animals (which may be carriers of the disease more frequently). The type of population included in the study, added to the strict practice of immediately sterilization within the shelter -which in turn prevents the mattings between individuals-, both may be reducing the spread of the disease in the municipality.

Generalización e inferencia: un acercamiento a su compresión desde tres enfoques / Generalization and inference: an understanding based on three approaches

Se trata de una reflexión que busca poner en discusión los diferentes significados que pueden adquirir los conceptos de generalización e inferencia, de acuerdo con el enfoque o perspectiva desde el cual se pretendan utilizar. Para este propósito, en primer lugar, se pone en consideración la importancia y el uso que se ha dado a estos conceptos en el campo de la epidemiología clásica-moderna, especialmente para definir asuntos de validez interna y externa y para la formulación de hipótesis. Seguidamente, se presentan las principales argumentaciones que al respecto defiende Clifford Geertz desde su perspectiva epistemológica de la etnografía interpretativista y de acuerdo con su concepción teórica de la cultura. Posteriormente, se presentan las ideas que sustenta Juan Samaja desde su enfoque epistemológico y metodológico para la investigación en salud, abogando principalmente por el razonamiento abductivo, y no sólo el inductivo y el deductivo que han sido privilegiados en los estudios lógicos. Por último se presenta una discusión y unas conclusiones destacando que en estas tres perspectivas la salud pública tiene una oportunidad para enriquecer sus procesos de generación de nuevo conocimiento y para comprender de mejor manera las condiciones de salud y de bienestar colectivo.

This paper is a reflection which seeks to stimulate discussion and debate concerning the different meanings that the concepts of generalization and inference can take on, based on the approach or perspective that is being employed. For this purpose the importance and usage which has been accorded to these concepts within the field of classic-modern epidemiology is taken into consideration, especially in order to define internal and external validity issues and to formulate hypotheses. Next the main arguments are presented and are defended by Clifford Geertz from his epistemological perspective of interpretive ethnography and based on his theoretical conception of culture. Subsequently the ideas maintained by Juan Samaja are presented from his epistemological and methodological approach for research into health, advocating primarily for abductive reasoning, and not simply inductive and deductive, which have until now been privileged in logic studies. Finally a discussion and conclusions are presented, highlighting that from these three perspectives public health has the opportunity to expand its new knowledge generation processes and to better understand the conditions for good collective health and wellbeing.

Sudden loss of vision in an Acute Medical Unit.

We present a case report of young man with Type 1 diabetes who developed acute visual loss after initially presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of invasive paranasal sinusoidal aspergillosis was made following CT and biopsy. Although uncommon, visual loss is a recognised complication of disseminated aspergillosis and is more likely in immune-compromised patients and those with diabetes. Early investigation with appropriate sinus imaging and involvement of the Ear Nose and Throat team in recommended when patients with diabetes develop acute visual loss in the context of a non-specific infective illness.

Caracterización del cáncer de próstata incidental / Characterization of incidental prostate cancer

Introducción: El Cáncer de Próstata (CaP) es uno de los principales problemas de salud en los países desarrollados. El CaP diagnosticado después de la cirugía prostática por patología benigna, se denomina incidental y oscila entre 4 por ciento y 15 por ciento. Corresponde al estadio T1a y T1b según clasificación TNM. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas e histológicas y el manejo del Cáncer de próstata T1a y T1b diagnosticados en nuestro servicio. Material y Método: Análisis descriptivo retrospectivo de 2835 pacientes con adenoma prostático entre el año 2002 y 2012, cuyas biopsias post-cirugía fueron positivas para cáncer (63 pacientes). El análisis estadístico se realiza con test de Fisher, T-test y X2. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 72 años. PSA promedio fue 10,6 ng/dl, siendo el 50 por ciento de tamaño grado 3-4. En promedio el volumen prostático fue 79gr con un tamaño tumoral de 5,5gr y compromiso tumoral del 40 por ciento (T1a 7 por ciento y T1b 93 por ciento). 75 por ciento presento Gleason 5-7. El número de focos (+) fue mayoritariamente 1 o 2 (89 por ciento). Presentó márgenes (+) un 23 por ciento. El tratamiento posterior fue principalmente hormonoterapia (39 por ciento). Al comparar PSA, Gleason y tacto rectal entre sí y con las otras variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas. Conclusiones: Los tumores T1a-T1b en nuestro servicio equivalen al 2,2 por ciento, menor a otras series publicadas. El no existir asociación estadística entre las variables lo atribuimos a un bajo “n” muestral. El cáncer incidental de próstata no es frecuente y la adecuada selección de los pacientes sometidos a biopsias, disminuye su incidencia.

Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health problem in developed countries. The PCa diagnosed after surgery for benign prostate, called incidental and ranges between 4 percent and 15 percent. Corresponds to stage T1a and T1b as TNM classification. Objectives: To describe the clinical and histological features and management of prostate cancer diagnosed in T1a and T1b our service. Methods: retrospective analysis of 2835 patients with prostatic adenoma between 2002 and 2012, whose post-surgery biopsies were positive for cancer (63 patients). Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher test, T-test and X2.Results: Mean age was 72 years. Average PSA was 10.6 ng / dl, with 50 percent grade 3-4. On average prostate volume was 79gr with a tumor size of 5.5 g and 40 percent tumor involvement (T1a 7 percent and T1b 93 percent). 75 percent showed Gleason 5-7. The number of foci (+) was mostly 1 or 2 (89 percent). Presented margins (+) 23 percent. The subsequent treatment was primarily hormonotherapy (39 percent). Comparing PSA, Gleason and DRE among themselves and with the other variables were not statistically different. Conclusions: T1a-T1b tumors in our service equal to 2.2 percent, lower than other published series. The absence of statistical association between the variables we attribute to a low “n” sample. Incidental prostate cancer is not a common and appropriate selection of patients undergoing biopsy, reduces its incidence.

Estudio comparativo de SCORE de gleason en biopsia por punción y prostatectomía radical, análisis en Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) período 2002-2012 / Comparative study on gleason score by needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy at Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT): analysis of the 2002-2012 period

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de próstata es la segunda neoplasia más frecuente en el hombre y la biopsia prostática transrectal es el procedimiento diagnóstico confirmatorio. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la relación del Score de Gleason (S.G.) por biopsia y el obtenido por Prostatectomía Radical, en pacientes del HBLT. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se seleccionaron biopsias de Prostatectomía Radical realizadas entre abril de 2002 y abril de 2012, con diagnóstico previo de cáncer de próstata en biopsias por punción transrectal. Se consideró concordante a muestras que presentaran igual S.G. y proporción de patrón histológico. Se confeccionaron tablas de contingencia, analizándose en programa estadístico SPSS v.17.0, RESULTADOS: 248 casos en total. Concordancia de diagnóstico anatomo-patológico: 49.4 por ciento, subgraduación: 33,6 por ciento, sobregraduación: 17 popr ciento. En biopsias por punción los S.G. predominantes fueron: 6(3+3) (60 por ciento) y 7(3+4) (8.5 por ciento). En pieza quirúrgica los S.G. fueron: 6(3+3) (49.4 por ciento) y 7(3+4) (17.8 por ciento). Concordancia con pieza quirúrgica en S.G. menor a 8: 56,8 por ciento, concordancia en S.G. mayor a 8: 12,2 por ciento (p<0,05). De las muestras subgraduadas en que la pieza quirúrgica informó S.G. 9 o 10 (n=12). CONCLUSIONES: Esta serie reporta 49,4 por ciento de concordancia exacta de S.G. y patrón histológico. La frecuencia de patrones predominantes en biopsia por punción y pieza quirúrgica fueron similares. Existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la concordancia post cirugía en S.G. bajo 8 y sobre 8. Los resultados son concordantes con las series publicadas.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men and transrectal prostate biopsy is the confirmatory procedure. The aim of this study is to compare the relationship of Gleason score (G.S.) and biopsy obtained by radical prostatectomy in patients at HBLT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational retrospective cross-sectional study. Biopsies were selected after radical prostatectomy performed between April 2002 and April 2012, with a previous diagnosis of prostate cancer at transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Samples were considered consistent to submit the same G.S. histologic pattern and proportion. Contingency tables were compiled, analyzed in SPSS v.17.0, RESULTS: n=248. Concordance in pathological diagnosis: 49.4 percent, low G.S. graduation: 33.6 percent, high G.S. graduation: 17 percent. In the G.S. needle biopsies were predominant: 6 (3 +3) (60 percent) and 7 (3 +4) (8.5 percent. In the surgical specimen G.S. were: 6 (3 +3) (49.4 percent) and 7 (3 +4) (17.8 percent). Surgical specimen concordante with G.S less than 8: 56.8 percent concordance; G.S. over 8: 12.2 percent (p <0.05). low G.S. graduation samples in which the surgical specimen reported G.S. 9 or 10 = 12. CONCLUSIONS: This series reports 49.4 percent G.S concordance considering histological pattern. The predominant G.S. patterns in needle biopsy and surgical specimen were similar. There is statistically significant difference between the correlation of G.S. post-surgery under 8 and 8. The results are consistent with the published series.

Calidad del agua para consumo humano en el departamento del Tolima / The quality of water for human consumption in the Tolima department, Colombia

OBJETIVO: describir la calidad del agua para consumo humano en áreas urbanas del departamento del Tolima y su relación con la incidencia notificada de Hepatitis A, Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda (eda) e indicadores sociales. METODOLOGIA: estudio observacional descriptivo ecológico transversal, que utiliza bases de datos del Sistema de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua Potable (sivicap) y el Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) de 2010. Se obtuvo media, mediana, desviación estándar, proporción de incidencia notificada de municipios del Tolima (n=47), se empleó Anova de una vía y análisis de correlación. RESULTADOS: el 63,83% de los municipios del Tolima presentaron agua no potable. En la categoría de inviable sanitariamente se clasificaron los municipios: Ataco, Cajamarca, Planadas, Rovira, Valle de San Juan y Villarrica. El 27,7% de los municipios evidenciaron resultados con coliformes. No se encontró asociación estadística entre la incidencia de las enfermedades trazadoras y la calidad del agua; se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre la cobertura de acueducto, alcantarillado, nivel educativo y calidad del agua. DISCUSION: es necesario el mejoramiento de la calidad del agua, ampliando cobertura de servicios, la notificación epidemiológica y la promoción de buenas prácticas higiénico–sanitarias.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the quality of drinking water in urban areas of the Tolima department and its relationship to the reported incidence of hepatitis A, acute diarrheal disease and social indicators. METHODOLOGY: descriptive observational study using cross–sectional ecological databases (sivicap) and (SIVIGILA) 2010. It was mean, median, standard deviation, proportion of reported incidence of municipalities of Tolima (n = 47), we used one–way anova and correlation analysis. RESULTS: 63.83% of the municipalities of Tolima had potable water. In the category of sanitary non–viable municipalities were classified: Ataco, Cajamarca, Planadas, Rovira, Valle de San Juan, and Villarrica. 27.7% of the municipalities showed coliform results. No association was found between the incidence of the diseases and water quality, statistically significant relationship was found between the coverage of water supply, sewerage, education and water quality. DISCUSSION: it is necessary to improve water quality, expanding service coverage, epidemiological reporting and promotion of good hygienic practices.

Caracterización de los tiempos de atención y de mujeres con cáncer de mama que asistieron a un hospital de tercer nivel, 2005-2009 / Characterization of service times and of women with breast cancer who attended in a hospital, 2005–2009

Objetivos: caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de mujeres con cáncer de mama tratadas en la Unidad Oncológica del Hospital Federico Lleras Acosta de Ibagué entre 2005 y 2009, e identificar tiempos de atención. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo con selección de 308 historias clínicas, recolección de variables en un instrumento elaborado y análisis estadístico con el programa spss. Resultados: predominante el grupo de 45 a 64 años, casadas, provenientes de zonas urbanas, edad promedio de menarquia de 13 años, al menos 3 gestas y postmenopáusicas. El tipo histológico canalicular infiltrante fue el más frecuente, así como el estadio IIIB. La mastectomía radical modificada fue la elección quirúrgica predominante, al igual que la quimioterapia pre y postoperatoria y la radioterapia postoperatoria. En los tiempos de atención se evidenciaron demoras en el ingreso e inicio del tratamiento. Conclusión: un bajo porcentaje de carcinoma in situ y mayor proporción de estadio IV respecto a países desarrollados. Una alta proporción de abandono en controles postratamiento y fallas en seguimiento de casos, así como los hallazgos en tiempos de atención plantean la necesidad de correctivos institucionales para mejorar la calidad del servicio de salud en cáncer de mama.

Objectives: to characterize the clinical and sociodemographic profiles of women with breast cancer treated at the Oncology Unit of the Federico Lleras Acosta Hospital in Ibagué, Colombia between 2005 and 2009, and to identify service times. Methodology: a retrospective descriptive study in which 308 records were selected. Variables were collected using an instrument developed by the authors. The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software. Results: the predominant age group was 45 to 64 years old. Additionally, 57.8% of these women were married. Similarly, most of them were from urban areas. The average age of menarche was 13 years. Half of the participants had been pregnant at least 3 times, and most of them were in the postmenopausal stage of their lives. The most frequent histological type was the infiltrating ductal one, as well as stage IIIB. The predominant surgical choices were modified radical mastectomy, pre- and post-operative chemotherapy, and postoperative radiotherapy. As for service times, there were delays in the admission to the oncology unit and treatment initiation. Conclusion: there was a low rate of carcinoma in situ and a high proportionof stage IV carcinoma in comparison to other studies fromdeveloped countries. The high rates of abandonment in posttreatment follow-up, the shortcomings in case monitoring,and the findings concerning service times suggest the needfor institutional corrective measures in order to improve thequality of the healthcare service in breast cancer patients.

Respiration indices and stability measurements of compost through electrolytic respirometry.

An experimental technique for compost stability measurements based on Sapromat electrolytic respirometry was optimised and subsequently applied to a sludge composting process. Anaerobically digested sewage sludge mixed with reed was composted during 90 days in a pilot-scale rotary drum with forced aeration. Periodic solid samples were taken, and a previously optimised respirometric procedure was applied in order to measure the oxygen consumption. The respirometric experiments were made directly with a few grams of solid samples, optimum moisture and 37 °C over a period of 96 h. The results obtained showed how the respiration activity of the sludge decreased during the composting experiment under the specific operating conditions. The specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) instant values from the oxygen consumption curves were obtained, and two commonly used respirometric indexes (RI(24) and AT(4)) were calculated for all samples. Both RI(24) (a mean of the SOUR values during the 24 h maximum activity period) and AT(4) (total oxygen consumption after 4 days) were the recommended parameters for the estimation of compost stability by the European Union in the second draft of the Working Document on the Biological Treatment of Biowaste in 2001. Both indexes exponentially decreased with the composting time, and a good linear correlation between them was observed. Final values of RI(24) and AT(4) after 90 days were 600 mg O(2) kg VS(-1) h(-1) and 26 mg O(2) gTS(-1), respectively. We also considered if this technique could be classified as a Dynamic or Static method, the two primary respirometric techniques for measuring compost stability. Supposing that the proposed procedure is considered a dynamic method (no limitations on the amount of oxygen supply), the final RI(24) obtained was compared with the dynamic respiration index (DRI) proposed by the EU (1000 mg O(2) kg VS(-1) h(-1)). Our result indicated that stable compost was obtained after 90 d. However, if a static limit was considered (AT(4) lower than 10 mg O(2) gTS(-1) as proposed by the EU), our result would indicate that more residence composting time would be needed. Taking into account these results, the advantages and disadvantages and the validity of the proposed method are discussed.