[Incidentally detected renal cancer. Prognostic factors]. / Tumores renales incidentales. Factores pronósticos.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of incidental renal tumors treated in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review is conducted of 318 nephrectomies comparing the clinico-pathological variables of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally with those of symptomatic renal tumors. The factors influencing disease-free survival are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: In our experience, although incidental renal tumors presented better survival than symptomatic ones owing to their better pathological state and tumor grade, incidental diagnosis was not an independent influencing factor in the multivariate study. Only when patients were studied who did not present metastases on diagnosis did incidental diagnosis become an influencing factor very close to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental diagnosis is not an independent prognostic factor.

Tumores renales incidentales. Factores pronósticos / Incidentally detected renal cancer. Prognostic factors

OBJETIVO: Valorar las características clínicas y patológicas de los tumores renales incidentales tratados en nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión retrospectiva de 318 nefrectomías comparando las variables clínico-patológicas de los tumores diagnosticados de forma incidental con los tumores renales sintomáticos. Se analizan los diferentes factores influyentes en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en ambos grupos. RESULTADOS: En nuestra experiencia, aunque los tumores renales incidentales presentan una mejor supervivencia que los sintomáticos por presentar mejor estadio patológico y mejor grado tumoral,el diagnóstico incidental no se muestra como factor influyente independiente en el estudio multivariado.Solamente cuando se estudian aquellos pacientes que no presentaban metástasis al diagnóstico,el diagnóstico incidental se presenta como un factor influyente de forma muy próxima a la significación estadística. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico incidental no es un factor pronóstico independiente

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of incidental renal tumors treated in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review is conducted of 318 nephrectomies comparingthe clinico-pathological variables of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally with those of symptomatic renal tumors. The factors influencing disease-free survival are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: In our experience, although incidental renal tumors presented better survival thansymptomatic ones owing to their better pathological state and tumor grade, incidental diagnosis was not an independent influencing factor in the multivariate study. Only when patients were studied who did not present metastases on diagnosis did incidental diagnosis become an influencing factor very close to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental diagnosis is not an independent prognostic factor

[Prognosis factors in pT3 renal carcinoma]. / Factores pronóstico en carcinoma renal pT3.

OBJECTIVES: To identify independent predictors of progression and global survival in patients affected by pT3 renal cell carcinoma. To make risk groups by risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 117 patients with pT3 renal cell carcinoma. 88 was M0 and 29 M1. Most frequent clinical feature: asintomatic patients. 80 males (69%) and 37 females (31%). Mean age 59 (24-82). Median follow up 34 months (mean 44 +/- 39 months). RESULTS: Pathological stage (TNM 1997) was pT3a in 52 patients (43.6%), pT3b 63 patients (53.6%) and pT3c 2 patients. HISTOLOGY: clear cell carcinoma 106 patients (90.6%), papillary 5 patients (4.3%) an dchromophobe 4 patients (3.4%). Nuclear grading according Fuhrman's classification: G1 13 patients, G2 45 patients, G3 32 and G4 12 patients. Size > 4 cm (p = 0.005/p = 0.0019), grade 3-4 (p = 0.006/p = 0.0007), N+ (p = 0.034/p = 0.009) and M+ (p = 0.035/p = 0.042) were independent prognosis factors for progression and global survival of the pT3 renal cell carcinoma. Patients M0 with 0 or 1 risk factor have better global survival tanh patients M0 with 3 or 4 risk factors and patients M1. CONCLUSIONS: Size, grade, N+ and M+ were independent prognosis factors for progression and global survival of the pT3 renal cell carcinoma. Tera are no differencies in global survival between patients M0 with 2 or 3 risk factors and patients M1.

Factores pronóstico en carcinoma renal pt3 / Prognosis factors in pt3 renal cell carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Valorar los distintos factores pronóstico en relación con la progresión de la enfermedad y con la supervivencia global. Realización de grupos de riesgo según la agrupación de factores de riesgo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 117 pacientes que presentaban estadio pT3 (TNM 1997) en la pieza de nefrectomía. Ochenta y ocho pacientes no presentaban enfermedad metastásica en el momento del diagnóstico. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue el diagnóstico casual de tumores asintomáticos. Ochenta pacientes fueron varones (69 por ciento) y 37 mujeres (31 por ciento). Edad media 59 años (rango 24-82). Mediana de seguimiento 34 meses (media 44 ñ 39 meses).RESULTADOS: Estadio patológico; pT3a 51 pacientes (43,6 por ciento), pT3b 63 pacientes (53,6 por ciento) y pT3c 3 pacientes. Variantes anatomo-patológicas; carcinoma de células claras (incluyendo variedad sarcomatoide) 106 pacientes (90,6 por ciento), papilar 5 pacientes (4,3 por ciento) y cromófobo 4 pacientes (3,4 por ciento). Siguiendo la clasificación de Fuhrman, 13 pacientes presentaron grado 1, 45 pacientes grado 2, 32 pacientes grado 3 y 12 pacientes grado 4. El tamaño, el grado, la afectación ganglionar, y las metástasis se mantuvieron como factores independientes en la progresión en la supervivencia global de los pacientes pT3. Los pacientes no metastásicos con ningún o un factor de mal pronóstico presentan mayor supervivencia global que los pacientes con dos o tres factores pronóstico y que los pacientes metastásicos. CONCLUSIONES: El tamaño, la diferenciación celular, el estadio, la afectación ganglionar y la presencia de metástasis son factores influyentes independientes en la aparición de recidivas y en la supervivencia global de los pacientes pT3.El sub-estadio patológico no es factor independiente de progresión de la enfermedad en el estudio multivariado ni influye en la supervivencia global de estos pacientes. Los pacientes estadio pT3 con dos o tres factores de riesgo no presentan diferencias significativas en la supervivencia cuando se comparan con los pacientes metastásicos (AU)

[Clinical features, diagnosis, and prognosis of renal carcinoma]. / Clínica, diagnóstico y pronóstico del carcinoma renal.

Significant conceptual changes have taken place in renal tumoral diseases over the last few years. As a result of the authors' broad institutional experience, this overall revision describes the most up-to-date clinical and diagnostic aspects of this condition. Emphasis is made on molecular staging and two variables that guide the prognosis of the disease, a decisive feature to establish treatment and to contribute to change current survival rates.

[Treatment of renal carcinoma]. / Tratamiento del carcinoma renal.

The standard therapy for renal carcinoma is radical surgery. When dealing with single, under 4 cm tumors and in the case of renal tumors in single-kidney patients, the choice therapy is nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy. Response rates in metastatic renal carcinoma using the various immune therapy approaches available range from 15 to 35%, responses being short-lasting.

Clínica, diagnóstico y pronóstico del carcinoma renal / Symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma

En la patología tumoral de localización renal se ha producido en los últimos años cambios conceptuales relevantes. En esta revisión de conjunto, los autores desde la perspectiva de una amplia experiencia institucional, describen los aspectos clínicos y diagnósticos más actuales de la enfermedad. Destacan el estadiaje molecular y dos variables que presiden el pronóstico de la enfermedad un aspecto decisivo para establecer el tratamiento y contribuir a modificar las tasas de supervivencia actual. (AU)

Tratamiento del carcinoma renal / Renal cancer treatment

La cirugía radical constituye el tratamiento estándar en el carcinoma renal. En los casos de tumores únicos y menor de 4 cm y en los tumores renales en pacientes monorrenos, la nefrectomía parcial está estandarizada como tratamiento de elección. La tasa de respuesta en el carcinoma renal metastásico con las diversas modalidades de tratamiento inmunoterápico varían de un 15 a un 35 per cent, siendo respuestas de corta duración. (AU)

[Prognostic value of P53, Ki67, and Rb protein in infiltrating bladder tumors]. / Valor pronóstico de la p53, Ki67 y la proteína Rb en los tumores vesicales infiltrantes.

OBJECTIVES: To determinate whether increased expression of the p53 and Ki67 and the of the tumour suppressor gene retinoblastoma (prot Rb), in an immunohistochemistry study, were associated with relapse in invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 47 patients with invasive bladder cancer. 42 men and 5 women. Mean age 63 years old. Relapse in 19 patients (40%). Mean time until recurrence 8.5 months. p53 and Ki67 were study in 47 patients and prot Rb in 40 patients. RESULTS: p53: Mean expression 41%. There were significant differences in the increased expression of p53 between patients with and without relapse (p = 0.03). A statistically significant association was then observed between patients with p53 > 20% (vs p53 < 20%) and adverse outcome of the disease (p = 0.04). Ki67 and prot Rb: There were no significant differences in relapse and progression free survival between Ki67 > 40% (vs Ki67 < 40%) and prot Rb < 10% (vs prot Rb > 10%). p53 expression showed a statistically significant correlation with Ki67 and prot Rb. CONCLUSION: p53 is a good prognostic marker for the relapse and progression free survival in invasive bladder cancer.

Valor pronóstico de la p53, Ki67 y la proteína Rb en los tumores vesicales infiltrantes / Prognostic value of P53, Ki67 and Rb protein invasive bladder cancer

OBJETIVOS: Valorar la capacidad pronóstica de ha sobre-expresión de p53, ha expresión del factor de proliferación nuclear Ki67 y de la pérdida de expresión de ha proteína del retinoblastoma (prot. Rb), valorados mediante inmunohistoquimica. en los tumores vesicales infiltrantes.MATERIAL Y METODOS: 47 pacientes diagnosticados de tumor vesical profundo. 42 varones y 5 mujeres. Edad media 63 anos. Mediana de seguimiento 10 meses. Recidiva en 19 pacientes (40 por ciento). Tiempo medio hasta la recidiva 8,5 meses. Se valoró la expresión de p53 y Ki67 en 47 pacientes y la de la prot. Rb en 40 pacientes.RESULTADOS: p53: La media de expresión fue del 41 por ciento. Existen diferencias significativas en la expresión de p53 entre los pacientes que no presentaron recidiva y los que si lo hicieron (p = 0,03). Los pacientes con p53 > 20 por ciento tienen una supervivencia libre de progresión significativamente menor que los pacientes con p53 < 20 por ciento (p = 0,04). Ki67 y prot. Rb: No existen diferencias significativas en la aparición de recidivas ni en el tiempo libre de progresión con la sobre-expresión de Ki67 ni con la pérdida de expresión de prot. Rb. Existe una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre ha expresión de p53 con la de Ki67 (p = 0,001) y ha de prot. Rb (p = 0,03).CONCLUSIONES: La oncoproteína p53 es un buen marcador para el pronóstico de recidivas y de supervivencia libre de enfermedad en los tumores vesicales profundos (AU)

[Primary bladder adenocarcinoma: our experience in the last 10 years]. / Adenocarcinoma vesical primario: nuestra experiencia en los últimos diez años.

Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is an uncommon neoplasm corresponding as usual to a metastases and with a lower frequency to a primary vesical tumour. We present the primary adenocarcinoma treated in our hospital in the last 10 years. The moment at the diagnosis is related to the prognosis because of its tendency to muscle infiltration. The most accepted treatment is the radical cistectomy and if recurrence occurs complementary proceedings must be consider.

[Recurrent urothelial tumor in orthotopic neobladder]. / Recidiva de tumor urotelial en neo-vejiga ortotópica.

A case of an infiltrating bladder tumor is reported. The pathology was treated by radical cistectomy and orthotopic neo-bladder. After treatment we identified disease in the upper urinary tract and inside the ileal neo-bladder. This case show us the high relapse index of this kind of tumours.

Adenocarcinoma vesical primario: nuestra experiencia en los últimos diez años / Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder: our experience over the last decade

Los adenocarcinomas vesicales son tumores vesicales raros, que generalmente corresponden a lesiones metastásicas y con menor frecuencia a tumores vesicales primarios. Presentamos los adenocarcinomas primarios tratados en nuestro hospital en los últimos 10 años. El pronóstico de estos tumores está en relación con el momento del diagnóstico, ya que su crecimiento intramural provoca que el diagnóstico se realice en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. El tratamiento suele consistir en cirugía radical, a la que es necesario añadir otros tratamientos complementarios en casos de recidiva (AU)

Recidiva de tumor urotelial en neo-vejiga ortotópica / Infiltrating-bladder tumor recurrence in ileal neo-bladder

Presentamos un caso en el que el tumor urotelial se presenta como tumor vesical infiltrante en el momento del diagnóstico y tras tratamiento radical, recidiva en tracto urinario superior y posteriormente en el interior de la neo-vejiga ileal ortotópica, realizada tras la cistectomía radical. El tumor urotelial se caracteriza por su alto índice de recidivas, a lo largo de todo el tracto urinario (AU)

[Verrucous carcinoma of the penis: report of 2 cases]. / Carcinoma verrucoso de pene: a propósito de dos casos.

OBJECTIVE: To report two cases of verrucous carcinoma of the penis, a rare tumor with a characteristic course and specific treatment that accounts for approximately 1% of tumors in the male. METHODS: Two patients, aged 86 and 51 years, with verrucous carcinoma of the penis are described. Treatment was by partial penectomy and resection of the glans penis, respectively. The anatomopathological characteristics and prognostic aspects are reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Verrucous carcinoma of the penis usually presents as an exophytic lesion in the glans penis or prepuce and should be distinguished from epidermoid carcinoma which carries a worse prognosis and requires a different therapeutic approach. The differential diagnosis is based on the biopsy findings. Verrucous carcinoma of the penis carries a good prognosis and can be managed by conservative surgery (partial penectomy).

Factores influyentes en la presencia de carcinoma en las biopsias de próstata / Factors influencing in carcinoma appearance in prostate biopses

FUNDAMENTO: La biopsia prostática es el procedimiento diagnóstico de elección para la identificación del cáncer de próstata. Se intenta definir el punto óptimo de corte de PSA, indicación de biopsia y las características clínico-patológicas que sugieran la repetición de la prueba en los casos de biopsia negativa. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos 344 biopsias realizadas en 292 pacientes durante 16 meses. Realizamos un estudio univariado y multivariado para identificar los factores influyentes en la aparición de carcinoma prostático, tanto en los pacientes sometidos a una sola biopsia como en los que se realizó una segunda. RESULTADOS: Pacientes sometidos a primera biopsia: Estudio univariado: De las variables estudiadas (PSA, índice de PSA, tacto rectal, y volumen prostático) sólo el PSA se reveló estadísticamente significativo. Estudio multivariado: Sólo el PSA es factor de influencia independiente. Curva ROC: El punto de corte óptimo es 10,5 ng/ml. Pacientes sometidos a segunda biopsia. Estudio univariado: Ningún factor se relacionó con la presencia de cáncer. Comparación de grupos: Realizamos una comparación entre el grupo que se había realizado una sola biopsia y el grupo que se había realizado una segunda, no encontrando diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: -Los pacientes con PSA sérico >4 ngml deben ser sometidos a biopsia de próstata especialmente aquellos cuyo PSA es >10 ngml. La utilidad de la fracción de PSA libre es mínima en nuestro caso. -La necesidad de repetir la biopsia no hemos podido fundamentarla en nada sólido. Debido al alto riesgo de falsos negativos del método, todos los pacientes con biopsias negativas deben ser vigilados estrechamente y rebiopsiados si se producen alteraciones clínicas o elevación del PSA . (AU)

[Prostatic carcinoma. Radical prostatectomy. Impact of neoadjuvant hormonal treatment]. / Carcinoma de próstata. Prostatectomía radical. Influencia del tratamiento hormonal neoadyuvante.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of neo-adjuvant hormone therapy on the pathologic stage, margins and disease-free survival in patients with T1-T2 prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-two non-randomised, T1-T2 patients who underwent complete neo-adjuvant blockade and radical prostatectomy between 1988-1998 were included in the study. This group is part of a larger cohort of 220 T1-T2 patients treated with radical surgery. The group is compared to: a) the remaining patients (178) (Group I) and b) a selected group (54 patients) of consistent characteristics relative to clinical variables (Group II). Mean follow-up: 35 months; median: 32 months. RESULTS: Compared to Group I patients with neo-adjuvant therapy show worse Gleason (p: 0.01), worse clinical stage (p: 0.02), higher rate of patients with high clinical risk (p: 0.03), and higher PSA (though not statistically different). No differences were seen relative to pathological status or margins. Compared to Group II (54 patients) no differences are found in clinical or pathological variables. Groups are comparable in terms of progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Neo-adjuvant hormone therapy in high clinical risk, T1-T2 patients does not involve improvement in pathological stage, margins or progression-free survival.

[Radical prostatectomy in stage pT3C stage prostatic adenocarcinoma]. / Prostatectomía radical en adenocarcinoma de próstata estadio pT3C.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of surgery in pT3c patients; to discern whether this is an independent influential factor for survival and clinical factor for diagnostic prediction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five pT3c (TNM 1982) patients from a cohort of 220 subjects with T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy. Mean and median follow-up: 42 and 36 months, respectively. RESULTS: pT3 stage accounts for 20% (45/220) patients. They display a significantly higher mean PSA (25 +/- 2 ng/ml) (0.001), worse Gleason (0.0002) and clinical stage (0.0003), greater margins involvement (0.0007), and biochemical (0.02), local (0.05) and metastatic (0.001) progression. Independent influential factors are: PSA > 20 ng/ml; T2bc and Gleason 7-10. From these values patients can be divided into 3 risk groups: a) Group I (0-1 unfavourable variables): risk of seminal vesicle involvement 7%; Group II (2 unfavourable variables): risk 47%; Group III (3 unfavourable variables): risk 61%. Progression-free survival: significantly lower than patients with pT2 (58 +/- 8% vs 66 +/- 6% at 5 years) (0.002), but similar to those with pT3ab (0.91). Seminal vesicle involvement is not an independent influential factor (Cox's multivariate study). Influential factors are PSA, Gleason and clinical stage. CONCLUSIONS: pT3c tumours are not an independently influential group in progression-free survival. Progression-free survival is lower than pT2 but similar to pT3ab. Their poor prognosis is dependent on association to negatively influential clinico-pathological factors.

[N1 prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with radical surgery and immediate hormonal management]. / Adenocarcinoma de próstata N1, tratado con cirugía radical y manipulación hormonal inmediata.

OBJECTIVES: To study the survival in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma, lymph nodes involvement in the intraoperative pathological examination, evaluating both radical surgery and early ablation as treatment. Identification of clinical factors that can predict node involvement. METHOD: 20 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1988-1998 were included in the study. All patients clinically diagnosed with T1-2N0Mx prostate adenocarcinoma (T.N.M. 1992), single metastatic node involvement in the pathological study and early sub-albuginea orchidectomy. This group was compared to a 200-patient control group also with T1-2N0Mx prostate adenocarcinoma but with no pathologic nodular involvement. Statistical study: contingency 2Xb tables (Pearson's chi 2 or Fisher's exact test) to compare qualitative variables; Student's t test for means comparison; Kaplan-Meier for actuarial survival calculations and comparison of Log-rank survival curves. For the study of clinical variants with influence in node involvement a logistic regression model was used. RESULTS: Mean age was 63 +/- 0.8 years. Median follow up 56 months. Mean PSA 33 +/- 4.4 ng/mL and 55% had Gleason 5-7. 16 patients were stage pT3. Specific 5-year survival was 90 +/- 8% and biochemical progression free survival 63 +/- 12%. Clinical variables with statistical significance for node involvement are: pre-surgical PSA greater than 20 ng/mL (RR = 4.6), and Gleason higher than 4 (RR = 3). The remaining variables showed no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Gleason and PSA are the only clinical values that predict node involvement. The procedure performed obtains good results and a survival comparable to that of the control group.

[Pyeloureteral junction stenosis: our experience and review of the literature]. / Estenosis de la unión pieloureteral: exposición de nuestra experiencia y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVES: To study patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction treated in our department and a retrospective study of this pathology, focus our attention in the diagnosis and treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 62 patients from 7 weeks to 68 years old (mean 29 +/- 1.9). Half of the patients were men and the other half women. In 30 patients the UPJ obstruction was on the right side and 32 patients was on the left side. RESULTS: The most frequent symptom was the flank pain (46.8%). To confirm the diagnosis, we had IVU in the 61.3% of the patients and ultrasound in the 38.7%. The treatment was the Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in the 96.8% of the patients. In 33 patients we used a ureteral catheter. The overall success rate was 90.3%. The 29% of the patients presented postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Open pyeloplasty is the gold standard treatment of the UPJ obstruction in selected cases, mainly in children.