Prevalence of Dental Caries in Schoolchildren from the Galapagos Islands: ESSO-Gal Cohort Report.

Objective: Dental caries remains a prevalent disease worldwide. Several epidemiological studies have shown that it affects the oral health of the pediatric population, and the Galapagos population in Ecuador is no exception. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries and its association, based on baseline information from the Galapagos Oral Health Study (ESSO-Gal), in children of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 804 children aged 2-11 years. The prevalence of dental caries was assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criteria, while the presence of dental biofilm was assessed using the Silness-Löe index. Descriptive statistics, including frequency analysis and measures of central tendency and dispersion, were performed. Inferential statistical analyses were conducted to identify associations between variables. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 25.0 statistical program. Results: The caries prevalence rates based on ICDAS II codes 1-6, 1-2, and 3-6 were 98.01%, 96.9%, and 85%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed among the different islands regarding the cutoff point for ICDAS II codes 3-6 (p ≤ 0.001). Participants aged 6-11 years had the highest caries prevalence. Conclusions: The results show a high prevalence of dental caries among children in the Galapagos Islands, which increases with age. Contrary to expectations, the study did not find a significant correlation between the severity of dental caries and the presence of dental biofilm.

Efficacy of ozonated water mouthwash on early plaque formation and gingival inflammation: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of ozonated water in early plaque formation and gingival inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover clinical trial with two experimental periods of 96 h each, with 10 washout days between them. The sample consisted of 42 dental students divided into Test Group, mouthwash of ozonated water, and Control Group, bidistilled water mouthwash. The participants were instructed not to perform oral hygiene and used the assigned mouthwash under supervision once a day. For the investigation of the initial subgingival biofilm formation, the Plaque Free Zone Index was used at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The volume of gingival crevicular fluid, a questionnaire for taste perception assessment, and analysis of the adverse effects were also carried out. RESULTS: The percentage of conversion scores 0 and 1 to 2 of PFZ Index, the main outcome, for all dental surfaces showed no statistical difference between Test and Control groups, with 19.07 and 19.79, respectively. Also, there was not a significant difference in the score frequencies at each time point. Evaluation of GCF demonstrated that both groups had an increase in volume during experimental periods and that there was no statistically significant difference among groups. Test group had worse evaluation of taste perception and more adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Ozonated water seems not to affect the formation of supra and subgingival biofilms, as well as gingival inflammation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mouthwash with ozonated water once a day do not affect supra and subgingival biofilm formation.

Efecto antimicrobiano del cinamaldehído, timol, eugenol y quitosano sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans / Antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol and chitosan on Streptococcus mutans strains

Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de cinamaldehído, timol, eugenol y quitosano en comparación con clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento sobre cepas de Streptococccus mutans. Métodos: se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad bacteriana de cepas de Streptococccus mutans con discos embebidos en eugenol, cinamaldehído, quitosano y timol, al 0,1 y 1 por ciento con un control positivo de clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento evaluando los halos de inhibición existentes a las 24 h y 48 h. Resultados: el cinamaldehído al 1 por ciento mostró el mejor poder de control sobre el crecimiento de Streptococccus mutans al presentar 19,91 mm y 24,44 mm de halos de inhibición a las 24 h y 48 h, respectivamente, con una diferencia significativa de p< 0,05 entre los dos intervalos. Cuando se comparó el cinamaldehído al 1 por ciento con el control positivo de clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: el cinamaldehído al 1 por ciento tuvo los mejores resultados seguidos por quitosano, eugenol y timol a la misma concentración en comparación con clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento tanto a la 24 como 48 h(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol and chitosan compared to chlorhexidine-0.12 percent on Streptococcus mutans strains. Methods: bacterial susceptibility tests were performed on S. mutans strains with disks embedded in eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, chitosan and thymol, at 0.1 percent and 1 percent with a positive control of 0.12 percent chlorhexidine, evaluating existing inhibition zones after 24 and 48 hours. Results: cinnamaldehyde-1 percent showed the best control power over the growth of S. mutans, presenting 19.91 mm and 24.44 mm of inhibition halos after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, with a significant difference of p< 0.05 between the two intervals. When the cinnamaldehyde-1 percent was compared with the positive control of chlorhexidine-0.12 percent, no significant differences were found (p> 0.05). Conclusions: cinnamaldehyde-1 percent had the best results followed by chitosan, eugenol and thymol in the same concentration compared to chlorhexidine-0.12 percent after both 24 and 48 hours(AU)

Efecto antimicrobiano del cinamaldehído, timol, eugenol y quitosano sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans / Antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol and chitosan on Streptococcus mutans strains

Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de cinamaldehído, timol, eugenol y quitosano en comparación con clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento sobre cepas de Streptococccus mutans. Métodos: se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad bacteriana de cepas de Streptococccus mutans con discos embebidos en eugenol, cinamaldehído, quitosano y timol, al 0,1 y 1 por ciento con un control positivo de clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento evaluando los halos de inhibición existentes a las 24 h y 48 h. Resultados: el cinamaldehído al 1 por ciento mostró el mejor poder de control sobre el crecimiento de Streptococccus mutans al presentar 19,91 mm y 24,44 mm de halos de inhibición a las 24 h y 48 h, respectivamente, con una diferencia significativa de p< 0,05 entre los dos intervalos. Cuando se comparó el cinamaldehído al 1 por ciento con el control positivo de clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: el cinamaldehído al 1 por ciento tuvo los mejores resultados seguidos por quitosano, eugenol y timol a la misma concentración en comparación con clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento tanto a la 24 como 48 h(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol and chitosan compared to chlorhexidine-0.12 percent on Streptococcus mutans strains. Methods: bacterial susceptibility tests were performed on S. mutans strains with disks embedded in eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, chitosan and thymol, at 0.1 percent and 1 percent with a positive control of 0.12 percent chlorhexidine, evaluating existing inhibition zones after 24 and 48 hours. Results: cinnamaldehyde-1 percent showed the best control power over the growth of S. mutans, presenting 19.91 mm and 24.44 mm of inhibition halos after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, with a significant difference of p< 0.05 between the two intervals. When the cinnamaldehyde-1 percent was compared with the positive control of chlorhexidine-0.12 percent, no significant differences were found (p> 0.05). Conclusions: cinnamaldehyde-1 percent had the best results followed by chitosan, eugenol and thymol in the same concentration compared to chlorhexidine-0.12 percent after both 24 and 48 hours(AU)