Spatial heterogeneity in the potential distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in India under current and future climatic scenarios.

Aedes is the most globally distributed mosquito genus in the 21st century and transmits various arboviral diseases. The rapid expansion of Ae. Aegypti and Ae. albopictus breeding habitats is a significant threat to global public health, driven by temperature and precipitation changes. In this study, bioclimatic variables were employed to predict the spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in India. The reference coordinate points of (n = 583) Aedes occurrences at a scale of ∼1 km and nineteen bioclimatic factors were retrieved to train SDM (Species Distribution Models) for both species. Maximum entropy modelling was used to predict the species' fundamental climatic niche distributions. Future projections were made using global climate models for 2021-2040 and 2081-2100 separately. The models performed reasonably well (AUC > 0.77). Both species thrived in reduced diurnal temperature and higher annual mean temperatures, with suitability increasing alongside precipitation. Ae. aegypti's projected present and future distribution was broader than that of Ae. Albopictus. The expansion of Aedes suitability varied under different future climatic scenarios. Suitability for Ae. aegypti could expand from between 17.6 and 41.1 % in 2100 under SSP (shared socioeconomic pathways) scenarios 1 and 3, respectively, whereas for Ae. albopictus suitability increased from between 10.2 and 25 % under SSP scenarios 1 and 3 respectively. Preparing for future epidemics and outbreaks requires robust vector distribution models to identify high-risk areas, allocate resources for surveillance and control, and implement prevention strategies.

Lycopersene: A review on extraction, identification and purification and applications.

Lycopersene is a stable and safe triterpenoid. Lycopersen had utilized as an antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, cytotoxicity, antibacterial and pesticide. Obtaining pure Lycopersene from natural sources is very important for fundamental research and the above applications. The present overview provides an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the various methods used for extraction, isolation and purification of Lycopersene from natural sources with its applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. Many different extraction methods ranging from conventional techniques (e.g. Soxhlet extraction, Maceration and Rotary evaporator) and other advanced extraction technologies (e.g. Solid-phase microextraction, steam distillation with Clevenger, Clevenger apparatus, Chromatography on SiO2 column, centrifuge, sonication) had been used to obtain Lycopersene from flora and fauna. Purification techniques, alone or in combination, have been investigated for isolation and purification of Lycopersene from crude extracts in various natural sources. The review of Lycopersene identified cap areas like purity and application in various fields.

In-silico design of envelope based multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Kyasanur forest disease virus.

Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) causing tick-borne hemorrhagic fever which was earlier endemic to western Ghats, southern India, it is now encroaching into new geographic regions, but there is no approved medicine or effective vaccine against this deadly disease. In this study, we did in-silico design of multi-epitope subunit vaccine for KFDV. B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted from conserved regions of KFDV envelope protein and two vaccine candidates (VC1 and VC2) were constructed, those were found to be non-allergic and possess good antigenic properties, also gives cross-protection against Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus. The 3D structures of vaccine candidates were built and validated. Docking analysis of vaccine candidates with toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) by Cluspro and PatchDock revealed strong affinity between VC1 and TLR2. Ligplot tool was identified the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between vaccine candidates and TLR-2, iMOD server confirmed the stability of the docking complexes. JCAT sever ensured cloning efficiency of both vaccine constructs and in-silico cloning into pET30a (+) vector by SnapGene showed successful translation of epitope region. IMMSIM server was identified increased immunological responses. Finally, multi-epitope vaccine candidates were designed and validated their efficiency, it may pave the way for up-coming vaccine and diagnostic kit development.

Effect of Marine Basidiomycetes Fulvifomes sp.-Derived Ergosterol Peroxide on Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction in MCF-7 Cell Line.

The aim of the present study is to extract the bioactive compounds which can induce the apoptosis in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by marine basidiomycetes. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences based molecular taxonomic study confirmed that collected the marine basidiomycetes belongs to Fulvifomes sp. Further, the isolated compounds from the Fulvifomes sp. confirmed as ergosterol peroxide (EP) by spectroscopic studies. The compound inhibited 50% of the cell growth (IC50) at the concentration of 40 µg/mL and induced 90% cell death (IC 90) at the concentration of 80 µg/mL. The ergosterol peroxide generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7. Ethidium bromide/Acridine Orange (Et/Br) staining showed the increased number of early and late apoptosis in treated MCF-7 cells. The compounds treated cells indicated the significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) with p < 0.05. The induction of apoptosis by marine basidiomycetes derived ergosterol peroxide was confirmed by chromatin condensation in MCF7 cells using Hoechst staining 33342.

Effects of A.marina-Derived Isoquercitrin on TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor (TRAIL-R) Expression and Apoptosis Induction in Cervical Cancer Cells.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an anticancer agent, which has greater apoptosis inducing capacity, but most of the cancer cells become resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The combined treatment of TRAIL with natural products could restore the cancer cell sensitivity to recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) protein and might enhance the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R) expression. This investigation was aimed to isolate flavonoids from leaves of Avicennia marina and evaluate their potential for sensitization of rhTRAIL in human cervical cancer cells (SiHa). The methanolic extract of A.marina leaves were purified and structure was elucidated as isoquercitrin by NMR and LC-MS analysis. Isolated isoquercitrin showed cytotoxicity against SiHa cell line at IC50 of 980 µM. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TRAIL-Rs was quantified by qRT-PCR, combination of isoquercitrin, and/or rhTRAIL increased TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 gene expression by 7 folds and 4 folds, respectively. Also, FACS assay revealed that combined treatment has increased the early apoptosis up to 7.24%. In the present study, we found that isoquercitrin enhances the mRNA expression of TRAIL-Rs, but the percentage of apoptosis was meager, possibly due to the influence of other anti-apoptotic proteins.

Polymorphisms in DNA repair and multidrug resistance genes among Sindhis of Central India.

Polymorphisms in DNA repair and multidrug resistance genes might contribute to interindividual and interethnic differences in DNA repair capacity and drug disposition respectively. In the present study, we determined the allele and genotype frequencies of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the DNA repair genes, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, OGG1, namely XRCC1 Arg399Gln, XRCC3 Thr241Met, XPD Lys751Gln, and OGG1 Ser326Cys, respectively and two SNPs located in the multidrug resistance gene, ABCB1, namely ABCB1 C3435T and ABCB1 C1236T, in 33-35 healthy and unrelated Sindhi individuals, residing in the Vidarbha region of Central India and compared them with the Maharashtrian population from the same geographical region and some other HapMap populations from the HapMap database. The study findings reveal that the Indian Sindhis are closely related to the Maharashtrians as well as Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry and Gujarati Indians in Houston, Texas in the HapMap database.