Proyecto URISCAM: Evaluación multicéntrica del citómetro UF-Series en el despistaje de infecciones urinarias / URISCAM project: multicenter evaluation of the UF-Series cytometer in the urinary tract infections screening

Introducción. El urocultivo, prueba de referencia para confirmar la existencia de Infección del tracto urinario (ITU), es la solicitud más demandada a Microbiología. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la rentabilidad diagnóstica del citómetro UF-Series como método de cribado en la detección de ITU. Material y métodos. Se analizaron las orinas remitidas a los seis laboratorios de Microbiología participantes en un periodo de 5 días laborables. Se recogieron variables demográficas y de origen de la muestra, tipo de muestra (orina de media micción, sondaje, nefrostomía), recogida con/sin ácido bórico, lectura del citómetro (leucocituria, bacteriuria, morfología bacteriana y células epiteliales) y resultado del urocultivo. Para determinar la capacidad predictiva del citómetro se representaron las curvas ROC. Resultados. Se procesaron 2.468 muestras de pacientes con edad media de 53 años (ratio mujeres:hombres 2:1). El urocultivo detectó un 23% de orinas positivas. Las variables predictoras de ITU fueron: lectura morfológica de bacilos, bacteriuria ≥ 21 bacterias/μL, edad ≥ 65 años, procedencia de las muestras recogidas en urgencias y hospitalización, y presencia de conservante. Con el punto de corte de 21 bacterias, obtuvimos una sensibilidad del 93,3% y un VPN del 94,5%, lo que permitiría dejar de sembrar el 28,9% de las orinas recibidas con 1,6% de falsos negativos. Conclusiones. Consideramos que el UF-Series es una herramienta válida y precisa para la detección de ITU, por lo que podría utilizarse como cribado previo al urocultivo en la práctica clínica, reduciendo el número de orinas a sembrar en aproximadamente un 30% con una tasa baja de falsos negativos (AU)

Introduction. Urine culture, the gold standard to confirm the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI), is the most requested assay in the microbiology department. Our objective was to determine the diagnostic yield of the UF-Series cytometer as a screening method for UTI. Material and methods. All the urine samples sent to the six Microbiology Laboratories participating in a period of 5 working days were analyzed. We collected demographic variables, apart from those variables related to urine samples: source and sample type (midstream, catheterized or nephrostomy urines), collection with/without boric acid, cytometer parameters (leukocyturia, bacteriuria, bacteria morphology and epithelial cells) and urine culture results. ROC curves were plotted to determine predictive capacity of the cytometer. Results. A sample of 2,468 patients with average age of 53 years were processed (ratio women:men 2:1). Urine culture detected 23% of positive urine samples. The predictor variables of UTI were: morphology of bacilli, bacteriuria ≥21 bacteria/μL, age ≥65 years, samples collected in the emergency service and hospitalization and preserving conditions. With 21 bacteria/ μL as a cut-off point, we obtained a sensitivity of 93.3% and 94.5% negative predictive value, then reducing the samples to be cultured by 28.9% with 1.6% false negatives. Conclusions. We consider that the UF-Series is a valid and accurate tool for the detection of UTI. Therefore, it could be used as screening method in the clinical practice prior to the urine culture, reducing culture requirement by approximately 30%, with a low false negative rate (AU)

Urinary tract infection in the oldest old: a work overload for the microbiology laboratory / Infecciones del tracto urinario en los más mayores: una sobrecarga para el laboratorio de Microbiología

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A case-control study of post-traumatic endophthalmitis at a Spanish hospital.

Our aim was to identify the potential risk factors for developing post-traumatic endophthalmitis (PTE) and the possible measures of prevention. Retrospective case-control study, with 15 cases of PTE and 2 matched controls. We reviewed the medical records of the cases and their respective controls during the period 1996-2008 at a Spanish Hospital. We collected demographic data and information about the type of trauma, the potential risk factors, comorbidities, microbial isolations, antimicrobial susceptibility, administered treatments, and the visual outcome. The independent predictor factors identified for PTE were intraocular foreign body (IOFB) (OR 5.48; CI 95 % 1.05-28.7), dirty wound (OR 4.91; CI 95 % 0.96-25.3), and wound closure delays of 24 h or more (OR 5.48; CI 95 % 1.05-28.7). The probability of endophthalmitis in patients without these risk factors was 5.9 %, but ascended to 65.3 % and 90.3 %, in those patients with two and three risk factors, respectively. Infected patients presented a complication rate of 80 %, with an evisceration rate of 53 %; both were significantly associated with infection. The visual outcome was poor and related to the presence of IOFB and virulent microorganisms (Bacillus sp., filamentous fungus), visual acuity at presentation, and retinal detachment. Patients who presented an IOFB, dirty wound, and delayed wound closure were 15 times more likely to develop infection, and when infected, patients fared much worse than those non-infected. We thus recommend aggressive prophylactic measures in patients with these risk factors, adding antifungal prophylaxis when the injury is contaminated with vegetable matter.

Seroprevalence survey of zoonoses in Extremadura, southwestern Spain, 2002-2003.

Our aims were to determine the seroprevalence rates for the most common types of zoonosis among the population of Extremadura (southwestern Spain) and to identify the associated risk factors. We conducted a seroepidemiological survey to collect information on family background and the habits of people residing in Extremadura between 2002 and 2003. Antibodies to Brucella were determined by Rose Bengal staining and a standard tube agglutination test; a titer of 1/80 was considered to be positive. Antibody titers for spotted fever, leishmaniasis, echinococcosis, and toxoplasmosis were determined by enzyme-immunoassays. Independent risk factors identified were age (younger age for brucellosis), male gender (brucellosis, spotted fever, and toxoplasmosis), occupation and contact with animals (brucellosis and spotted fever for those in contact with goats, hydatidosis for those in contact with sheep, leishmaniasis for those in contact with dogs, and toxoplasmosis for those in contact with cats and pigs), and consuming contaminated food (brucellosis by eating fresh cheese, hydatidosis by eating homemade sausages, and toxoplasmosis by eating pork). Except for leishmaniasis, the other zoonoses were more prevalent in rural areas, and, with the exception of brucellosis, they were all more prevalent in Badajoz. The distribution of zoonoses in Extremadura was strongly influenced by keeping livestock and eating habits. Thus, brucellosis was more prevalent in Caceres (associated with cheese consumption), while toxoplasmosis (pork consumption) and spotted fever (from hunting) were more common in Badajoz.

[Trend in the susceptibility of the most frequent bacterial pathogens isolated at Hospital General La Mancha Centro over 2010-2012 period]. / Tendencia de sensibilidad de los patógenos bacterianos más frecuentemente aislados en el Hospital General La Mancha Centro durante el periodo 2010-2012.

Introduction. Our objective was to determine the trend of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens isolated in La Mancha Centro Hospital (MCH) between 2010-2012. Material and methods. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients admitted to MCH were studied. These data and their antibiotic susceptibility were obtained from the database OBSERVA (BioMérieux). Results. The percentages of susceptibility for S. aureus were: 50% methicillin-resistant-S. aureus (MRSA) (higher co-resistance to erythromycin and levofloxacin), 46% erythromycin, 73% clindamycin, 45% levofloxacin, 99% rifampin and 100% cotrimoxazole, glycopeptides, linezolid and daptomycin. Increased resistance in ICU was observed (63% MRSA), with 50% of S. aureus (susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains) with vancomycin MIC values ≥ 0.5 mg/L. E. coli susceptibility: 62% amoxicillin-clavulanate, 55% ciprofloxacin, 60% cotrimoxazole, 84% gentamicin and 95% fosfomycin. K. pneumoniae susceptibility: 74% amoxicillin-clavulanate, 71% ciprofloxacin, 78% cotrimoxazole, 94% gentamicin and 87% fosfomycin. The percentage of BLEE strains was 17% and 21% for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively, without detection of resistance to carbapenems. P. aeruginosa susceptibility: 80% ceftazidime and carbapenems, 63% ciprofloxacin and higher than 90% aminoglycosides. A decreasing trend of susceptibility to ceftazidime and carbapenems was observed in ICU and increasing trend to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions. Resistance percentages were higher in ICU than in the rest of the hospital, highlighting 63% of MRSA strains. Our percentage of BLEE and MRSA strains were higher than the Spanish media. Rifampicin and cotrimoxazole maintain good susceptibility to S. aureus, fosfomycin and aminoglycosides to Enterobacteriaceae and carbapenems to P. aeruginosa.

Tendencia de sensibilidad de los patógenos bacterianos más frecuentemente aislados en el Hospital General La Mancha Centro durante el periodo 2010-2012 / Trend in the susceptibility of the most frequent bacterial pathogens isolated at Hospital General La Mancha Centro over 2010-2012 period

Introducción. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la tendencia de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de los patógenos bacterianos más frecuentes en el Hospital La Mancha Centro (HGMC) entre 2010-2012. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa de los pacientes ingresados en el HGMC. Estos datos y su sensibilidad antibiótica se obtuvieron de la base de datos OBSERVA (BioMérieux). Resultados. Los porcentajes de sensibilidad de S. aureus fueron: 50% S. aureus resistentes a meticilina (SARM) (mayor corresistencia con eritromicina y levofloxacino), 46% eritromicina, 73% clindamicina, 45% levofloxacino, 99% rifampicina y 100% cotrimoxazol, glicopéptidos, linezolid y daptomicina. Se observa mayor resistencia en UCI (63% SARM), con un 50% de S. aureus (sensible y resistente a meticilina) con CMI de vancomicina ≥ 0,5 mg/L. Los porcentajes de sensibilidad de E. coli: 62% amoxicilina-clavulánico, 55% ciprofloxacino, 60% cotrimoxazol, 84% gentamicina y 95% fosfomicina. Los porcentajes de sensibilidad de K. pneumoniae: 74% amoxicilina-clavulánico, 71% ciprofloxacino, 78% cotrimoxazol, 94% gentamicina y 88% fosfomicina. El porcentaje de cepas BLEE fue 17% y 21% para E. coli y K. pneumoniae, respectivamente, sin detección de resistencias a carbapenemas. Los porcentajes de sensibilidad de P. aeruginosa: 80% ceftazidima y carbapenemas, 63% ciprofloxacino, y > 90% aminoglucósidos. En UCI la tendencia de sensibilidad fue descendente para ceftazidima y carbapenemas y ascendente para ciprofloxacino. Conclusiones. Las resistencias fueron mayores en UCI, destacando un 63% de cepas SARM. El porcentaje de cepas BLEE y SARM fueron superiores a la media española. Rifampicina y cotrimoxazol mantienen buena sensibilidad para S. aureus, fosfomicina y carbapenemas para enterobacterias y aminoglucósidos para P. aeruginosa (AU)

Introduction. Our objective was to determine the trend of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens isolated in La Mancha Centro Hospital (MCH) between 2010-2012. Material and methods. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients admitted to MCH were studied. These data and their antibiotic susceptibility were obtained from the database OBSERVA (BioMérieux). Results. The percentages of susceptibility for S. aureus were: 50% methicillin-resistant-S. aureus (MRSA) (higher co-resistance to erythromycin and levofloxacin), 46% erythromycin, 73% clindamycin, 45% levofloxacin, 99% rifampin and 100% cotrimoxazole, glycopeptides, linezolid and daptomycin. Increased resistance in ICU was observed (63% MRSA), with 50% of S. aureus (susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains) with vancomycin MIC values ≥ 0.5 mg/L. E. coli susceptibility: 62% amoxicillin-clavulanate, 55% ciprofloxacin, 60% cotrimoxazole, 84% gentamicin and 95% fosfomycin. K. pneumoniae susceptibility: 74% amoxicillin-clavulanate, 71% ciprofloxacin, 78% cotrimoxazole, 94% gentamicin and 87% fosfomycin. The percentage of BLEE strains was 17% and 21% for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively, without detection of resistance to carbapenems. P. aeruginosa susceptibility: 80% ceftazidime and carbapenems, 63% ciprofloxacin and higher than 90% aminoglycosides. A decreasing trend of susceptibility to ceftazidime and carbapenems was observed in ICU and increasing trend to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions. Resistance percentages were higher in ICU than in the rest of the hospital, highlighting 63% of MRSA strains. Our percentage of BLEE and MRSA strains were higher than the Spanish media. Rifampicin and cotrimoxazole maintain good susceptibility to S. aureus, fosfomycin and aminoglycosides to Enterobacteriaceae and carbapenems to P. aeruginosa (AU)

Estudio microbiológico de los casos de endoftalmitis infecciosa con cultivo positivo en un periodo de 13 años / Microbiological study of infectious endophthalmitis with positive culture within a 13 year-period

Introducción. Nuestros objetivos son describir el espectro microbiano y la susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos de los casos de endoftalmitis con cultivo positivo. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico microbiológico de endoftalmitis atendidos en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General La Mancha Centro en el periodo 1996-2008. La identificación de los aislamientos se realizó mediante el sistema automatizado VITEK-2® y las galerías Api (BioMérieux, España S.A.). La susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se realizó por el sistema VITEK-2® (BioMérieux, España S.A.), tiras de E-test (MIC Test Strip, Liofilchem, Italy) y el sistema comercial Sensititre® YeastOne (Trek, Diagnostic Systems, Ohio, USA) para las especies de Candida. Resultados. De los 63 casos de endoftalmitis, 44 (70%) presentaron cultivo positivo. Tanto en las endoftalmitis postquirúrgicas (EPQ) como postraumáticas (EPT) las bacterias gram-positivas fueron mucho más frecuentes que las bacterias gram-negativas, predominando Staphylococcus epidermidis en las EPQ; en las EPT predominó Bacillus sp., aislándose además el 75% del total de hongos aislados. Las cepas aisladas presentaron una sensibilidad del 100% frente a vancomicina, ceftazidima y amikacina, mientras que la resistencia a ciprofloxacino fue mayor del 15%. El tratamiento antifúngico empírico falló en el 50% de los casos. El pronóstico visual fue significativamente menos favorable en las EPT. Conclusiones. En base a la sensibilidad de nuestros aislamientos, vancomicina, ceftazidima y amikacina constituyen buenas opciones para el tratamiento empírico de las endoftalmitis, al contrario que ciprofloxacino. Recomendamos la realización de profilaxis antifúngica después de un traumatismo del globo ocular en medio rural (AU)

Introduction. Our objectives are to describe the microbial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from patients with culture-proven endophthalmitis. Material and methods. Retrospective study of patients with microbiological diagnosis of endophthalmitis treated at the Ophthalmology Department of the General Hospital La Mancha Centro in the period 1996-2008. The identification of isolates was performed using the automated VITEK-2® and Api galleries (bioMérieux, Spain SA). The antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by the VITEK-2® system (bioMérieux, Spain SA), E-test strips (MIC Test Strip, Liofilchem, Italy) and Sensititre® YeastOne trading system (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Ohio, USA) for Candida species. Results. Forty four (70%) of 63 cases of endophthalmitis were culture positive. Gram-positive bacteria were much more common than gram-negative bacteria in both postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) and post-traumatic endophthalmitis (PTE). Staphylococcus epidermidis was predominant in POE, while Bacillus sp. predominated in the PTE; furthermore, the 75% of total fungal isolates corresponded to postraumatic cases. The isolated strains showed 100% susceptibility to vancomycin, ceftazidime and amikacin, while resistance to ciprofloxacin was greater than 15%. The empirical antifungal therapy failed in 50% of cases. The visual prognosis was significantly less favorable in the PTE. Conclusions. Based on the susceptibility of our isolates, vancomycin, ceftazidime and amikacin are good choices for empirical treatment of endophthalmitis, unlike ciprofloxacin. We recommend conducting antifungal prophylaxis after penetrating ocular trauma in a rural environment (AU)

Impact of changes in antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative endophthalmitis in a Spanish hospital.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess whether changes in antibiotic prophylaxis used in cataract surgery in the La Mancha Centro General Hospital, Spain, were associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE). METHODS: The hospital employed two different antibiotic prophylaxis regimens during two clearly differentiated periods. In the first period (January 2000 to April 2003), subconjunctival injections of gentamicin were used while in the second (May 2003 to December 2008), vancomycin and gentamicin were added to the irrigating solution. During both periods, povidone iodine was used at the site of surgery and aminoglycoside eye drops were administered postoperatively. A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between the incidence rate of endophthalmitis and variables such as time trends, seasonality, and change in antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. RESULTS: During the period between 2000 and 2008, 26 cases of POE were detected after 14,285 operations for an incidence rate (IR) of 1.8 cases per 1000 procedures (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.7 cases out of 1000 procedures). In the period prior to the change in prophylaxis, 23 cases were detected (IR 4.5 cases/1000 procedures) while only three cases were observed in the period after the change (IR 0.3 cases/1000 procedures). A total of 84% of the microorganisms isolated were gram-positive, and all were sensitive to vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The change in antibiotic prophylaxis regimen for cataract surgery was associated with a relevant and significant decrease in the incidence of POE.

Resistencia a antimicrobianos de los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados en el Hospital General La Mancha Centro entre junio de 2009 y mayo de 2010 / Antimicrobial resistance of the most frequently isolated microorganisms in the Hospital General La Mancha Centro between June 2009 and May 2010

Introducción: En las dos últimas décadas se ha producido un aumento de la incidencia de infecciones causadas por bacterias multirresistentes. La diseminación de estos microorganismos en el hospital supone un importante problema epidemiológico y terapéutico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer los patrones de resistencia local de los microorganismos causantes de infecciones multirresistentes aislados en pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii procedentes de muestras clínicas y estudios de vigilancia epidemiológica de pacientes ingresados en el Hospital General La Mancha Centro, entre el 1 de Junio de 2009 y el 31 de Mayo de 2010. Resultados: La tasa de aislados de S. aureus resistentes a oxacilina fue 50%, observándose 0% de resistencia a vancomicina. El porcentaje de resistencias a cefalosporinas de 3ª generación en E. coli y K. pneumoniae fue 17 y 19%, respectivamente; la tasa de BLEE fue 15 y 19% del total de los aislados, respectivamente y la resistencia a quinolonas resultó 41 y 28%, respectivamente. La resistencia de P. aeruginosa a ceftazidima e imipenem fue 30 y 40%, respectivamente. La mayoría de las cepas de A. baumannii estudiadas procedían de un único clon multirresistente, endémico en la UCI del hospital. Conclusiones: Especialmente preocupantes resultaron la alta tasa de SARM, E. coli y K. pneumoniae productores de BLEE y resistentes a fluoroquinolonas y P. aeruginosa multirresistente. Respecto a A. baumannii, los aislados pertenecen fundamentalmente a un clon multirresistente endémico en la UCI(AU)

Introduction: During the last two decades an increased incidence of infections caused by multiresistant bacteria has been observed. The spread of these microorganisms in the hospital is a major therapeutic and epidemiological problem. The aim of this study was to determine local resistance patterns of microorganisms causative of multirresistant infections in patients admitted to our hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was designed, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and surveillance samples of patients admitted to the Hospital General La Mancha Centro, between June 2009 and May 2010. Results: The rate of S. aureus isolates resistant to oxacillin was 50%, with 0% resistance to vancomycin. The percentage of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins in E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 17 and 19%, respectively; the ESBL-production in enterobacterial strains was 15 and 19%, respectively, and the quinolone resistance was 41 and 28%, respectively. The resistance of P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime and imipenem was 30 and 40%, respectively. Most strains of A. baumannii studied came from a single multidrug-resistant clone, endemic in the ICU of our hospital. Conclusions: Of particular concern is the high rate of MRSA, E. coli and K. pneumoniae ESBL producers and resistant to fluoroquinolones as well as P. aeruginosa multiresistant. A. baumannii isolates belong mainly to endemic multidrug-resistant clone from the ICU(AU)

[Antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from outpatient individuals]. / Sensibilidad a antimicrobianos de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina procedentes de pacientes ambulatorios.

BACKGROUND: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has emerged worldwide as a cause of infections among patients without risk factors. This CA-MRSA is different from nosocomial strains in terms of epidemiology, microbiology and clinical manifestations. We report the epidemiologic characteristics and resistance to antimicrobial agents of CA-MRSA strains isolated in the last three years in the Microbiology Lab of Hospital General La Mancha-Centro (Alcázar de San Juan, Ciudad Real). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of microbiological cultures in patients with S. aureus diagnosed from 2007 to 2009 in La Mancha-Centro Health-Care Area, within Castilla-La Mancha Community. RESULTS: The distribution of CA-MRSA in the studied period was 26 out of a total of 97 S. aureus isolates in 2007 (26.8%), 40/113 in 2008 (35.4%) and 57/157 in 2009 (36.3%). The percentage from purulent skin and soft tissue infections was 63.4%. All strains were susceptible to linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and glycopeptides. The resistance was high to fluoroquinolones (94.3%), erythromycin (87.0%), tobramycin (82.9%), and clindamycin (65.3%). CONCLUSIONS: CA-MRSA isolates percentage increased along the period of the study. The majority were obtained from skin and soft tissue specimens. The most commonly associated antimicrobial resistance was to fluoroquinolones, erythromycin, tobramycin and clindamycin. An understanding of the CAMRSA epidemiology is important to prevent these organisms from becoming endemic in the world.