[The reaction of the immune system to insulinlike growth factor-1 in postmenopausal women with breast cancer].

Taking into account the information about the role of insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) in breast cancer the main aim of the present study was to investigate the cellular immune response to IGF-1. There were examined 58 patients with breast cancer (61 +/- 1 years, BMI 31,2 +/- 0,9 kg/m2, all postmenopausal) and 10 with benign tumors of the breast (56 +/- 2 years, BMI 30,8 +/- 0,7 kg/m2 all menopausal) as well as 17 patients suffering from cancer of different sites. Sensibilization of lymphocytes to IGF-1 was measured in the reaction of blast transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The majority of breast cancer patients (47/58) revealed the sensibilization of peripheral blood lymphocytes to IGF-1. Thus in a part of patients (29 /47) this reaction was suppressed and revealed after suppression of cyclooxygenase and/or blocking of the histamine H2-receptors by corresponding pharmaceutics drugs in vitro.

[Immunologic predictors of diabetes mellitus in menopausal breast cancer patients].

Although the relations between diabetes mellitus (DM) and breast cancer (BC) are lately widely discussed, the actual causes for cancer predisposition in patients with diabetes are currently unclear. This study was designed to define the frequency of DM immunological predictors occurrence and immune system function shifts in patients with breast cancer. Sixty four BC patients, 19 patients with benign breast conditions and 40 healthy individuals were included. The lymphocyte sensibilization with insulin suppressed by prostaglandin-synthesizing cells or cells with histamine receptor expression (DM predictor) is more common in BC patients than in control group (29 of 56 vs 5 of 37, p < 0.001). This is not a tumor marker, but rather is an objective factor reflecting higher occurrence of insulin resistance in this group. For BC patients is also characteristic the lower PHA-stimulated peripheral lymphocyte proliferation rate probably caused by increase in short-lived suppressor cell activity, a usual sign of the impairment of cell-mediated immunity. It is also possible, that the immunologic predictors of DM associated with insulin resistance, combined with the effects of short-lived suppressor cells, promote tumor cell proliferation.

[Lymphocytic sensitization to insulin as a risk factor of diabetes mellitus].

AIM: to search for immunological risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The prospective study included 91 patients (26 males and 65 females; mean age 45.9 years; body mass index 27 +/- 3 kg/m2). Follow-ups were made in 1993 to 1995 and in 2005 to 2007. All the patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence or absence of an autoimmune reaction to insulin. The incidence of hyperglycemia, diabetes, essential hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), obesity, and inflammatory skin diseases was determined in each group. RESULTS: The incidence of hyperglycemia, diabetes, or CHD was much higher in the patients having an autoimmune reaction to insulin. An excess body weight of more than 30% and additional 10 years of life from the baseline increased a risk for diabetes in persons showing a lymphocytic sensitization to insulin, this was not seen in those without this responsiveness. CONCLUSION: Lymphocytic sensitization to insulin is a risk factor of diabetes and prediabetes. Aging, female sex, and overweight are provocative factors for diabetes in persons with an autoimmune reaction to insulin.

[Sensitization of lymphocytes to insulin as one of risk factors of ischemic heart disease].

Prevalence and character of sensitization of lymphocytes to insulin and its prognostic significance were studied in 71 patients with ischemic heart disease and 55 healthy people. Direct overt sensitization of lymphocytes to insulin was found in 14 of 71 patients (p<0.01 compared with control group). This type of reaction was associated with myocardial infarction. Concealed indirect reaction of lymphocytes to insulin was revealed at inhibition of cells with receptors to histamine or prostaglandin synthesizing cells in 13 and 19 of 71 patients, respectively (p<0.01 and p<0.05 compared with control group). Direct overt sensitization of lymphocytes to insulin and concealed indirect sensitization revealed at inhibition of functional activity of cells with receptors to histamine serve as prognostically unfavorable factors because they are associated with development of heart failure and higher rate of lethal outcome.

[Lymphocytes sensitization to insulin in acute ischemic attacks]. / Sensibilizatsiia limfotsitov k insulinu pri ostrykh narusheniiakh mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia.

The study aimed at investigation of frequency and character of lymphocyte sensitization to insulin in patients with acute disturbances of brain blood circulation (ADBBC). Fifty patients with ADBBC (38-with ischemic stroke, 5-with hemorrhagic stroke, 7-with transient ischemic attacks), 17 patients with cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and 20 age- and sex-matched controls have been studied. Lymphocyte sensitization to insulin (LS) was revealed in 32 patients with stroke and in 5-with CVD. Direct LS to insulin occured in 6 patients with stroke, all of them having diabetes mellitus type I. Indirect LS to insulin, defectable after inhibition of the cells with histamine receptors (CHR) or prostaglandin synthetizing cells (PGSC), was found in 26 patients with stroke (10-with diabetes type 2, 8-with pre-diabetes, 8 non-diabetic) and in 5 patients with CVD. Indirect LS to insulin is a key factor in development of insulin resistance. High PGSC activity is associated with CVD and transient ischemic attacks and high CHR activity is associated with stroke. Diabetes mellitus caused a severer course of ADBBC, and arterial hypertension may result in the ADBBC development in one third of patients.

[Heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus]. / O geterogennosti sakharnogo diabeta.

AIM: To define a criterium for differentiation of different types of diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The condition of immunity, antibodies to the pancreatic island cells, proliferative activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to human immunoglobulin were studied in 152 patients with DM. RESULTS: Sensitization of lymphocytes to insulin is associated with DM type I. Latent sensitization of lymphocytes to insulin detectable in inhibition of functional activity of prostaglandin-synthesizing cells is encountered in classic course of DM type II, while detectable in inhibition of functional activity of the cells carrying receptors to histamine is observed in patients with symptoms of either DM type I or DM type II. Lack of either apparent or latent lymphocyte sensitization to insulin in chronic hyperglycemia is associated with secondary DM. CONCLUSION: How lymphocytes are sensitized to insulin is important for differential diagnosis not only of DM type but also of DM forms within the same type. Groups of the DM patients were different not only by immunological indices but also by clinical course, treatment and prognosis.

[The status of the immunity system in diphtheria]. / Sostoianie sistemy immuniteta pri difterii.

The complex study of cell-mediated and humoral immunity characteristics, as well as nonspecific protective factors, in 30 diphtheria patients, 9 clinically healthy carriers and 54 healthy subjects was carried out. In healthy immunized subjects normal characteristics of all elements of immunity were observed in combination with high titers of antitoxins and sensitization of lymphocytes to diphtheria toxoid. In healthy carriers the presence of cell-mediated and humoral immunity to diphtheria was associated with disturbances of the metabolic activity of phagocytes and a decrease in the proliferation of lymphocytes in response to the mitogen. Diphtheria patients were found to have changes in all elements of immunity, especially pronounced in severe forms of the disease.

[Immune system in residents of territories contaminated with radionuclides after Chernobyl accident]. / Sistema immuniteta u lits, prozhivaiushchikh na territorii, zagriaznennoi radionuklidami vsledstvie avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

AIM: Study of the immunity and nonspecific defense factors in subjects living at a territory contaminated with radionuclides at a density of 1-5 Ci/km2 after the Chernobyl accident. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 144 subjects aged 18 to 82 years living in the Sasovo region of the Ryazan district were examined. Three groups were distinguished with different density of contamination: 1) n = 54, 1-5 Ci/km2; 2) n = 36, conditionally pure territory; and 3) n = 54, living at the interface of the two territories. Blood analysis was carried out, nonspecific defense factors studied in the NBT test, and cellular and humoral immunity parameters investigated. RESULTS: Values of the NBT test, levels of the natural inhibitory factor and IgA, counts and functional activities of T lymphocytes and their subpopulations differed but negligibly from those in subjects living at pure territories. On the other hand, the counts of large granular lymphocytes were decreased and the incidence of autoimmune reactions to thyroid hormone antigens increased in the population exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation, which might be due to incorporation of radioactive iodine. CONCLUSION: The detected changes in the population exposed to low-dose radiation indicate that the history of exposure cannot be neglected, for such an exposure causes development of some diseases or alters their course.

[The incidence of detecting antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in different population groups in the USSR]. / Chastota vyiavleniia antitel k virusu gepatita C u razlichnykh grupp naseleniia SSSR.

Markedly unequal distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among blood donors in different regions of the USSR was established. The necessity of introduction into the blood service of regular donor blood screening for anti-C100-3 is substantiated. The portion of chronic hepatitis associated with HCV in the structure of chronic virus hepatitis was established. The results of the study indicate the expedience of specific virus hepatitis C prophylaxis in contingents of high risk of HCV infection.

[Role of porphyrins in the development of alcohol-induced liver lesions]. / Rol' porfirinov v razvitii alkogol'nykh porazhenii pecheni.

To specify the role porphyrins play in the development of diffuse liver injuries, 53 patients with alcohol-induced liver injuries were examined. Of these, 17 patients manifested marked derangement of porphyrin metabolism. As a result of clinico-biochemical, immunological and morphological research methods, it is established that marked derangement of porphyrin metabolism manifesting itself in porphyrin deposition in hepatocytes and in the high level of uro and coproporphyrinuria is associated with the development of autoimmune reactions towards liver-specific lipoprotein, which determines the development of the grave forms of liver injury in patients who abuse alcohol.

[Markers of the hepatitis B virus in the blood serum and liver tissue in chronic diffuse diseases]. / Izuchenie markerov virusa gepatitia B v syvorotke krovi i tkani pecheni pri khronicheskikh diffuznykh zabolevaniiakh.

It is shown that the activity of the disease depends on the localisation of HBsAg and HBcAg in the hepatocyte and on the reaction of the delayed hypersensitivity (RDH) to HBsAg and liver-specific lipoprotein (LSL). RDH to HBsAg, LSL and a diffuse localisation of HBsAg in the hepatocyte cytoplasm are observed in the non-active chronic diffuse liver disease while the marginal or membraneous localisation of HBsAg which is frequently combined with HBcAg in nuclei and RDH to HBsAg and LSL are found in the active forms of chronic liver diseases.

[Immunocorrective therapy of patients with chronic active liver diseases of a viral nature]. / Immunokorrigiruiushchaia terapiia bol'nykh khronicheskimi aktivnymi zabolevaniiami pecheni virusnoi prirody.

A study of the effect of immunocorrective drugs on the clinicobiochemical and immunological indices of patients with chronic active liver diseases of viral nature made it possible to work out criteria for administration of levamisole (the absence of the cytolytic syndrome, the presence of immunodeficiency in the system of cellular immunity and disturbance of immunoregulation), prednisolone, the combination of prednisolone and azathioprine, and d-Penicillamine (severe hepatocellular insufficiency, the presence of autoimmune reactions and disturbance of immunoregulation). The treatment of patients with chronic active diseases with immunocorrective drugs required a strict individual approach taking account of clinicobiochemical, immunological and morphological indices.

[Cellular and humoral immunity in asymptomatic carriers of the hepatitis B virus]. / Sostoianie kletochnogo i gumoral'nogo immuniteta u bessimptomnykh nositelei virusa gepatita B.

Eighty-eight asymptomatic HBsAg carriers were examined for cellular and humoral immunity and markers of virus B hepatitis in liver tissue and blood serum. The following results were obtained: HBsAg and HBcAg in liver tissue were found in 10 and 19 out of the 24 examinees, respectively, HBeAg and anti-Hbe in blood serum in 2 and 20 out of the 25 examinees, respectively. No alterations were recorded on the part of humoral immunity. Changes in cellular immunity manifested themselves by reduction in the number of T lymphocytes, and decreased response to PHA. Sensitization to HBsAg led to the purification of hepatitis B virus whereas the presence of simultaneous sensitization to liver-specific lipoprotein contributed to development of graver patterns of liver injury. The role of the immune system and hepatitis B virus itself in the pathogenesis of liver injury in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers is discussed.