Feasibility Study of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Coupled with Anaerobic Filter Followed by Membrane Filtration for Wastewater Treatment.

The performance of a Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DWTS) comprising an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and an Anaerobic Filter (AF) and Membrane Filtration (MF) module was studied for domestic wastewater treatment. The efficiency of the system was evaluated by running ABR at four different HRTs (14, 12, 10, and 8 h) resulting in COD removal efficiencies of 74, 72, 69, and 65%, respectively. The performance of AF using four different filtration media, i.e., PVC pipe (25 mm), PVC pipe (20 mm), PVC pipe (15 mm), and Kaldnes K3, was determined at optimized HRT (12 h). Among all the filtration media tested, the highest performance efficiency of the system was found with the PVC pipe (20 mm), which showed COD, TP, and TKN removal of 79, 32, and 63%, respectively. The efficacy of the system was proven via significant COD and turbidity removal of 94.6 and 87.2%, respectively, by the combined system.

SHMT2 is Associated with Tumor Purity, CD8+ T Immune Cells Infiltration, and a Novel Therapeutic Target in Four Different Human Cancers.

AIMS: This study was launched to identify the SHMT2 associated Human Cancer subtypes. BACKGROUND: Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide. Previous reports revealed the limited involvement of SHMT2 in human cancer. In the current study, we comprehensively analyzed the role of SHMT2 in 24 major subtypes of human cancers using in silico approach and identified a few subtypes that are mainly associated with SHMT2. OBJECTIVE: We aim to comprehensively analyze the role of SHMT2 in 24 major subtypes of human cancers using in silico approach and identified a few subtypes that are mainly associated with SHMT2. Earlier, limited knowledge exists in the medical literature regarding the involvement of Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) in human cancer. METHODS: In the current study, we comprehensively analyzed the role of SHMT2 in 24 major subtypes of human cancers using in silico approach and identified a few subtypes that are mainly associated with SHMT2. Pan-cancer transcriptional expression profiling of SHMT2 was done using UALCAN while further validation was performed using GENT2. For translational profiling of SHMT2, we utilized Human Protein Atlas (HPA) platform. Promoter methylation, genetic alteration, and copy number variations (CNVs) profiles were analyzed through MEXPRESS and cBioPortal. Survival analysis was carried out through Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter platform. Pathway enrichment analysis of SHMT2 was performed using DAVID, while the gene-drug network was drawn through CTD and Cytoscape. Furthermore, in the tumor microenvironment, a correlation between tumor purity, CD8+ T immune cells infiltration, and SHMT2 expression was accessed using TIMER. RESULTS: SHMT2 was found overexpressed in 24 different subtypes of human cancers and its overexpression was significantly associated with the reduced Overall survival (OS) and Relapse-free survival durations of Breast cancer (BRCA), Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. This implies that SHMT2 plays a significant role in the development and progression of these cancers. We further noticed that SHMT2 was also up-regulated in BRCA, KIRP, LIHC, and LUAD patients of different clinicopathological features. Pathways enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of SHMT2 enriched genes in five diverse pathways. Furthermore, we also explored some interesting correlations between SHMT2 expression and promoter methylation, genetic alterations, CNVs, tumor purity, and CD8+ T immune cell infiltrates. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that overexpressed SHMT2 is correlated with the reduced OS and RFS of the BRCA, KIRP, LIHC, and LUAD patients and can be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for these cancers.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) for municipal wastewater treatment- potential benefits, constraints, and future perspectives: An updated review.

The application of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors (AnMBRs) for municipal wastewater treatment has been made sufficiently sustainable for practical implementations. The potential benefits are significant as AnMBRs effectively remove a broad range of contaminants from wastewater for water reuse, degrade organics in wastewater to yield methane-rich biogas for resultant energy production, and concentrate nutrients for subsequent recovery for fertilizer production. However, there still exist some concerns requiring vigilant considerations to make AnMBRs economically and technically viable. This review paper briefly describes process fundamentals and the basic AnMBR configurations and highlights six major factors which obstruct the way to AnMBRs installations affecting their performance for municipal wastewater treatment: (i) organic strength, (ii) membrane fouling, (iii) salinity build-up, (iv) inhibitory substances, (v) temperature, and (vi) membrane stability. This review also covers the energy utilization and energy potential in AnMBRs aiming energy neutrality or positivity of the systems which entails the requirement to further determine the economics of AnMBRs. The implications and related discussions have also been made on future perspectives of the concurrent challenges being faced in AnMBRs operation.

Impact of sludge recirculation ratios on the performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment.

The performance of a lab scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was evaluated for wastewater treatment. The efficacy of the system was determined at different operating conditions in terms of fluxes and recirculation ratios (R); 10.28 L/m2 h (R = 1, Phase I), 8.8 L/m2 h (R = 2, Phase II and R = 3, Phase III) and 6 L/m2 h (R = 2, Phase IV and R = 3, Phase V), respectively. In comparison with all the operating conditions tested, optimum efficacy of the system was found at flux of 6 L/m2 h and R of 3 in terms of highest COD removal (96.7%), and maximum biogas yield (0.44 L/g CODremoved). The MLSS and MLVSS concentrations under optimum phase were 6.23 and 4.83 g/L, respectively at OLR of 0.46 kg COD/m3 day. The system also exhibited significant reduction of foulants i.e. extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) resulting in longer membrane runs in optimized phase.