Surveillance of hemodialysis related infections: a prospective multicenter study.

As in many countries, there is neither a surveillance system nor a study to reveal the hemodialysis (HD) related infection rates in Turkey. We aimed to investigate the infection rate among HD outpatients and implement CDC's surveillance system. A multicenter prospective surveillance study is performed to investigate the infection rate among HD patients. CDC National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) dialysis event (DE) protocol is adopted for definitions and reporting. During April 2016-April 2018, 9 centers reported data. A total of 199 DEs reported in 10,035 patient-months, and the overall DE rate was 1.98 per 100 patient-months. Risk of blood culture positivity is found to be 17.6 times higher when hemodialysis was through a tunneled catheter than through an arteriovenous fistula. DE rate was significantly lower in patients educated about the care of their vascular access site. Staphylococcus aureus was the most causative microorganism among mortal patients. Outcomes of DEs were hospitalization (73%), loss of vascular access (18.2%), and death (7.7%). This first surveillance study revealed the baseline status of HD related infections in Turkey and showed that CDC National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) DE surveillance system can be easily implemented even in a high workload dialysis unit and be adopted as a nationwide DE surveillance program.

The role of inflammatory parameters (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-eosinophil ratio) in patients with Peyronie's disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of the systemic inflammatory parameters to predict the discrimination of the phases of Peyronie's disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 156 patients with PD were analyzed. A complete blood count (CBC) was obtained for every patient, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-eosinophil ratio (MER) were calculated for every men. Subsequently, patients were divided into two groups based upon the phase of the disease. RESULTS: The mean age was 51.9 ± 9.6 in all study population. The mean duration between symptom onset and patient evaluation was 4.2 ± 3.2 months in acute phase group, while it was 32.7 ± 31.7 months in chronic phase group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups according to comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, lipid abnormalities, ischemic heart disease, smoking, and alcohol consumption. There was a statistically significant difference in NLR and PLR between two groups (p = 0.008, p = 0.008, respectively). NLR and PLR were significantly correlated with discrimination status in univariate analysis (p = 0.003, p = 0.005, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that NLR was the only independent risk factor for discrimination of the phases of PD (p < 0.001). The ROC analysis revealed a cutoff value of 1.8 (AUC 0.712, p < 0.001; sensitivity 61.1%; specificity 75.0%) for the NLR. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that NLR could be helpful to differentiate the chronic phase from the acute phase in patients with PD. Therefore, NLR could be used as an objective biomarker to the management of the disease and choosing the appropriate treatment.

Evaluation of episcleral venous fluid wave during gonioscopy assisted transluminal trabeculotomy in patients with advanced glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate episcleral venous fluid wave (EVFW) during GATT surgery in patients with advanced stage open angle glaucoma and to investigate its relationship with the severity of glaucoma. METHODS: In all, 34 eyes of 28 open angle glaucoma patients who underwent GATT surgery were included into study. The extent of EVFW was evaluated using surgical records of patients and it was defined as number of clock hours. Correlations between the extent of EVFW and GAAT surgical outcomes as determined by intraocular pressures (IOP) and postoperative antiglaucoma medication needs were investigated. The impact of preoperative maximum IOP on EVFW was also evaluated. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between IOPs and the extent of the EVFW at 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th months follow-up visits. 10 of (%29.4) 34 eyes required antiglaucoma medications after the surgery. Mean extents of EVFW in patients who needed and did not need medications during follow-ups were 2.6 ± 1.0 (1-4) and 5.9 ± 1.5 (3-8) clock hours and the difference was statistically significant. Cutoff value of <4.5 clock hours for the EVFW (sensitivity 79.2%, specifity 100%) was found to be associated with the need for additional antiglaucoma medication. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of EVFW might be a valuable prognostic indicator for the surgical success of GATT since trabeculotomy is circumferential in this surgical technique making all collector channels accessible.

RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH AND ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES.

CONTEXT: Red cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), however data in relation to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic acidosis (HONK) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between RDW, MCV, and RDW/MVC values and acute complications in T2DM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: RDW was measured in 90 T2DM patients (30 DKA, 30 HONK and 30 T2DM without acute complications). Clinical variables were analyzed by One -Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson analysis with SPSS software. Diagnostic screening tests and ROC curve analysis determined the cut-off point of MCV,RDW and RDW/MCV values. RESULTS: DKA patients had higher levels of plasma glucose (524.20±201.43mg/dL, p<0.001), HbA1c (10.73±2.29%, p<0.001), osmotic pressure (310.32 mosm/L, p<0.001), RDW (14.61±1.75g/L, p<0.01), and the RDW/MCV ratio (0.17±0.04%, p<0.01), compared to HONK patients. RDW/MCV cut-off value was 0.15 with 90% sensitivity 50% specifity these values for only MCV were 76.67%-70%, for only RDW were 76.67%-63.33% respectively. The area under curve values for the ability to reflect DKA for RDW and the RDW/MCV ratio were 0.708 and 0.766, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RDW and RDW/MCV ratio were found associated with DKA and valuable in predicting DKA. However these parameters were not valuable in predicting HONK.

Endocan is markedly overexpressed in severe erectile dysfunction.

This study aimed to measure the serum endocan level of patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) and to investigate the possible association between this and vasculogenic severe ED. We performed a prospective analysis of 86 consecutive patients affected by ED. Patients were divided into severe ED (IIEF-5 score < 7) and mild or moderate ED (IIEF-5 score > 7). A strong negative correlation was found between serum endocan levels and peak systolic velocity (p < .001 and r = -.665) in men with severe ED. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that tobacco consumption (p < .05), serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p < .01), serum endocan levels (p < .01), peak systolic velocity (p < .01), hypertension (p < .001), dyslipidaemia (p < .001), metabolic syndrome (p = .026) and a history of a cardiovascular event (p < .001) significantly increase the risk of severe ED. In the multivariate logistic regression model, we also found that age, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular events and higher serum endocan levels were independently associated with severe ED. Circulating endocan may be used in daily practice as a new marker that correlates with cardiovascular risks and the severity of ED disease.

Oral prostacycline analog and clopidogrel combination provides early maturation and long-term survival after arteriovenous fistula creation: A randomized controlled study.

Vascular access is used as a lifeline for hemodialysis in patients with end stage renal disease failure (ESRD). Failure of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation is still high. The purpose of this study was to research the effects of clopidogrel in combination with oral iloprost, a synthetic analog of prostacyclin PGI2. Ninety-six diabetic ESRD patients were divided into two groups. In the first group (Group 1, N = 50), clopidogrel (75 mg daily dose) and an oral prostacycline analog (200 mg daily dose) were administered. In the second group (Group 2, N = 46), placebo was given. All patients took study medication 7-10 days prior to surgery. A Doppler ultrasound (USG) was performed for measurement of arterial and venous diameters, and peak systolic velocity of arterial flow based on subsequent fistula adequacy. Autogenous AVFs were constructed in forearm as distally as possible in all patients. Both groups were followed-up for a year. In the placebo group, early AVF thrombosis was detected in two patients (4.3%). AVF maturation failure was noted in 14 patients (30.4%) in placebo group and in four patients (8%) in clopidogrel plus oral prostacycline analog group in the early postoperative period (P = 0.001). The mean maturation time was 38 ± 6.5 and 53 ± 12.8 days in study and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.023). The mean blood flow was 352 ± 94 mL/min in placebo group and 604 ± 125 mL/min in study group (P = 0.001). The arterial end diastolic velocity was 116 ± 14 cm/s in study group and 72 ± 21 cm/s in placebo group (P = 0.036) 1 year after the surgery. Our data indicated that clopidogrel and oral prostacycline analog combination is effective and safe for the prevention of primary AVF failure in hemodialysis patients and decreased acute and chronic thrombotic events.

Escitalopram treatment for premature ejaculation has a negative effect on semen parameters.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of long-term escitalopram treatment on semen parameters of patients with lifelong premature ejaculation (PE). Between November 2008 and January 2010, patients admitted to urology outpatient clinic with a self-reported complaint of PE were evaluated. Medical and sexual history of patients were recorded and patients with lifelong PE (a total of 25 patients) who met the International Society of Sexual Medicine definition were asked to record their intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) for 1 month, complete Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) questionnaire and give semen samples. Afterwards, patients received 10 mg escitalopram daily for 12 weeks and were invited for control visits at first and third month of treatment. During control visits, PEDT was administered again whereas IELTs were recorded and semen samples were re-examined. PEDT scores, arithmetic means of IELTs and results of semen analyses, which were recorded at baseline, first and third month were compared. At the third month of treatment, a significant increase in mean IELTs and a significant decrease in PEDT scores were detected. However there was a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and morphology when compared with the baseline semen measures. Daily escitalopram treatment effects the semen parameters of patients with lifelong PE. Further investigations with larger series are needed to see whether other serotonin reuptake inhibitors have similar side effects and to expose the exact mechanism underlying it. Different treatment modalities should be suggested to patients who desire fertility.

Community-acquired carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii urinary tract infection just after marriage in a renal transplant recipient.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in renal transplant recipients and may worsen allograft and patient survival. Many risk factors such as age, female gender, immunosuppression, comorbidity, deceased-donor kidney transplantation, and uretheral catheterization are involved in development of UTI. Acinetobacter baumannii has rarely been reported as a causative agent for development of UTI. Here, we present an unusual case of a renal transplant recipient who developed community-acquired carbapenem-resistent A. baumannii UTI.

Effects of sildenafil and vardenafil treatments on sleep quality and depression in hemodialysis patients with erectile dysfunction.

ED is prevalent in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and closely related to poor sleep and depression. Efficacy of treating ED either with sildenafil or vardenafil has been shown to be beneficial in ameliorating concomitant depression in non-HD patients. It is yet to be shown whether treatment of ED with a PDE-5 inhibitor would improve poor sleep in HD patients. We aimed to compare the effects of sildenafil and vardenafil on sleep quality and depression in HD patients with ED. A total of 32 maintenance HD patients with ED randomized into two groups to receive either sildenafil or vardenafil for 4 weeks. After a 2-week washout and a crossover, each group received the other drug for another 4-week period. Sleep quality and depression were evaluated via post-sleep inventory (PSI) and Beck's depression inventory (BDI), respectively, at baseline and at the end of the treatment. Sildenafil and vardenafil both improved PSI and BDI scores significantly compared with pretreatment values. However, there was no difference between sildenafil and vardenafil with respect to these parameters. PDE-5 inhibitors, sildenafil and vardenafil, caused a significant improvement in sleep quality and depression in this cohort of HD patients with ED.

Aspergillus thyroiditis in a renal transplant recipient mimicking subacute thyroiditis.

Fungal pathogens are increasingly encountered after renal transplantation. Aspergillus causes significant morbidity and mortality in transplant patients. Fungal thyroiditis is a rare occurrence owing to unique features of the thyroid gland. Most cases are caused by Aspergillus species and have been described in immunocompromised patients. Presentation may be identical with that of subacute thyroiditis, in which hyperthyroidism features and painful thyroid are the prominent findings. Diagnosis can be ascertained by fine-needle aspiration of thyroid showing branching hyphae of Aspergillus. We describe a renal transplant patient who developed Aspergillus thyroiditis as part of a disseminated infection successfully treated with voriconazole.

A comparison of spinal anesthesia with low-dose hyperbaric levobupivacaine and hyperbaric bupivacaine for transurethral surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare spinal anesthesia effects of low-dose hyperbaric levobupivacaine and low-dose hyperbaric bupivacaine for transurethral procedures. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized, controlled study, a total of 60 patients who were ASA I-III were randomized into two groups. Group B received 7.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 25 µg fentanyl, and Group L received 7.5 mg hyperbaric levobupivacaine plus 25 µg fentanyl intrathecally. The onset time to T10 dermatome, times to maximum sensory and motor block levels, time to two-segment regression of sensory block, time to Bromage score zero, time to full recovery of sensory block, and hemodynamic values, as well as adverse effects, were recorded. The primary outcome was the time to complete regression of motor block. RESULTS: The onset time of block to T10, time to maximum sensory block, and time to two-segment regression were similar in both groups. The time to maximum motor block was shorter in Group B (7 ± 3 min) than in Group L (12±5 min), (P<0.001). The time to a Bromage score of zero (recovery of motor block) was shorter in Group L (105±19 min) than in Group B (113±7 min), (P=0.04). The time to full recovery of sensory block was shorter in Group B (127±14 min) than in Group L (157±34 min), (P<0.001). The requirement for analgesia was earlier in Group B (305±50 min) than in Group L (389±146 min), (P=0.004). CONCLUSION: Although both techniques provide adequate spinal block and have few similar side effects for transurethral surgery, the use of low-dose hyperbaric levobupivacaine plus fentanyl may be preferable to low-dose hyperbaric bupivacaine plus fentanyl because of the reduced motor block, shorter duration of motor block, longer duration of sensory block and longer time to the first requirement for analgesia.

Cost of paid transplantation abroad: possible donor-origin early multiple myeloma in a renal transplant recipient treated using bortezomib.

The incidence of cancer is greater in transplant recipients compared with the general population. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is the second most common cancer in these patients. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is most commonly observed, and multiple myeloma (PTLD-MM) accounts for less than 4% of PTLDs. Most reported PTLD-MM is of recipient origin, and to date, few cases of donor-origin PTLD-MM have been reported. Bortezomib is a protease inhibitor that has been used successfully to treat multiple myeloma. Herein, we describe the case of a patient in whom multiple myeloma developed shortly after paid living-unrelated renal transplantation performed abroad (in Egypt). The patient had no apparent risk factors for PTLD-MM. Thus, it was supposed that PTLD-MM was of donor origin, considering its early development, lack of recipient risk factors, and no available donor medical status. To our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the use of bortezomib in this setting. Although bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy resulted in hematologic remission, the patient remained dialysis-dependent.

Successful peritoneal dialysis in a hemophilia A patient with factor VIII inhibitor.

Chronic kidney disease and need for renal replacement therapy in hemophiliacs are relatively rare occurrences. Successful hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis applications have been reported in the literature. We report a difficult-to-manage patient with hemophilia A plus factor VIII inhibitor who presented with gastrointestinal bleeding complicated by uremia. We admitted this hemophilia A patient with gastrointestinal bleeding who did not take regular factor infusions. He also had chronic kidney disease due to urinary stone disease. Since uremia might have contributed to bleeding, we chose hemodialysis along with factor VIII supplementation. His factor VIII and factor VIII inhibitor levels were 4% and 5 Bethesda units respectively. In order to bypass the inhibitor, we applied factor VIIA and prothrombin complex concentrate. After cessation of the hemorrhage, we placed a Tenckhoff catheter under prothrombin complex concentrate infusion. We did not observe any perioperative complication. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful peritoneal dialysis in a hemophilia A patient who had factor VIII inhibitors.

First case of CAPD-related peritonitis caused by Morganella morganii.

Morganella morganii, a gram-negative bacillus, is a rare cause of peritonitis. In this article we report a 55-year-old female patient with peritonitis due to Morganella morganii who was receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).

Thoracic epidural anesthesia and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass under insulin infusion according to the Portland protocol.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia on perioperative blood glucose levels in diabetic patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass by continuous insulin infusion according to the Portland Protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diabetic patients undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were assigned to receive either general anesthesia alone (n=40) or general anesthesia with thoracic epidural anesthesia (n=18). Patient data were retrospectively reviewed from prospective chart records used in our anesthesia clinic. In all study patients, insulin infusion with the Portland Protocol was used to maintain stable blood glucose levels. We evaluated blood glucose levels in both groups at 6 time points including before surgery, before cardiopulmonary bypass, during cardiopulmonary bypass, immediately following cardiopulmonary bypass, and on the first and second postoperative days. The amounts of insulin required at the intraoperative period and during two postoperative days were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Groups were similar with respect to the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamping, surgery, and blood glucose levels at any of the 6 time points, mean insulin requirements during intraoperative period and mean insulin requirements and blood glucose levels during the first 2 postoperative days (General anesthesia alone, 189+/-29 mg/dl vs. General anesthesia with thoracic epidural anesthesia, 191+/-19 mg/dl; p=0.782). CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass receiving insulin infusion by the Portland Protocol for glycemic control, thoracic epidural anesthesia provides no additional benefit for maintaining blood glucose levels during surgery.

Treatment with antidepressive drugs improved quality of life in chronic hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite some improvements in dialysis therapies, depression still remains an important problem in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of depression and its treatment with quality of life (QOL) in HD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 97 HD patients (52 male, 45 female, mean age 55 +/- 16 years) were enrolled. All patients had been dialyzed for more than 6 months. In order to evaluate QOL of the patients, a short form of Medical Outcomes Study (SF-36) was used. Depression was assessed by using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Patients who had BDI score > or = 15 were diagnosed as to have depression. Patients with depression received antidepressive treatment (sertralin HCl, 50 mg/day) for an 8-week period. After 8-week antidepressive treatment, all biochemical analysis, SF-36 and BDI were performed again. RESULTS: 40 patients (20 male, 20 female, mean age 56 +/- 14 years) had depression. All parameters related to QOL were significantly decreased in patients with depression as compared to patients without depression. Severity of depression was correlated with QOL parameters. After 8 weeks of treatment, as parallel to changes in BDI, QOL parameters improved in patients with depression. CONCLUSION: Decrease in QOL, associated with depression and antidepressive treatment, improves QOL in HD patients. Hemodialysis patients should be followed-up closely for presence of depression. Treatment of depression with antidepressive drug regimen would lead to relieve the symptoms related to depression and improvement of QOL in these patients. Antidepressive treatment should be required more often than we prescribe in routine clinical practice now.

Does rigid bronchoscopy induce bacterial translocation? An experimental study in rats.

BACKGROUND: Although some reports suggest that bronchoscopy induces bacterial translocation (BT), the mechanisms of BT remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess whether bronchoscopy or hypoxemia during bronchoscopy is responsible for BT. METHODS: We evaluated 24 rats divided into three subgroups: the control group (group 1, n = 8); the rigid bronchoscopy group (group 2, n = 8), and the group receiving bronchoscopy + mechanical ventilation (group 3, n = 8). Oxygen saturation (SaO(2)) was measured during the bronchoscopic procedure. Blood and tissue cultures from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver, spleen and cecal contents were obtained 24 h following bronchoscopy. RESULTS: In group 2, SaO(2) was significantly lower than in groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.01). In group 2, BT significantly increased (6/8, 75%; p < 0.01 vs. group 1, and p < 0.05 vs. group 3). The main site of translocation was MLNs (6/8, 75%) in group 2, while BT was detected in only 1 rat in group 3 (1/8, 12.5%). CONCLUSION: Hypoxemia during rigid bronchoscopy resulted in intestinal mucosal damage in a rat model. Hypoxemia may have been the trigger for BT from the intestine following bronchoscopy.

Simultaneous toxicity and nutrient removals in simulated DEPHANOX (anaerobic/anoxic/oxic sequentials) process treating dinitrotoluene and trichlorotoluene.

A modified DEPHANOX process including two upflow sludge blanket reactors (USB) (anaerobic-upflow sludge blanket -UASB and anoxic-upflow anoxic sludge blanket -UA(N)SB) and one completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system was simulated in order to detect the simultaneous removal of dinitrotoulene (DNT), trichlorotoluene (TCT), and nutrients. The phosphorus uptake and nitrification was excessively determined in aerobic CSTR reactor. Influent DNT was transformed to toluene, NH4-N and total aromatic amines (TAA) while TCT was transformed to toluene and dichlorotoluene (DCT) under anaerobic and anoxic conditions. Increasing the volumetric loading rate of DNT and TCT from 18 mg/L x day and 0.35 g/L x day to 60 mg/L x day and 1.2 g/L x day, respectively, resulted in higher COD conversion (70-80%) rates and methane productions (250-300 ml/day) in anaerobic reactor. 90% NO3-N and 87% PO4-P were achieved in anoxic and aerobic reactors at DNT and TCT loading rates as high as 40-60 mg/L x day and 0.8-1.2 g/L x day, respectively. The TAA produced under anaerobic and anoxic conditions were ultimately removed under the aerobic stage. The UASB and anoxic UASB reactor effluents were less toxic relative to the influent when analyzed by anaerobic toxicity tests and specific methanogenic activity tests, indicating that such anaerobic/anoxic aerobic sequential treatments could be able to reduce toxic organics together with nutrient removal.