RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Candidaalbicans is the most common causative agent of candidiasis. Candidiasis management is dependent on the immune status of the host, severity of disease, and the choice of antifungal drug. Antifungals, specifically triazoles, are widely administered for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the invitro susceptibility of C.albicans isolates to fluconazole (FLZ), itraconazole (ITZ), voriconazole (VRZ), amphotericin B (AMB), and Caspofungin (CAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 clinical strains of C.albicans were collected from 36 patients admitted to four hospitals in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The invitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute methods. RESULTS: Generally, 34 isolates were susceptible to all the five antifungal drugs, while four isolates were susceptible or susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) and six isolates were SDD or resistant to these antifungals. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 0.016 µg/ml) belonged to AMB and the highest MIC was for FLZ )16 µg/ml). The lowest MIC (50 0.063 µg/ml) was related to ITZ and the lowest MIC (90 0.25 µg/ml) pertained to CAS, in addition , the highest MIC (50 1 µg/ml) and MIC (90 4 µg/ml) were for FLZ. Four of the isolates showed resistance to both FLZ and VRZ, separately, and five isolates were resistant to ITZ. Caspofungin showed potent activity against more than %95 of the C.albicans isolates. CONCLUSION: Overall, we reported %9.1 resistance to FLZ and VRZ ,%11.3 resistance to ITZ and AMB, and %4.6 resistance to caspofungin .Our finding is in agreement with previous observations proposing that C.albicans isolates develop resistance to some antifungal drugs such as FLZ since they are widely used as prophylaxis.
RESUMEN
This article investigated different dimensions of breast cancer and its associated factors. It revealed that breast cancer was and continues to be among the most prevalent and growing malignant diseases among Iranian women in the past four decades. In this article, required information was collected through literature review and keyword (cancer, breast cancer, cell, gene, life quality, women, prevalence, productivity, age, obesity, alcohol, cigarette, menopause, genetic, Cytokine, and mortality) query in credible scientific websites such as SID, Google Scholar, and comprehensive portal of human sciences. This disease affects all physical, mental, and social aspects of women life. On the other hand, such factors as social and family supports during the illness can reduce its damages. Although, the [exact] etiology of breast cancer is unknown, its associated risk factors were identified. Such factors as aging, history of breast cancer in the family, specific changes in breast(s), gene changes, history of productivity and menopause, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, obesity, nutrition, race, and radiation therapy to chest are risk factors of breast cancer.