RESUMEN
Tumor-specific neo-antigens that arise as a consequence of mutations are thought to be important for the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Accumulating evidence suggests that neo-antigens may be commonly recognized by intratumoral CD8+ T cells, but it is unclear whether neo-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells also frequently reside within human tumors. In view of the accepted role of tumor-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in tumor control, we addressed whether neo-antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell reactivity is a common property in human melanoma.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Inmunoterapia , Melanoma/inmunología , Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Epítopos de Linfocito T/genética , Humanos , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/patología , Mutación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-6 , Proteína bcl-X/genéticaRESUMEN
Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub chains controls numerous biochemical events. Although it has been proven that all Ub-Ub linkages are formed in cells, studies have been limited for a long time to K48 and K63 chains as these can be generated biochemically. Access to the remaining (atypical) Ub-Ub chain types has been hampered by a lack of specific E2 enzymes. In this chapter we present a solution to this problem by using a native chemical ligation approach to obtain all other (i.e. K6, K11, K27, K29 and K33) diubiquitin chains.
