Dentin bond strength evaluation between a conventional and universal adhesive using etch-and-rinse strategy

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and the characteristics of the adhesive interface of Scotchbond Universal - SU ­ etch-and-rise mode (3M ESPE) and Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose - MP (3M ESPE) to dentin over time. Methods: Class I cavity preparations were performed in 60 human molars that were randomly divided according to the dentin bonding system (DBS) used (n=30): (1) Acid conditioning + SU and (2) Acid conditioning + MP. For bonding strength (BS) analysis, 30 teeth (n = 15) were sectioned into sticks and submitted to the microtensile test in a universal testing machine after 24 hours and 12 months. The adhesive interface of the others 30 teeth was analyzed in a confocal microscope after 24 hours and 12 months. The data of µTBS were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α = 0.05). Results: SU presented the lowest DBS compared to MP (p=0.000). Time did not influenced DBS for both adhesive systems (p=0.177). Confocal microscopy analysis showed no cracks between both adhesive systems tested. Conclusion: The results indicate that MP - µTBS showed a better performance compared to SU in total-etch mode

IgE antibodies to hepatitis C virus core and nonstructural antigens in chronic hepatitis C patients before and after antiviral treatment.

Few studies on the immunoglobulin E (IgE) immune response in chronic hepatitis C have been reported. In this study, we tested the antigenicity of commercial recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) core and nonstructural protein NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens and the IgE immune response to these antigens in chronic hepatitis C patients before and after antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon (IFN)-α plus ribavirin for 12 weeks. The effects of antiviral treatment were investigated in 20 out of 35 participants. We developed amplified immunoassays using these antigens and IgG-depleted patient sera. Seropositivity for IgE antibodies was determined, and serum IgE and cytokine levels were measured. Anti-core, anti-NS3, and anti-NS4 IgE antibodies were observed in most patients, whereas anti-NS5 antibodies were less prevalent. Antiviral treatment decreased the production of anti-core, anti-NS3, and anti-NS4 IgE antibodies, but not anti-NS5 IgE antibodies. A significant decrease in the anti-NS3 and anti-NS4 IgE antibody levels was observed in patients who presented with an early sustained virological response, but no effects on anti-core and anti-NS5 IgE antibodies was observed. The serum levels of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10, but not IL-4, were similar between patients before and after antiviral therapy. Thus, the immune response of IgE antibodies to HCV antigens was comparable to that of anti-HCV IgG antibodies. The usefulness of anti-NS3 IgE antibodies in diagnosing occult hepatitis C and monitoring antiviral treatment with directly acting antiviral medication must be investigated in future studies.

Molecular Response of Pulp Fibroblasts after Stimulation with Pulp Capping Materials.

This in vitro study evaluated cell viability and metabolism, nitric oxide release and production of two chemokines and one cytokine by cultured human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) in contact with two glass ionomer cements (Ketac Molar-KM and Vitrebond-VB), Single Bond (SB) and calcium hydroxide (Dycal-DY). Cultures of HDPF were established by means of an explant technique. The specimens were prepared under sterile conditions and in disks measuring 5 mm x 2 mm obtained from a prefabricated mold and placed on a permeable membrane to avoid direct contact with the cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Nitric oxide release in cell supernatant was detected by the Griess Method whereas stromal derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α or CXCL12), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 [Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8)] and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR was employed for gene expression analysis. Statistical analyses were performed by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for materials independent of the time, and Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction test for the comparisons between materials and experimental time (p<0.05). Cytotoxic tests showed significant differences only for DY. Protein levels and mRNA expression were significantly increased for IL-8 for both periods of time. IL-6 production increased when fibroblasts were stimulated by KM. SDF-1α protein production and mRNA expression were not affected by any of the materials. There was a decrease in nitrate/nitrite levels only for KM. Although DY caused intense cell death and did not stimulate the production of the inflammatory mediators evaluated in this work, it is known that this event seems to be fundamental for the process of repair of the pulp tissue and formation of mineralized barrier. KM and VB increased production of proteins related to the inflammatory process, thus favoring tissue repair. Therefore, although these glass ionomer cements did not lead to large cell death, they should be used with caution.

Molecular response of pulp fibroblasts after stimulation with pulp capping materials

Abstract This in vitro study evaluated cell viability and metabolism, nitric oxide release and production of two chemokines and one cytokine by cultured human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) in contact with two glass ionomer cements (Ketac Molar-KM and Vitrebond-VB), Single Bond (SB) and calcium hydroxide (Dycal-DY). Cultures of HDPF were established by means of an explant technique. The specimens were prepared under sterile conditions and in disks measuring 5 mm x 2 mm obtained from a prefabricated mold and placed on a permeable membrane to avoid direct contact with the cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Nitric oxide release in cell supernatant was detected by the Griess Method whereas stromal derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α or CXCL12), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 [Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8)] and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR was employed for gene expression analysis. Statistical analyses were performed by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for materials independent of the time, and Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction test for the comparisons between materials and experimental time (p<0.05). Cytotoxic tests showed significant differences only for DY. Protein levels and mRNA expression were significantly increased for IL-8 for both periods of time. IL-6 production increased when fibroblasts were stimulated by KM. SDF-1α protein production and mRNA expression were not affected by any of the materials. There was a decrease in nitrate/nitrite levels only for KM. Although DY caused intense cell death and did not stimulate the production of the inflammatory mediators evaluated in this work, it is known that this event seems to be fundamental for the process of repair of the pulp tissue and formation of mineralized barrier. KM and VB increased production of proteins related to the inflammatory process, thus favoring tissue repair. Therefore, although these glass ionomer cements did not lead to large cell death, they should be used with caution.

Resumo Este estudo avalia in vitro a viabilidade e metabolismo celular, a liberação de óxido nítrico e a produção de duas quimiocinas e uma citocina por fibroblastos de polpa dentária humana em cultura (FPDH) em contato com dois cimentos de ionômero de vidro (Ketac Molar-KM e Vitrebond-VB), Single Bond (SB) e hidróxido de cálcio (Dycal-DY). As culturas de FPDH foram estabelecidas por meio de uma técnica de explante. As amostras foram preparadas em condições estéreis e em discos de 5 mm x 2 mm, obtidas de um molde pré-fabricado e colocadas em uma membrana permeável (Maxicell 24 W 0,4 µm) para evitar o contato direto com as células. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo método de exclusão de Trypan Blue e pelo ensaio de MTT. A liberação de óxido nítrico no sobrenadante celular foi detectada pelo método Griess, enquanto fator 1 derivado do estroma (SDF-1α ou CXCL12), interleucina-8 (IL-8 ou CXCL8) and interleucina-6 (IL-6) foram detectados por ELISA. RT-qPCR foi empregada para análise de expressão gênica. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por ANOVA a 1 critério, seguida pelo pós-teste de Tukey para os materiais independentes do tempo, e ANOVA a 2 critérios, seguida pelo teste de correção de Bonferroni para comparações entre materiais e tempo experimental (p<0,05). Os testes citotóxicos mostraram diferenças significativas apenas para DY. Os níveis da proteína e a expressão de RNAm para IL-8 aumentaram significativamente para ambos os tempos estudados. A produção de IL-6 aumentou quando os fibroblastos foram estimulados por KM. A produção da proteína e a expressão de RNAm para SDF-1α não foram afetadas por nenhum dos materiais. Houve uma diminuição nos níveis de nitrato/nitrito apenas para KM. Embora o DY tenha causado intensa morte celular e não tenha estimulado a produção dos mediadores inflamatórios avaliados neste trabalho, sabe-se que esse evento parece ser fundamental para o processo de reparo do tecido pulpar e formação de barreira mineralizada. Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro utilizados aumentaram a produção de proteínas relacionadas ao processo inflamatório, favorecendo a reparação tecidual e, portanto, esses materiais, embora não causem grande morte celular, devem ser utilizados com cautela.

IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against Core and NS3 antigens of hepatitis C virus.

INTRODUCTION: IgG subclasses involved in the immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens have been rarely studied. We investigated the immune response mediated by IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against the recombinant core and NS3 antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: Sixty patients infected with HCV genotype 1 without antiviral treatment and 60 healthy subjects participated in the study. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, HCV viremia, and the presence of cryoglobulinemia and liver fibrosis were determined. We investigated the serum IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against recombinant HCV core and NS3 non-structural protein antigens using amplified indirect ELISA. RESULTS: Anti-core and anti-NS3 IgG1 antibodies were detected in 33/60 (55%) and 46/60 (77%) patients, respectively, whereas only two healthy control samples reacted with an antigen (NS3). Anti-core IgG4 antibodies were not detected in either group, while 30/60 (50%) patients had anti-NS3 IgG4 antibodies. Even though there were higher levels of anti-NS3 IgG4 antibodies in patients with low viremia (< 8 × 105 IU/mL), IgG1 and IgG4 antibody levels did not correlate with ALT levels, the presence of cryoglobulinemia, or degree of hepatic fibrosis. High production of anti-core and anti-NS3 IgG1 antibodies was observed in chronic hepatitis C patients. In contrast, IgG4 antibodies seemed to only be produced against the NS3 non-structural antigen and appeared to be involved in viremia control. CONCLUSIONS: IgG1 antibodies against structural and non-structural antigens can be detected in chronic hepatitis C, while IgG4 antibodies seem to be selectively stimulated by non-structural HCV proteins, such as the NS3 antigen.

Atherogenic cytokines and chemokines in chronic hepatitis C are not associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases.

There appears to be an associative link between chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the exact nature of the relationship between CHC and CVDs has not been elucidated. We investigated the presence of CVDs and the clinical and laboratory alterations associated with these diseases in CHC patients. Twenty-six CHC patients, 35 individuals with atherosclerosis (Athero) and 27 healthy individuals were examined for risk factors for CVD, lipid profile, atherogenic risk indexes, and insulin resistance (IR). Cardiac biomarkers and the chemokines and cytokines involved in atherosclerosis were also evaluated. A higher prevalence of prior acute myocardial infarction was found in the Athero group. Most CHC patients were infected with the hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and exhibited either no hepatic fibrosis or a mild to moderate liver fibrosis. The apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios and C-reactive protein levels were lower in CHC patients than in the Athero group. Further, IR was elevated in the CHC group and associated with the waist circumference. High GDF-15 levels were observed in the CHC group, which were inversely correlated with APOB levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CHC patients produced more IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 than CAD PBMC but the production of IL-10 and IL-1ß was similar. CHC and CAD groups presented similar levels of IL-8, MCP-1 and LAP-TGF-ß1. Increased IR, elevated levels of GDF-15, and high production of atherogenic cytokines can be observed in Brazilian CHC patients without association with diabetes and clinical manifestation of cardiovascular diseases.

IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against core and NS3 antigens of hepatitis C virus

Abstract INTRODUCTION: IgG subclasses involved in the immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens have been rarely studied. We investigated the immune response mediated by IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against the recombinant core and NS3 antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: Sixty patients infected with HCV genotype 1 without antiviral treatment and 60 healthy subjects participated in the study. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, HCV viremia, and the presence of cryoglobulinemia and liver fibrosis were determined. We investigated the serum IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against recombinant HCV core and NS3 non-structural protein antigens using amplified indirect ELISA. RESULTS: Anti-core and anti-NS3 IgG1 antibodies were detected in 33/60 (55%) and 46/60 (77%) patients, respectively, whereas only two healthy control samples reacted with an antigen (NS3). Anti-core IgG4 antibodies were not detected in either group, while 30/60 (50%) patients had anti-NS3 IgG4 antibodies. Even though there were higher levels of anti-NS3 IgG4 antibodies in patients with low viremia (< 8 × 105 IU/mL), IgG1 and IgG4 antibody levels did not correlate with ALT levels, the presence of cryoglobulinemia, or degree of hepatic fibrosis. High production of anti-core and anti-NS3 IgG1 antibodies was observed in chronic hepatitis C patients. In contrast, IgG4 antibodies seemed to only be produced against the NS3 non-structural antigen and appeared to be involved in viremia control. CONCLUSIONS: IgG1 antibodies against structural and non-structural antigens can be detected in chronic hepatitis C, while IgG4 antibodies seem to be selectively stimulated by non-structural HCV proteins, such as the NS3 antigen.

Dental Pulp Fibroblasts Response after Stimulation with HEMA and Adhesive System.

This study evaluated in vitro cell viability and metabolism, nitric oxide release and production of chemokines by cultured human dental pulp fibroblasts (DPF) under contact with HEMA and Single Bond. Cultures of DPF were established by means of an explant technique. Once plated, cells were kept under contact with increasing concentrations of HEMA (10, 100 and 1000 nM) or Single Bond (SB) [10-fold serially diluted in culture medium (10-4, 10-3 and 10-2 v/v)] and also with polymerized SB components. Cytotoxicity was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion method and MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Nitric oxide release on cell supernatant was detected by Griess Method whereas chemokines (CXCL12 and CXCL8) were detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR was employed for chemokines gene expression analysis. Cytotoxic tests showed significant differences for SB 10-2. None of the tested materials significantly altered NO levels. Protein levels of CXCL12 were significantly decreased only by HEMA. On the other hand, while CXCL12 mRNA remained unaltered, gene expression of CXCL8 had significant decrease with all materials, except for polymerized SB. In conclusion, Single Bond and HEMA at various concentrations, decreased expression and production of molecules involved in inflammatory processes and, therefore, the use of adhesive systems such as pulp capping materials must be viewed with caution due to its large cytotoxic effect when in close contact with the pulp.

Dental pulp fibroblasts response after stimulation with hema and adhesive system

Abstract This study evaluated in vitro cell viability and metabolism, nitric oxide release and production of chemokines by cultured human dental pulp fibroblasts (DPF) under contact with HEMA and Single Bond. Cultures of DPF were established by means of an explant technique. Once plated, cells were kept under contact with increasing concentrations of HEMA (10, 100 and 1000 nM) or Single Bond (SB) [10-fold serially diluted in culture medium (10-4, 10-3 and 10-2 v/v)] and also with polymerized SB components. Cytotoxicity was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion method and MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Nitric oxide release on cell supernatant was detected by Griess Method whereas chemokines (CXCL12 and CXCL8) were detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR was employed for chemokines gene expression analysis. Cytotoxic tests showed significant differences for SB 10-2. None of the tested materials significantly altered NO levels. Protein levels of CXCL12 were significantly decreased only by HEMA. On the other hand, while CXCL12 mRNA remained unaltered, gene expression of CXCL8 had significant decrease with all materials, except for polymerized SB. In conclusion, Single Bond and HEMA at various concentrations, decreased expression and production of molecules involved in inflammatory processes and, therefore, the use of adhesive systems such as pulp capping materials must be viewed with caution due to its large cytotoxic effect when in close contact with the pulp.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou in vitro a viabilidade e metabolismo celular, liberação de óxido nítrico e produção de quimiocinas em cultura de fibroblastos de polpa dental humana (DPF) em contato com HEMA e Single Bond. Culturas de DPF foram estabelecidas por meio de uma técnica de explante. Uma vez plaqueadas, as células foram mantidas em contato com concentrações crescentes de HEMA (10, 100 e 1000 nM) ou Single Bond (SB) [10 vezes diluídas em série em meio de cultura (10-4, 10-3 e 10-2 v/v)] e também com SB polimerizado. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo método de exclusão de Trypan Blue e pelo ensaio de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio brometo (MTT). A liberação de óxido nítrico no sobrenadante celular foi detectada pelo método de Griess, enquanto as quimiocinas (CXCL12 e CXCL8) foram detectadas por ELISA. RT-qPCR foi empregada para análise de expressão gênica de quimiocinas. Testes citotóxicos mostraram diferenças significativas para SB 10-2. Nenhum dos materiais testados alterou significativamente os níveis de NO. Os níveis de proteína de CXCL12 foram significativamente diminuídos apenas pelo HEMA. Por outro lado, enquanto o RNAm de CXCL12 permaneceu inalterado, a expressão gênica de CXCL8 teve redução significativa com todos os materiais, com exceção do SB polimerizado. Em conclusão, Single Bond e HEMA, em várias concentrações, diminuíram a expressão e produção de moléculas envolvidas em processos inflamatórios e, portanto, o uso de sistemas adesivos, como o material protetor da polpa, deve ser visto com cautela devido ao seu grande efeito citotóxico quando em contato com a polpa.

Clinical and laboratory aspects of dyslipidemia in Brazilian women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the presence of dyslipidemia in Brazilian SLE patients by evaluating their lipid profile and immune status, including the production of autoantibodies and cytokines involved in atherogenesis. Ninety-four female SLE patients participated in this study and, based on their lipid profile, were classified as dyslipidemic or not. All were tested for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), antiphospholipid antibodies, and autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens and double-stranded DNA. Serum levels of apolipoproteins A and B, C3, C4, and C-reactive protein were measured, as well as serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10. Lupus activity was scored according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000. Sixty-nine patients (73.4%) had dyslipidemia, and the remaining 25 patients (26.6%) were non-dyslipidemic. Lupus activity was correlated with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels (non-HDL-C, r = 0.34 and p = 0.0043 and r = 0.46 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Atherogenic indexes apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A and TG:HDL-C ratios were higher in dyslipidemic women, and TG:HDL was correlated with disease activity (r = 0.40, p = 0.0007). IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels were similar between groups; however, a positive correlation between IL-6 and CRP levels was only observed in the group with dyslipidemia (r = 0.55, p < 0.0001). Female Brazilian SLE patients present a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and exhibit a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases as compared with female SLE patients without dyslipidemia and healthy individuals.

Immune response of Th17-associated cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection causes severe cellular immune dysfunction. Here, we investigated the production of Th17-associated cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of untreated patients with HCV, patients presenting an early virologic response (EVR) after 12weeks of treatment with interferon-α plus ribavirin with or without HCV protease inhibitors, and patients who were nonresponders to HCV therapy. PBMCs were stimulated with HCV core and nonstructural antigens, and the production of Th17-associated cytokines was measured with a Milliplex MAP immunoassay. Core-stimulated PBMCs from both untreated and nonresponder patients produced interleukin (IL)-17A, and vigorous production of IL-17A in response to NS3 antigen was only verified in the untreated group. Nonresponder patients also produced IL-17F after core antigen stimulation. IL-21 production was unaltered in the three groups of patients, whereas IL-17E and IL-22 were not detected. The production of Th17 cytokines by cells from patients showing an EVR was insignificant. IL-17A and IL-17F levels were not correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels or viremia. However, advanced fibrosis was associated with higher IL-17A production in T0 cells stimulated with core antigen. Untreated patients with HCV and patients who were nonresponders to antiviral treatment differed in their PBMC immune responses of Th17-associated cytokines. The early virological response to antiviral treatment dramatically decreased Th17 immune responses to HCV antigens.

Adiponectin levels and insulin resistance among patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with insulin resistance (IR), rapid disease progression, and decreased virological response to antiviral treatment. In addition, obesity is a risk factor for chronic hepatitis C evolution and is associated with IR. As adiponectin is an adipokine that is associated with obesity and IR, this study aimed to investigate serum levels of adiponectin among patients with HCV infection and IR. Thirty-three patients with untreated HCV infection underwent testing of serum adiponectin levels (capture ELISA) and were compared to 30 healthy subjects with similar body mass indexes (BMI). Data were also obtained for several homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indexes: HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß, and HOMA-adiponectin. Patients with HCV infection had higher adiponectin levels, which predominantly were observed among women. Hyperadiponectinemia was not associated with high BMI. Patients with HCV infection had higher HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß values, although no difference was observed for HOMA-adiponectin. Patients with HCV infection and overweight/obese status had higher HOMA-IR values, although no association was observed for adiponectin levels. Hyperadiponectinemia and IR were not influenced by HCV load or liver fibrosis. The predictors of IR were BMI, glycemia, and serum levels of insulin and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not adiponectin levels. Thus, patients with chronic hepatitis C have significant metabolic alterations (hyperadiponectinemia and high HOMA-IR values) that are independent of HCV viremia and liver fibrosis. Among these patients, HOMA-IR but not HOMA-adiponectin was appropriate for diagnosing IR.

Determining Optimal Fluorescent Agent Concentrations in Dental Adhesive Resins for Imaging the Tooth/Restoration Interface.

Fluorescent dyes like Rhodamine B (RB) have been used to identify the spatial distribution of adhesive restorative materials in the tooth/restoration interface. Potential effects of the addition of RB to dental adhesives were addressed in the past, but no further information is available on how to determine suitable concentrations of RB in these bonding agents for imaging in the confocal laser scanning microscope. This study provides systematical strategies for adding RB to viscous dental adhesive resins, focusing on the determination of the lowest range of dye concentrations necessary to achieve an acceptable image of the dentin/adhesive interface. It was demonstrated that optimized images of the resin distribution in dentin can be produced with 0.1-0.02 mg/mL of RB in the (tested) adhesives. Our approaches took into account aspects related to the dye concentration, photophysical parameters in different host media, specimen composition and morphology to develop a rational use of the fluorescent agent with the resin-based materials. Information gained from this work can help optimize labeling methods using dispersions of low-molecular-weight dyes in different monomer blend systems.

Influence of Erosive and Abrasive Cycling on Bonding of Different Adhesive Systems to Enamel: An In situ Study.

This study evaluated the impact of orange juice on the bond strength (BS) of dentin bonding systems (DBSs) to enamel surface after simulation with an in situ/ ex vivo erosive cycling. One hundred and ninety two bovine enamel fragments (4x4x2mm) were obtained and randomized regarding superficial microhardness and distributed to palatal devices for 8 volunteers, in three phases (one for each DBS), containing 8 blocks, which were, allocated in 4 pairs. Daily, these pairs were subjected extraorally to the following conditions: CONT- neither erosive nor abrasive challenge; ERO- erosive challenge only; ABR- abrasive challenge only and ERO + ABR- with erosive and abrasive challenges. Erosive cycles (immersion in orange juice, 3 times/day/5 min/5 days) or/and abrasive challenges (electric toothbrush, 3 times/day/1 min/5 days) were performed. After these cycles, all specimens were restored with the adhesive systems Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (MP), Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) or Clearfil SE Bond (SE), and the composite resin Filtek Z250. After 7 days, sticks (area ≅1 mm2) were obtained and subjected to the microtensile bond strength test (µTBS) at 0.5 mm/min. Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (a=0.05). Failure modes were determined using a digital microscope (40´). DBS was the only statistical significant factor. SE was the unique DBS not affected in any challenge, whereas MP and SB performed according to the scenario. The adhesive and mixed failures were predominant in all groups. Overall performance suggested that BS to enamel after erosive /abrasive challenged by orange juice was not affected and it was material-dependent.

Influence of Erosive and Abrasive Cycling on Bonding of Different Adhesive Systems to Enamel: An In situ Study

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of orange juice on the bond strength (BS) of dentin bonding systems (DBSs) to enamel surface after simulation with an in situ/ ex vivo erosive cycling. One hundred and ninety two bovine enamel fragments (4x4x2mm) were obtained and randomized regarding superficial microhardness and distributed to palatal devices for 8 volunteers, in three phases (one for each DBS), containing 8 blocks, which were, allocated in 4 pairs. Daily, these pairs were subjected extraorally to the following conditions: CONT- neither erosive nor abrasive challenge; ERO- erosive challenge only; ABR- abrasive challenge only and ERO + ABR- with erosive and abrasive challenges. Erosive cycles (immersion in orange juice, 3 times/day/5 min/5 days) or/and abrasive challenges (electric toothbrush, 3 times/day/1 min/5 days) were performed. After these cycles, all specimens were restored with the adhesive systems Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (MP), Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) or Clearfil SE Bond (SE), and the composite resin Filtek Z250. After 7 days, sticks (area ≅1 mm2) were obtained and subjected to the microtensile bond strength test (μTBS) at 0.5 mm/min. Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (a=0.05). Failure modes were determined using a digital microscope (40´). DBS was the only statistical significant factor. SE was the unique DBS not affected in any challenge, whereas MP and SB performed according to the scenario. The adhesive and mixed failures were predominant in all groups. Overall performance suggested that BS to enamel after erosive /abrasive challenged by orange juice was not affected and it was material-dependent.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o impacto de suco de laranja na resistência de união (RU) de sistemas adesivos dentinários (SAD) à superfície do esmalte após a simulação com uma ciclagem erosiva in situ/ex vivo. Cento e noventa e dois fragmentos de esmalte bovino (4x4x2mm) foram obtidos e randomizados considerando a microdureza superficial, e distribuídos em dispositivos palatinos para 8 voluntários, em três fases (uma para cada SAD), contendo 8 blocos, os quais foram alocados em 4 pares. Diariamente, esses pares eram submetidos às seguintes condições extraoralmente: CONT- sem desafio erosivo ou abrasivo; ERO- desafio erosivo somente; ABR- desafio abrasivo somente; e ERO+ABR- com desafio erosivo e abrasivo. A ciclagem erosiva (imersão em suco de laranja, 3 vezes/dia/5 min/5 dias) e/ou ciclagem abrasiva (escova dentária elétrica, 3 vezes/dia/1 min/5 dias) foram feitas. Após estas ciclagens, todos os espécimes foram restaurados com os sistemas adesivos Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (MP), Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) ou Clearfil SE Bond (SE), e com a resina composta Filtek Z250. Após 7 dias, palitos (área ≈1 mm) eram obtidos e submetidos ao teste de resistência de união por microtração (μTBS) a 0,5 mm/min. Os dados foram estatisticamente analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (a=0,05). Os modos de fratura foram determinados utilizando um microscópio digital (40×). SAD foi o único fator estatisticamente significante. SE foi o único SAD não afetado por qualquer desafio, enquanto o MP e o SB apresentaram um desempenho de acordo com o cenário. As fraturas do tipo mista e adesiva foram predominantes em todos os grupos. O desempenho geral sugeriu que RU ao esmalte após desafio erosivo/abrasivo por suco de laranja não foi afetada e foi material-dependente.

Water interaction and bond strength to dentin of dye-labelled adhesive as a function of the addition of rhodamine B.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of the fluorescent dye rhodamine B (RB) for interfacial micromorphology analysis of dental composite restorations on water sorption/solubility (WS/WSL) and microtensile bond strength to dentin (µTBS) of a 3-step total etch and a 2-step self-etch adhesive system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The adhesives Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (MP) and Clearfil SE Bond (SE) were mixed with 0.1 mg/mL of RB. For the WS/WSL tests, cured resin disks (5.0 mm in diameter x 0.8 mm thick) were prepared and assigned into four groups (n=10): MP, MP-RB, SE, and SE-RB. For µTBS assessment, extracted human third molars (n=40) had the flat occlusal dentin prepared and assigned into the same experimental groups (n=10). After the bonding and restoration procedures, specimens were sectioned in rectangular beams, stored in water and tested after seven days or after 12 months. The failure mode of fractured specimens was qualitatively evaluated under optical microscope (x40). Data from WS/WSL and µTBS were assessed by one-way and three-way ANOVA, respectively, and Tukey's test (α=5%). RESULTS: RB increased the WSL of MP and SE. On the other hand, WS of both MP and SE was not affected by the addition of RB. No significance in µTBS between MP and MP-RB for seven days or one year was observed, whereas for SE a decrease in the µTBS means occurred in both storage times. CONCLUSIONS: RB should be incorporated into non-simplified DBSs with caution, as it can interfere with their physical-mechanical properties, leading to a possible misinterpretation of bonded interface.

Water interaction and bond strength to dentin of dye-labelled adhesive as a function of the addition of rhodamine B

ABSTRACT Objective This study investigated the effect of the fluorescent dye rhodamine B (RB) for interfacial micromorphology analysis of dental composite restorations on water sorption/solubility (WS/WSL) and microtensile bond strength to dentin (µTBS) of a 3-step total etch and a 2-step self-etch adhesive system. Material and Methods The adhesives Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (MP) and Clearfil SE Bond (SE) were mixed with 0.1 mg/mL of RB. For the WS/WSL tests, cured resin disks (5.0 mm in diameter x 0.8 mm thick) were prepared and assigned into four groups (n=10): MP, MP-RB, SE, and SE-RB. For µTBS assessment, extracted human third molars (n=40) had the flat occlusal dentin prepared and assigned into the same experimental groups (n=10). After the bonding and restoration procedures, specimens were sectioned in rectangular beams, stored in water and tested after seven days or after 12 months. The failure mode of fractured specimens was qualitatively evaluated under optical microscope (x40). Data from WS/WSL and µTBS were assessed by one-way and three-way ANOVA, respectively, and Tukey’s test (α=5%). Results RB increased the WSL of MP and SE. On the other hand, WS of both MP and SE was not affected by the addition of RB. No significance in µTBS between MP and MP-RB for seven days or one year was observed, whereas for SE a decrease in the µTBS means occurred in both storage times. Conclusions RB should be incorporated into non-simplified DBSs with caution, as it can interfere with their physical-mechanical properties, leading to a possible misinterpretation of bonded interface.

Peripheral lymphocyte subsets in chronic hepatitis C: Effects of 12 weeks of antiviral treatment with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin.

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes a quantitative and functional alteration in innate and adaptative immunity. In the present work, we determined by flow-cytometry the profile of blood lymphocyte of untreated HCV patients and in subjects of this group that achieved or not an early virologic response at 12-weeks of treatment with interferon-α plus ribavirin. Twenty-six untreated HCV patients and 20 control healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Untreated HCV patients had a higher proportion of B cell and a lower proportion of CD8(+) T cell and NK cells than healthy individuals did, but the proportions of CD4(+) T cells and Treg cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)) were similar in these patients and controls. Untreated HCV patients presenting cryoglobulinemia had a lower proportion of Treg cells and a lower Treg/NK cell ratio when compared with those without cryoglobulins. Nineteen out of 26 untreated HCV patients remained in the study and were treated with Interferon-α plus ribavirin. At 12-weeks of treatment, 10 of them achieved early virologic response (EVR), whereas 9 were non-responders (NR). EVR patients differed from NR patients in the increase of their proportion of NK cells at 12 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, untreated HCV patients exhibit an altered profile of blood lymphocyte subsets, including a reduction in the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)T regulatory cells in patients that present cryoglobulinemia. An early virological response at 12-weeks of treatment with IFN-α plus ribavirin seems to be associated a significant improvement in the proportion of NK cells of HCV treated patients.

Endocrown: a conservative approach / Endocrown: uma abordagem conservadora

The purpose of this clinical case description article was to present the planning sequence, indication, treatment and performance to obtain a crown of the Endocrown type. This clinical case description article illustrates a therapeutic option for functional and esthetic rehabilitation of a devitalized mandibular molar, presenting a small amount of remaining coronal tooth structure, by means of cementing a pure porcelain crown of the Endocrowntype (Adhesive Endodontic Crown). A 39-year-oldwoman presented to the Graduate clinic of the Bauru Dental School (FOB), University of São Paulo (USP),with the complaint that tooth #36 had an extensive and unsatisfactory composite resin restoration. The lithium disilicate-based system of monolithic porcelain was used with the lost wax technique. This therapy promoted the stability and retention of the indirect restoration, without the need for performing reconstruction of the above mentioned tooth, either by means of a cast metal core or reconstruction with intracanal post, there by reducing the treatment time. After the tooth preparation, the provisional restoration was done with acrylic resin to determine if the retention and stability of the remaining tooth was adequate to receive the indirect. The characteristics of the internal and external walls of the dental remnants, cervical termination, impression-taking, laboratory stages and adhesive cementation will be discussed. The major advantage of indicating an endocrown is the use of the dental remnants it self, particularly the pulp chamber, to promote retention and stability in cases without adequate height for performing complete dental and crown reconstruction...

O objetivo deste artigo de descrição de caso clínico foi apresentar a sequência de planejamento, indicação, tratamento e execução de uma coroa do tipo Endocrown (Coroa Endodôntica Adesiva).Este artigo ilustra uma opção terapêutica para reabilitação funcional e estética de um molar inferior desvitalizado, apresentando uma pequena quantidade de remanescente coronário, por meio da cimentação de uma coroa pura de porcelana do tipo Endocrown. Uma mulher de 39 anos de idade, apresentou-se à clínica de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (FOB) da Universidade de São Paulo(USP), com a queixa de uma extensa e insatisfatória restauração de resina composta no dente 36. O sistema monolítico de porcelana à base de dissilicato de lítio foi utilizado com a técnica da cera perdida.Esta técnica promoveu a estabilidade e a retenção da restauração indireta, sem a necessidade de realizara reconstrução do dente 36, quer por meio de um núcleo metálico fundido ou reconstrução com pino intra canal, reduzindo assim o tempo de tratamento.Após o preparo do dente, realizou-se a restauração provisória com resina acrílica e verificou-se se a retenção e estabilidade do remanescente dentário era adequada para receber a restauração do tipo Endocrown. As características das paredes internas e externas do preparo do remanescente dentário,término cervical, moldagem, etapas laboratoriais e de cimentação são discutidas. A principal vantagem da indicação de uma coroa do tipo Endocrown é a utilização do próprio remanescente dentário,particularmente a câmara pulpar, para promover a retenção e estabilidade em casos onde não haja altura adequada para a reconstrução coronária...

High Avidity dsDNA Autoantibodies in Brazilian Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Correlation with Active Disease and Renal Dysfunction.

We investigated in Brazilian women with SLE the prevalence and levels of high avidity (HA) dsDNA antibodies and tested their correlation with lupus activity and biomarkers of renal disease. We also compared these correlations to those observed with total dsDNA antibodies and antibodies against nucleosome (ANuA). Autoantibodies were detected by ELISA, while C3 and C4 levels were determined by nephelometry. Urine protein/creatinine ratio was determined, and lupus activity was measured by SLEDAI-2K. The prevalence of total and HA dsDNA antibodies was similar to but lower than that verified for ANuA. The levels of the three types of antibodies were correlated, but the correlation was more significant between HA dsDNA antibodies and ANuA. High avidity dsDNA antibodies correlated positively with ESR and SLEDAI and inversely with C3 and C4. Similar correlations were observed for ANuA levels, whereas total dsDNA antibodies only correlated with SLEDAI and C3. The levels of HA dsDNA antibodies were higher in patients with proteinuria, but their levels of total dsDNA antibodies and ANuA were unaltered. High avidity dsDNA antibodies can be found in high prevalence in Brazilian women with SLE and are important biomarkers of active disease and kidney dysfunction.