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Dietary fibers are associated with favorable gastrointestinal, immune, and metabolic health outcomes when consumed at sufficient levels. Despite the well-described benefits of dietary fibers, children and adolescents continue to fall short of daily recommended levels. This gap in fiber intake (i.e., "fiber gap") might increase the risk of developing early-onset pediatric obesity and obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus into adulthood. The structure-dependent physicochemical properties of dietary fiber are diverse. Differences in solubility, viscosity, water-holding capacity, binding capability, bulking effect, and fermentability influence the physiological effects of dietary fibers that aid in regulating appetite, glycemic and lipidemic responses, and inflammation. Of growing interest is the fermentation of fibers by the gut microbiota, which yields both beneficial and less favorable end-products such as short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) that impart metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, and gases (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) that cause gastrointestinal symptoms, respectively. This narrative review summarizes (1) the implications of fibers on the gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of pediatric obesity, (2) some factors that potentially contribute to the fiber gap with an emphasis on undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, (3) some methods to alleviate fiber-induced symptoms, and (4) the therapeutic potential of whole foods and commonly marketed fiber supplements for improved health in pediatric obesity.
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Fibras de la Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidad Infantil , Humanos , Fibras de la Dieta/farmacología , Niño , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , AdolescenteRESUMEN
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) may play a role in the distribution of body fat and the development of obesity and its complications. Features of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) impacted by PWS molecular genetic classes suggest alterations in ANS function; however, these have been rarely studied and presented with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to investigate if the ANS function is altered in PWS. In this case-control study, we assessed ANS function in 20 subjects with PWS (6 males/14 females; median age 10.5 years) and 27 body mass index (BMI) z-score-matched controls (19 males/8 females; median age 12.8 years). Standardized non-invasive measures of cardiac baroreflex function, heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate variability, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex tests, and a symptom questionnaire were completed. The increase in heart rate in response to head-up tilt testing was blunted (p < 0.01) in PWS compared to controls. Besides a lower heart rate ratio with Valsalva in PWS (p < 0.01), no significant differences were observed in other measures of cardiac function or sweat production. Findings suggest possible altered sympathetic function in PWS.
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Obesidad Infantil , Síndrome de Prader-Willi , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Niño , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/complicaciones , Obesidad Infantil/complicaciones , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Índice de Masa Corporal , Sistema Nervioso AutónomoRESUMEN
Objectives: To present the best and most up-to-date evidence on associations between built environment (BE) attributes and overall and specific domains of physical activity (PA) (i.e., leisure, transport, walking, and cycling) in older adults (≥60 years). Methods: An umbrella review was undertaken to compile evidence from systematic reviews using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A comprehensive search (updated 16 August 2022), inclusion/exclusion of articles via title/abstract and full-text reviews, data extraction, and critical appraisal were completed. Only reviews with a good critical appraisal score were included. Results: Across three included systematic reviews, each BE attribute category was positively associated with ≥1 PA outcome. A larger number of significant associations with BE attributes were reported for transport walking (13/26), total walking (10/25), and total PA (9/26), compared to leisure walking (4/34) and transport cycling (3/12). Fewer associations have been examined for leisure cycling (1/2). Conclusion: Although the causality of findings cannot be concluded due to most primary studies being cross-sectional, these best and most up-to-date findings can guide necessary future longitudinal and experimental studies for the (re)design of age-friendly communities.
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We examined the relationship between weight status, appetite regulating hormones, and mealtime behaviors among children, (5-12 years old), diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a cross-sectional study. All (N = 21) completed anthropometry measurements and (n = 18) provided blood samples for hormone analysis. Mealtime behavior, dietary, physical activity, puberty stage, and social impairment data were collected. Under fasting conditions, overweight/obese (OWOB) participants, (n = 6), had higher leptin concentrations (p < 0.02) and more feeding challenges (p < 0.05) than normal weight (n = 15). Higher leptin levels and disruptions in mealtime behaviors may exist among OWOB children in this study. Future longitudinal studies that examine appetite regulating hormones and mealtime behaviors may inform our understanding of the role of these markers in the development of obesity in ASD.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Niño , Humanos , Preescolar , Proyectos Piloto , Leptina , Preferencias Alimentarias , Estudios Transversales , Conducta Alimentaria , ComidasRESUMEN
Syndromic and non-syndromic obesity conditions in children, such as Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), both lower quality of life and increase risk for chronic health complications, which further increase health service utilization and cost. In a pilot observational study, we compared body composition and muscle strength in children aged 7−18 years with either PWS (n = 9), NAFLD (n = 14), or healthy controls (n = 16). Anthropometric and body composition measures (e.g., body weight, circumferences, skinfolds, total/segmental composition, and somatotype), handgrip strength, six minute-walk-test (6MWT), physical activity, and markers of liver and cardiometabolic dysfunction (e.g., ALT, AST, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile) were measured using standard procedures and validated tools. Genotyping was determined for children with PWS. Children with PWS had reduced lean body mass (total/lower limb mass), lower handgrip strength, 6MWT and increased sedentary activity compared to healthy children or those with NAFLD (p < 0.05). Children with PWS, including those of normal body weight, had somatotypes consistent with relative increased adiposity (endomorphic) and reduced skeletal muscle robustness (mesomorphic) when compared to healthy children and those with NAFLD. Somatotype characterizations were independent of serum markers of cardiometabolic dysregulation but were associated with increased prevalence of abnormal systolic and diastolic blood pressure Z-scores (p < 0.05). Reduced lean body mass and endomorphic somatotypes were associated with lower muscle strength/functionality and sedentary lifestyles, particularly in children with PWS. These findings are relevant as early detection of deficits in muscle strength and functionality can ensure effective targeted treatments that optimize physical activity and prevent complications into adulthood.
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Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Síndrome de Prader-Willi , Niño , Humanos , Adulto , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/complicaciones , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/etiología , Proyectos Piloto , Fuerza de la Mano , Calidad de Vida , Composición Corporal , Fuerza Muscular , Obesidad , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In collaboration with building developers, the Housing for Health team is contributing to the design of community-based congregate living facilities to support healthy living in older adults. There may also be opportunities to improve the surrounding neighbourhoods by collaborating with the municipalities where the developments are located. We will evaluate whether one or more of these comprehensive interventions lead to changes in the perceived, microscale, and macroscale neighbourhood-built environment (BE) and amenities, and impacts on the physical activity (PA), healthy eating, and social connections of residents. In parallel, we will gather qualitative data to provide a more in-depth understanding of how the BE may facilitate or hinder resident's healthy living outcomes. METHODS: This project employs a quasi-experimental pre-post design with at least one or more intervention and control sites. The quantitative BE evaluation will include pre- and post-intervention assessments of neighbourhood macroscale (e.g., layout of communities) and microscale (e.g., street details and characteristics) changes using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Microscale Audit Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS) audits, respectively. The quantitative resident evaluation will include self-report (i.e., surveys) and objective assessments (i.e., accelerometers, Global Positioning System [GPS]) of residents at baseline (3-6-months pre-move-in) and follow-up (3-6-months and 9-12-months post-move-in if possible). The qualitative resident-environment component will involve in-depth semi-structured interviews post-intervention with building residents, family members, and stakeholders involved in the design/development and/or operation of the intervention site(s). Participant observations will be completed in the building and neighbourhood environments of the intervention site(s). DISCUSSION: Findings will provide evidence on whether and how comprehensive changes to the BE and amenities of at least one congregate living facility and the surrounding neighbourhood can impact PA, healthy eating, and social connections of older adults. Successful intervention elements will be scaled up in future work. We will disseminate findings to a broad audience including the scientific community via peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and discussion panels; and the private, public, and not-for-profit sectors via reports, public presentations, and/or communications via our partners and their networks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Protocol ID: 1819-HQ-000051. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05031273. Registered 29 June 2021 with ClinicalTrials.gov.
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BACKGROUND: Rigorous evidence is needed regarding the best approach for increasing the uptake of Diabetes Canada's evidence-based recommendations to include low-glycemic index (GI) foods in daily meal planning as an effective dietary self-care strategy for glycemic control among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to present the study design and baseline data from the Healthy Eating and Active Living for Diabetes-Glycemic Index (HEALD-GI) trial, which was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an enhanced GI-targeted nutrition education on GI-related knowledge and mean daily GI among adults with T2D in Edmonton, Alberta. METHODS: We used a pragmatic randomized controlled trial design and allocated 67 adults (aged ≥18 years) with T2D living in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to a control group that received standard printed copies of Canada's Food Guide and Diabetes Canada's GI resources or to an intervention group that received the same materials, plus a customized Web-based platform with 6 self-directed learning modules and print material. Each module included videos, links to reliable websites, chat rooms, and quizzes. Evidence-based GI concept information included GI values of foods and low-GI shopping, recipes, and cooking tips by a registered dietitian. In addition, support through email, text messaging (short message service), phone calls, or postal mail was provided to reinforce participants' learning. The primary outcome, average dietary GI, was assessed using 3-day food records. Additional measures including GI knowledge and self-efficacy, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids, systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI; weight, height), waist circumference, and computer proficiency were assessed at baseline and at 3-month postintervention. RESULTS: Between November 2017 and February 2018, we contacted adults (aged ≥18 years) with T2D living in Edmonton, Alberta, screened and recruited eligible participants into the study. All data collection ended in June 2018. Overall, 64% (43/67) participants were males; mean age was 69.5 (SD 9.3) years, with a mean diabetes duration of 19.0 (SD 13.7) years. Mean BMI was 30.1 (SD 5.7) kg/m2, and mean HbA1c value was 7.1% (SD 1.2%). Data analysis was completed in December 2018. CONCLUSIONS: The GI concept is often difficult to teach. The HEALD-GI study aims to provide evidence in support of an alternative approach to translating the GI concept to adults with T2D. Findings from this study may help registered dietitians to better disseminate low-GI dietary recommendations using efficient and cost-effective, patient-centered approaches. Furthermore, evidence generated will contribute to addressing some of the controversies regarding the clinical usefulness of the GI concept. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/11707.
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AIM: We examined self-reported dietary behaviours and actual food intakes among adult men and women with type 2 diabetes participating in Alberta's Caring for Diabetes (ABCD) Study. METHODS: Participants completed 3-day food records and questions about glycemic index (GI) concept knowledge and dietary behaviours. Daily average GI and glycemic load (GL) were calculated for all carbohydrates consumed. Dietary intake was analyzed using ESHA FoodPro (version 10.13.1). Sex differences in nutrient intakes were explored across categories of GI knowledge and dietary practices. RESULTS: Participants (N=170) mean (SD) age 65.8 (9.6) years were 46.5% women, 90.6% Caucasian with a mean BMI of 31.3 (7.0)kg/m2 and diabetes duration of 13.4 (8.6) years. Overall, 60% of men versus 40% of women consumed carbohydrates in quantities below Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). About 80% of men versus 90% of women consumed proteins above AMDR whereas 60% versus 65% of women consumed fats above AMDR. Fibre intake among men was lower than recommended (p<0.01). Men who reported having knowledge of the GI-concept also reported lower GI intake versus men who did not (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Sex differences exist in low-GI diabetes self-care dietary behaviours among adults with type 2 diabetes participating in this study. Gender-sensitive approaches for enhancing diabetes self-care low-GI dietary behaviour should be explored.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Dieta para Diabéticos , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Conducta Alimentaria , Índice Glucémico , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Autocuidado/métodos , Anciano , Alberta , Biomarcadores/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Registros de Dieta , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Nutritivo , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
We examined self-care dietary practices and usual intakes among adults with Type 2 diabetes in Alberta, Canada, using data from the Healthy Eating and Active Living for Diabetes study. Participants completed a modified Fat/Sugar/Fruit/Vegetable Screener and answered questions about the number of days per week they followed specific diabetes self-care dietary recommendations. Capillary blood samples were collected to assess glycemic control measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). ANOVA was used to examine differences in dietary self-care, intakes, and glycemic control across categories of days/week of practicing recommended dietary behaviour. Participants (n = 196) were 51% women, mean ± SD age 59.6 ± 8.5 years, with BMI 33.6 ± 6.5 kg/m2, and diabetes duration of 5.1 ± 6.3 years. Sixteen percent of participants were unfamiliar with low-GI eating and 28% did not include low-GI foods in their diet. Overall, lower mean intake of saturated fat, trans fat, added sugars, higher fibre, and greater GI were each associated with meeting diabetes-related dietary behaviours including: eating ≥5 servings of vegetables and fruit; avoiding processed high fat foods; and replacing high with low-GI foods (P < 0.05). No clear pattern was observed for low-GI eating and HbA1c.