Corrigendum: Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1230049.].

Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies.

Iatrogenic vascular air embolism is a relatively infrequent event but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These emboli can arise in many clinical settings such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and liver transplantation, but more recently, endoscopy, hemodialysis, thoracentesis, tissue biopsy, angiography, and central and peripheral venous access and removal have overtaken surgery and trauma as significant causes of vascular air embolism. The true incidence may be greater since many of these air emboli are asymptomatic and frequently go undiagnosed or unreported. Due to the rarity of vascular air embolism and because of the many manifestations, diagnoses can be difficult and require immediate therapeutic intervention. An iatrogenic air embolism can result in both venous and arterial emboli whose anatomic locations dictate the clinical course. Most clinically significant iatrogenic air emboli are caused by arterial obstruction of small vessels because the pulmonary gas exchange filters the more frequent, smaller volume bubbles that gain access to the venous circulation. However, there is a subset of patients with venous air emboli caused by larger volumes of air who present with more protean manifestations. There have been significant gains in the understanding of the interactions of fluid dynamics, hemostasis, and inflammation caused by air emboli due to in vitro and in vivo studies on flow dynamics of bubbles in small vessels. Intensive research regarding the thromboinflammatory changes at the level of the endothelium has been described recently. The obstruction of vessels by air emboli causes immediate pathoanatomic and immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium. In this review, we describe those immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium as well as evaluate traditional and novel forms of therapy for this rare and often unrecognized clinical condition.

Resonant Acoustic Rheometry to Measure Coagulation Kinetics in Hemophilia A and Healthy Plasma: A Novel Viscoelastic Method.

Compared with conventional coagulation tests and factor-specific assays, viscoelastic hemostatic assays (VHAs) can provide a more thorough evaluation of clot formation and lysis but have several limitations including clot deformation. In this proof-of-concept study, we test a noncontact technique, termed resonant acoustic rheometry (RAR), for measuring the kinetics of human plasma coagulation. Specifically, RAR utilizes a dual-mode ultrasound technique to induce and detect surface oscillation of blood samples without direct physical contact and measures the resonant frequency of the surface oscillation over time, which is reflective of the viscoelasticity of the sample. Analysis of RAR results of normal plasma allowed defining a set of parameters for quantifying coagulation. RAR detected a flat-line tracing of resonant frequency in hemophilia A plasma that was corrected with the addition of tissue factor. Our RAR results captured the kinetics of plasma coagulation and the newly defined RAR parameters correlated with increasing tissue factor concentration in both healthy and hemophilia A plasma. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of RAR as a novel approach for VHA, providing the foundation for future studies to compare RAR parameters to conventional coagulation tests, factor-specific assays, and VHA parameters.

The Choice between Plasma-Based Common Coagulation Tests and Cell-Based Viscoelastic Tests in Monitoring Hemostatic Competence: Not an either-or Proposition.

There has been a significant interest in the last decade in the use of viscoelastic tests (VETs) to determine the hemostatic competence of bleeding patients. Previously, common coagulation tests (CCTs) such as the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were used to assist in the guidance of blood component and hemostatic adjunctive therapy for these patients. However, the experience of decades of VET use in liver failure with transplantation, cardiac surgery, and trauma has now spread to obstetrical hemorrhage and congenital and acquired coagulopathies. Since CCTs measure only 5 to 10% of the lifespan of a clot, these assays have been found to be of limited use for acute surgical and medical conditions, whereby rapid results are required. However, there are medical indications for the PT/PTT that cannot be supplanted by VETs. Therefore, the choice of whether to use a CCT or a VET to guide blood component therapy or hemostatic adjunctive therapy may often require consideration of both methodologies. In this review, we provide examples of the relative indications for CCTs and VETs in monitoring hemostatic competence of bleeding patients.

Age Determines Adjuvant Chemotherapy Use in Resected Stage II Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage II colon cancer remains controversial. Treatment recommendations rely largely on the presence of certain high-risk features for recurrence. OBJECTIVE: We sought to define patient and clinicopathologic differences between early-onset and late-onset colorectal cancer and determine whether these differences impact treatment. We hypothesized that high-risk features in stage II colorectal cancer differed between age groups and would most strongly influence administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a Commission on Cancer designated hospital as well as the National Cancer Institute Intramural Research Program. PATIENTS: Patients with resected stage II colon cancer were identified in the National Cancer Database, and clinicopathologic characteristics were recorded. Patients were stratified into young (≤45), middle-aged (50-75), and older (>75) age groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of high-risk clinicopathologic features and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy were measured. RESULTS: A total of 14,966 patients met inclusion criteria. Young patients were found to have had at least one high-risk feature ( n = 489, 44%) slightly more often than both middle-aged ( n = 3734, 40%) and older patients ( n = 1890, 42%). A total of 332 (7%) older patients received adjuvant chemotherapy compared to 627 (56%) young patients and 2854 (30%) middle-aged patients. Age group was independently associated with receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy when controlling for relevant clinicopathologic factors. LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective study without granular detail on treatment decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Young patients are frequently prescribed adjuvant chemotherapy for both high- and low-risk tumors despite questionable benefit in the latter. Older patients rarely receive adjuvant therapy. Both medical and surgical oncologists should be aware of disparities in cancer treatment and remain conscientious about making treatment decisions solely based on age. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B846 . LA EDAD DETERMINA EL USO DE QUIMIOTERAPIA ADYUVANTE EN EL CNCER DE COLON RESECADO EN ESTADIO II: ANTECEDENTES:El papel de la quimioterapia adyuvante en el cáncer de colon resecado en estadio II sigue siendo controversial . Las recobmendaciones para el tratamiento dependen en gran medida de la presencia de ciertas características de alto riesgo de recurrencia.OBJETIVO:Buscamos definir las diferencias clínico-patológicas del paciente entre el CCR de inicio temprano y tardío; y determinar si estas diferencias afectan el tratamiento. Hipotetizamos que las características de alto riesgo del cáncer colorrectal en estadio II difieren entre los grupos de edad y que influyen fuertemente en la administración de quimioterapia adyuvante.DISEÑO:Este fue un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.ENTORNO CLINICO:El estudio se llevó a cabo en un hospital designado por la Comisión sobre el Cáncer, así como el Programa de Investigación Intramural del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer.PACIENTES:Se identificaron los pacientes con cáncer de colon resecado en estadio II en la Base de datos nacional del cáncer y se registraron las características clínico-patológicas. Los pacientes se estratificaron en grupos de edad jóvenes (≤45), de mediana edad (50-75) y mayores (> 75).PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Se estudiaron la incidencia de las características clínico-patológicas de alto riesgo y la recepción de quimioterapia adyuvante.RESULTADOS:Un total de 14.966 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se encontró que los pacientes jóvenes tenían al menos una característica de alto riesgo (n = 489, 44%) un poco más frecuente que los pacientes de mediana edad (n = 3734, 40%) y los pacientes mayores (n = 1890, 42%). Un total de 332 (7%) de los pacientes mayores recibieron quimioterapia adyuvante en comparación con 627 (56%) de los pacientes jóvenes y 2854 (30%) de los pacientes de mediana edad. El grupo de edad se asoció de forma independiente con la recepción de quimioterapia adyuvante al controlar los factores clínico-patológicos relevantes.LIMITACIONES:Este fue un estudio retrospectivo sin detalles granulares sobre las decisiones de tratamiento.CONCLUSIONES:A los pacientes jóvenes se les prescribe con frecuencia quimioterapia adyuvante para tumores de alto y bajo riesgo, a pesar de los cuestionables beneficios en estos últimos. Los pacientes de edad avanzada rara vez reciben terapia adyuvante. Tanto los oncólogos clínicos como los quirúrgicos deben ser conscientes de las disparidades en el tratamiento del cáncer y ser conscientes de tomar decisiones de tratamiento basadas únicamente en la edad. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B846 . (Traducción- Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon ).

Association between ABO and Duffy blood types and circulating chemokines and cytokines.

Blood group antigens are inherited traits that may play a role in immune and inflammatory processes. We investigated associations between blood groups and circulating inflammation-related molecules in 3537 non-Hispanic white participants selected from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Whole-genome scans were used to infer blood types for 12 common antigen systems based on well-characterized single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Serum levels of 96 biomarkers were measured on multiplex fluorescent bead-based panels. We estimated marker associations with blood type using weighted linear or logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and principal components of population substructure. Bonferroni correction was used to control for multiple comparisons, with two-sided p values < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Among the 1152 associations tested, 10 were statistically significant. Duffy blood type was associated with levels of CXCL6/GCP2, CXCL5/ENA78, CCL11/EOTAXIN, CXCL1/GRO, CCL2/MCP1, CCL13/MCP4, and CCL17/TARC, whereas ABO blood type was associated with levels of sVEGFR2, sVEGFR3, and sGP130. Post hoc pairwise t-tests showed that individuals with type Fy(a+b-) had the lowest mean levels of all Duffy-associated markers, while individuals with type A blood had the lowest mean levels of all ABO-associated markers. Additional work is warranted to explore potential clinical implications of these differences.

Preoperative serum chromogranin-a is predictive of survival in locoregional jejuno-ileal small bowel neuroendocrine tumors.

BACKGROUND: Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SB-NET) frequently metastasize to regional lymphatic or distant sites. Although most prognostication of SB-NET focuses on lymph node involvement, findings from studies of neuroendocrine tumors from other primary sites have suggested that preoperative serum chromogranin-A (CgA) levels may provide a more accurate metric. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database (2004-2016), we analyzed patients with locoregional SB-NET who underwent curative resection including an adequate lymphadenectomy (n = 1,274). A statistically optimized cut-point was used to dichotomize CgA cohort based on preoperative serum CgA levels. RESULTS: We determined that a CgA ≥139 ng/mL identified patients with significantly shorter estimated mean overall survival (6.6 years vs 7.6 years, log-rank P = .00001). These patients were also older (63 vs 57 years, P < .001) and had higher rates of poorly differentiated tumors (2.1% vs 0.7%, P = .04) or primary tumors >1 cm (88.2% vs 79.2%, P = .001). Clinical features associated with shorter overall survival included preoperative CgA ≥139 ng/mL (HR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.22-3.92; P = .009), age at diagnosis (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09; P < .001), Charlson-Deyo score ≥2 (HR = 3.93, 95% CI 1.71-9.01; P = .001), and poorly differentiated tumors (HR = 11.22, 95% CI 4.16-30.24; P < .001). Neither lymph node metastasis nor T-stage were independently associated with shorter overall survival in patients with locoregional SB-NET. CONCLUSION: Elevated preoperative serum CgA is an adverse prognostic marker associated with shorter overall survival in patients with locoregional SB-NET.

Local excision and chemoradiation for clinical node-negative anal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Given the lack of consensus in the surgical treatment of anal adenocarcinoma, practice-patterns demonstrate utilization of organ-preserving techniques. The adequacy of local excision compared to abdominoperineal resection (APR) as a surgical approach for stage II disease is unknown. Our study examines the utilization of local excision in the treatment of stage II anal adenocarcinoma, rates of R0 resection, and differences in overall survival compared to APR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database (2004-2016), we retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with clinical stage II anal adenocarcinoma who received chemoradiation and surgery. Patient cohorts were assigned based on the surgical procedure they received. Propensity score matching was used to offset selection bias and confounding factors. Treatment approach, pathologic margin status, and overall survival were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 359 patients underwent resection of clinical stage II anal adenocarcinoma and received chemoradiation therapy. Of these patients, 87 (24%) underwent local excision, whereas 272 (76%) received an abdominoperineal resection. In a propensity score-matched cohort, patients who underwent local excision were less likely to achieve an R0 resection (40% vs 90%), and more likely to receive adjuvant instead of neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Overall survival was not significantly different between the propensity-matched groups. Surgical approach and pathologic margin status were not independently associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with clinical stage II anal adenocarcinoma who received chemotherapy and radiation, complete resection was significantly less likely with local excision compared to abdominoperineal resection, however, overall survival was not affected. Prospective studies of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by local excision are warranted.

Multivisceral Resection for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) presents a therapeutic dilemma, particularly as it often involves adjacent organs through desmoplasia or true pathologic invasion. To obtain a margin-negative resection, these tumors require en bloc gastrectomy with multivisceral resection (G+MVR), and contention remains regarding its safety and oncologic benefit. METHODS: We used the National Cancer Database to retrospectively evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of patients with LAGC treated in the USA between 2004 and 2016. Associations with margin status and perioperative outcomes were calculated using logistic regression. Survival was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Overall, 785 pathologic stage T4b (pT4b) patients diagnosed with LAGC underwent gastrectomy (n = 438) or G+MVR (n = 347). There was no association between G+MVR and short- or long-term mortality. Positive resection margins (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.40-2.03), the presence of nodal disease (HRs 1.46-1.50), treatment at a high-volume center (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.85), and the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.51-0.80) were independently associated with overall survival. Diffuse-type histology was associated with higher rates of an R1 resection (OR 3.60, 95% CI 2.20-5.87). Perioperative and long-term survival metrics were comparable between patients with pT4a and pT4b LAGC who underwent a margin-negative G+MVR. Undergoing a margin-negative G+MVR imparted a 6-month survival benefit over non-curative gastrectomy alone (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the safety and long-term feasibility of G+MVR for disease clearance in well-selected patients with LAGC, and we advocate for their referral to high-volume centers for optimal care.

Low Epstein-Barr Virus Prevalence in Cardia Gastric Cancer Among a High-Incidence Chinese Population.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity is associated with better gastric cancer prognosis and is found in a relatively fixed 9% of tumors worldwide. AIM: We aimed to examine the EBV status of gastric adenocarcinomas in a very high-incidence population and to compare prevalence between cardia and non-cardia anatomic subsites. METHODS: We evaluated 1035 adult gastric adenocarcinoma cases presenting during 1997-2005 to the Shanxi Cancer Hospital in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. EBV-encoded RNA was detected in alcohol-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens by in situ hybridization. Associations were assessed in case-case comparisons using the Chi-squared test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, with p values < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression, and mortality hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the evaluated cancers were found in the cardia. Cardia tumor localization was associated with male sex, advanced primary tumor stage, better differentiated histology, and intestinal-type Lauren classification. Four percent of the non-cardia and only 0.9% of cardia cancers were EBV-positive. EBV positivity was associated with better overall survival (adjusted HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights unusually low EBV prevalence in gastric adenocarcinoma among a high-incidence population, particularly for cardia cancers. These findings suggest a unique risk factor profile for the high incidence of gastric cancer in this population.

Patient Comorbidities Drive High Mortality Rates Associated with Major Liver Resections Irrespective of Hospital Volume.

INTRODUCTION: Major hepatectomies are utilized to manage primary hepatic malignancies. Reports from high-volume centers (HVCs) with minimal perioperative mortality focus on multiple aspects of perioperative care, although patient-specific factors remain unelucidated. We identified patient factors associated with outcomes and examined whether these contribute to survival differences. METHODS: We queried the National Cancer Database (2006-2015) for patients with primary liver malignancies managed with major hepatectomy. Facilities were dichotomized by volume (high volume: >15 hepatectomies/year). Perioperative outcomes were compared based on patient demographic and clinical characteristics as well as center volume. RESULTS: 4263 patients were included with 78.5% receiving care in low-volume centers (LVCs). 90-day postoperative mortality was higher in LVCs vs. HVCs (12% vs. 7.5%; P < .001). Factors associated with undergoing surgery in LVCs included: living in areas with lower income (P = .006) and education (P < .001), having nonprivate insurance (P < .001), residing near the care center (P < .001), and having a comorbidity score (CDS) >1 (P = .014). Patients with CDS ≤ 1 had higher 90-day mortality in LVCs (11.3% vs. 6.6%; P < .001) and had similar outcomes in LVCs and HVCs (15.6% vs. 13.7% P = .6). Patients with CDS > 1 were more likely to receive care in LVCs (16.3% vs. 12.7%; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Reduced perioperative mortality following major hepatectomy in HVCs is driven by optimal management of patients with low CDS. However, nearly 1 in 5 patients who undergo major hepatectomies have a high CDS and approximately 15% of them succumb in the perioperative period irrespective of the treating centers' experience.

Viscoelastic testing in benign hematologic disorders: Clinical perspectives and future implications of point-of-care testing to assess hemostatic competence.

Viscoelastic tests (VETs) have been used routinely for liver transplantation, cardiac surgery, and trauma, but only recently have found clinical utility in benign hematologic disorders. Therefore, guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of these disorders based on viscoelastic variables have been adapted from the existing transplant, cardiothoracic surgery, and trauma resuscitation literature. As a result, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for benign hematologic disorders utilizing VETs are not uniform. Accordingly, even though there has been a recent increase in the utilization of VET for the diagnosis and treatment of such disorders, the literature is still in its early stages. Analysis of point-of-care viscoelastic tracings from benign hematologic disorders has the potential to allow prompt recognition of disease and to guide patient-specific intervention. Here we present a review describing the application of VETs to benign hematologic disorders.

Viscoelastic testing in oncology patients (including for the diagnosis of fibrinolysis): Review of existing evidence, technology comparison, and clinical utility.

The quantification of the coagulopathic state associated with oncologic and hematologic diseases is imperfectly assessed by common coagulation tests such as prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels, and platelet count. These tests provide a static representation of a component of hemostatic integrity, presenting an incomplete picture of coagulation in these patients. Viscoelastic tests (VETs), such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and thromboelastography (TEG), as whole blood analyses, provide data related to the cumulative effects of blood components and all stages of the coagulation and fibrinolytic processes. The utility of VETs has been demonstrated since the late 1960s in guiding blood component therapy for patients undergoing liver transplantation. Since then, the scope of viscoelastic testing has expanded to become routinely used for cardiac surgery, obstetrics, and trauma. In the past decade, VETs' expanded usage has been most significant in trauma resuscitation. However, use of VETs for patients with malignancy-associated coagulopathy (MAC) and hematologic malignancies is increasing. For the purposes of this narrative review, we discuss the similarities between trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) and MAC. These similarities center on the thrombomodulin-thrombin complex as it switches between the thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor coagulation pathway and activating the protein C anticoagulation pathway. This produces a spectrum of coagulopathy and fibrinolytic alterations ranging from shutdown to hyperfibrinolysis that are common to TIC, MAC, and hematologic malignancies. There is expanding literature regarding the utility of TEG and ROTEM to describe the hemostatic integrity of patients with oncologic and hematologic conditions, which we review here.

Prognostic impact of lymphovascular invasion in pT1-T3 gallbladder adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Most gallbladder cancers are diagnosed after cholecystectomy for presumed benign disease, and nodal staging to inform subsequent treatment is therefore often lacking. We evaluated the association of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) with regional lymph node involvement in gallbladder adenocarcinoma and its impact on survival. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was queried to identify patients with resected gallbladder adenocarcinoma and with available staging and LVI status. Patients with pT4 and M1 disease were excluded. Univariable and multivariable regression identified factors associated with positive lymph nodes. Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Of 1649 patients with available LVI status, 1142 (69.7%) had at least one positive lymph node and 765 (46.4%) had LVI. On multivariable regression, presence of LVI was the strongest predictor of positive lymph nodes (odds ratio, 3.69; P < .001). The positive predictive value of LVI for positive lymph nodes in pT2 and pT3 tumors was 80.1% and 90.5%, respectively. LVI was independently associated with decreased OS (hazard ratio, 1.21; P = .001), as were node-positive disease and increasing T stage. CONCLUSION: In patients with gallbladder adenocarcinoma, LVI is independently associated with regional lymph node metastases and abbreviated OS. LVI status may help risk-stratify patients following initial cholecystectomy and inform subsequent treatment.

The first malignant primary hepatic glomus tumor: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Glomus tumors (GTs) are rare neoplasms that originate from the modified smooth muscle cells of glomus bodies and occasionally arise from visceral primary sites. All previously reported primary hepatic GTs were benign. Here we report the first malignant primary hepatic GT. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Our patient is a 60-year-old male who presented with weight loss, early satiety, night sweats, and abdominal distention. Imaging demonstrated a large mass abutting the stomach, duodenum, and head of the pancreas, exerting mass effect on the portal vein and inferior vena cava. Biopsy results were deemed nondiagnostic after extensive review at multiple academic institutions. We performed a caudate lobe resection, antrectomy, and Bilroth II gastrojejunostomy that required skeletonization of much of the periportal vascular anatomy and the repair of multiple venotomies due to the tumor's adherence to the inferior vena cava. Histopathologic evaluation revealed morphologic and immunohistochemical findings consistent with a malignant GT, and next-generation sequencing using a targeted panel revealed an inactivating TP53 mutation. DISCUSSION: This case presented both a surgical and histopathologic challenge, requiring meticulous operative technique for resection in conjunction with a combination of characteristic morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining for diagnosis. Sequencing results using a targeted panel add to the limited GT genomic literature. CONCLUSION: While rare, it is important to consider malignant GTs in the differential diagnosis for heterogeneous liver masses. Close follow-up will be essential to monitor our patient's clinical course and expeditiously pursue any further interventions.

The first pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in Li-Fraumeni syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline TP53 tumor suppressor gene mutations, with no previous association with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Here we present the first case of PNET associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: This is a 43-year-old female who underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy at age 39 for a well-differentiated grade 2 cystic PNET. When the patient was 41 years old, her seven-year-old daughter was found to have an astrocytoma and a germline TP53 mutation. While undergoing surveillance with 68Gallium-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography for her PNET, the patient was found to have a large choroid plexus papilloma in her right temporal lobe. She underwent genetic counseling and testing that identified a germline pathogenic variant in TP53, leading to the diagnosis of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Her PNET had a hemizygous pathogenic TP53 mutation with loss of the wild-type alternate allele, consistent with loss of heterozygosity and the two-hit hypothesis. She was enrolled in a Li-Fraumeni syndrome protocol and continues surveillance screening with our service. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first PNET reported in association with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Pancreatic cancer risk is elevated in this syndrome, and our case highlights the need for vigilance in screening for pancreatic neoplasms in these patients.