The Dynamics of Implicit Intergroup Biases of Victims and Ex-combatants in Post-conflict Scenarios.

Strong group identities arise in intergroup conflict scenarios and perpetuate sectarian violence even in post-conflict scenarios. In particular, out-group negative implicit associations are predictors of decreased intergroup forgiveness, as well as increased distrust and aggression against the out-group. Thus, the presence of implicit intergroup (i.e., ex-combatants and victims) biases seems to be a relevant factor in post-conflict scenarios. Here, we aimed to explore whether negative biases toward the out-group are boosted by (a) previous exposure to conflict violence or (b) identification with an armed violent group. One hundred and twenty-eight participants, 65 ex-combatants from Colombian guerrillas and 63 victims of the armed conflict, were assessed with a modified version of the implicit association test (IAT). Our results revealed that the victim group showed a significant negative bias against ex-combatants. However, no bias toward the out-group (i.e., victims) or in-group favoritism was observed in the ex-combatant group. Similarly, we found that IAT scores were not associated with sociodemographical variables (i.e., sex, years of education, or type of dwelling), the levels of combat exposure, victimization armed-conflict-related experiences, or child abuse antecedents. Our results showed an unexpected lack of in-group bias in ex-combatants, potentially triggered by the effect of current demobilization and reintegration processes. Thus, negative associations with the out-group will persist in the framework of societal condemnation of the out-group. In contrast, these negative biases will tend to be abolished when entering in conflict with larger societal reintegration processes. The results reinforce the idea that reintegration may benefit from interventions at the societal level, including all actors of the conflict. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of implementing victim interventions aimed at reducing stigma and revengeful actions in spaces of collective disarmament.

El legado de las enfermeras sanitarias en el cuidado de la salud chilena / Legacy of sanitary nurses in the care of chilean health

RESUMEN Chile, durante los inicios del siglo XX, evidencia una crisis social que impactó en las condiciones de salud de la gran mayoría de la población y es durante este período que se dan los primeros pasos de la profesionalización de la enfermera y el inicio en la formación de la enfermería sanitaria. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de cuidado otorgado por las enfermeras sanitarias en Chile que marcaron la transformación de las condiciones de salud de la población. Material y métodos: A partir de los relatos de vida de las enfermeras que trabajaron en los servicios de salud de Chile, antes y durante la década de 1970, primero se caracteriza la identidad de las enfermeras salubristas formadas en la década del 20, y luego se interpreta el legado del cuidado sociocultural aplicado en las comunidades. Resultados: El cuidado estaba sustentado en un tramado sociocultural y son las enfermeras sanitarias quienes operacionalizan las macropolíticas sanitarias. Conclusión: La construcción de identidad de las enfermeras sanitarias emerge como eje transversal a lo largo de este período, y se le reconoce la urgencia que asumió en la intervención de las necesidades en salud y su compromiso ético por el resguardo del cuidado de las personas, familias y comunidades.

ABSTRACT During the early twentieth century, Chile shows a social crisis that impacted on the health conditions of the vast majority of the population, and it is during this period that the first steps towards the professionalization of nursing are taken and the sanitary nurse training begins. Objective: Describe the care practices provided by health nurses in Chile that marked the transformation of the health conditions of the population. Method: From the life stories of the nurses who worked in the health services in Chile, before and during the decade of the 1970s, the identity of the health-care nurses trained in the 1920s was first characterized, and then the legacy of the socio-cultural care applied in the communities was interpreted. Results: The care was supported by a socio-cultural network and it is the health nurses who operationalized the health macro-policies. Conclusion: The construction of the identity of health nurses emerges as a transversal axis throughout this period, and they are recognized for the urgency with which they assumed the intervention of health needs and for their ethical commitment to safeguard the care of individuals, families and communities.

Body frame size in school children is related to the amount of adipose tissue in different depots but not to adipose distribution.

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that body frame size is related to the amount of fat in different adipose tissue depots and to fat distribution in schoolchildren. METHODS: Children aged between 5 and 10 years were included in this cross-sectional study (n = 565). Body frame size, adiposity markers (anthropometric, skinfolds thickness, and ultrasound measures), and fat distribution indices were analyzed. Correlation coefficients adjusted by reliability were estimated and analyzed by sex; the significance of the difference between two correlation coefficients was assessed using the Fisher z-transformation. RESULTS: The sample included primarily urban children; 58.6% were normal weight, 16.1% overweight, 19.6% obese, and the rest were underweight. Markers of subcutaneous adiposity, fat mass and fat-free mass, and preperitoneal adiposity showed higher and significant correlations with the sum of the biacromial + bitrochanteric diameter than with the elbow diameter, regardless of sex. The fat distribution conicity index presented significant but weak correlations; and visceral adipose tissue, hepatic steatosis, and the waist-for-hip ratio were not significantly correlated with body frame size measures. CONCLUSIONS: Body frame size in school children was related to the amount of adipose tissue in different depots, but not adipose distribution. More studies are needed to confirm this relationship and its importance to predict changes in visceral fat deposition during growth.