El papel de la videocápsula endoscópica en la hemorragia digestiva / The role of the endoscopic videocapsule in digestive hemorrhage

Introducción: desde el advenimiento de la cápsula endoscópica, la hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado ha cambiado su epidemiología y se ha podido identificar diversas causas que antes no se las entendía. Este estudio enmarca nuestra experiencia en esta nueva técnica de gran utilidad en el Hospital Metropolitano para estudiar el sangrado del intestino delgado. Objetivo: determinar los hallazgos identificados por cápsula endoscópica y su utilidad en los 3 grupos de hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado que son: 1) sangrado evidente, 2) sangrado oculto y 3) anemia ferropénica. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo transversal. Se revisaron 201 historias clínicas de las cuales se seleccionaron aquellas cuyos pacientes acudían a realizarse un estudio de cápsula endoscópica debido a sospecha de sangrado digestivo del intestino delgado. Variables que se analizaron: edad, sexo, hallazgos y una variable de utilidad del estudio en el sangrado digestivo. El sistema de la cápsula endoscópica que se utilizó fue Pill Cam 2 de la GIVEN de intestino delgado. Resultados: distribución etaria promedio de 58±17 años (56% menores de 65 años y 44% mayores de 65 años). Las causas de sangrado del intestino delgado de los 3 grupos estudiados fue angiodisplasia (9%), múltiples erosiones (8%), tumores del intestino delgado erosionados (5%). La cápsula endoscópica para detectar la etiología de sangrado digestivo fue útil en 84% de los casos: sangrado evidente (85%), en el grupo de anemia (84%) y en el grupo de sangrado oculto (85%). Conclusión: la hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado se puede presentar en cualquier edad y sexo. Los hallazgos más frecuente de hemorragia del intestino delgado son las angiodisplasias, las cuales se relacionan con la edad y múltiples erosiones de la mucosa intestinal. La cápsula endoscópica es un método de gran utilidad para detectar la detección etiología de la hemorragia de intestino delgado. (AU)

Introduction: Since the advent of the endoscopic capsule, digestive hemorrhage of the small intestine has changed in its epidemiology and it has been possible to identify several causes not previously understood. This study frames our experience in this new technology at the Metropolitan Hospital in the study of small bowel bleeding and its great utility. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the findings identified by endoscopic capsule and its usefulness in the three groups of digestive hemorrhage of the small intestine, that are evident bleeding, occult bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. Methodology: A transversal retrospective descriptive study was carried out. In the study, 201 clinical records of patients were reviewed and those who attended an endoscopic capsule study with suspicion of digestive bleeding of small bowel origin were selected. The variables analyzed were age, sex, findings and a useful variable of the study in digestive bleeding. The system of the endoscopic capsule that was used was the Pill Cam 2 of the GIVEN of small intestine. Results: Among the results, an average age distribution of 58±17 years of age was found, of which 56% were patients under 65 years of age and 44% were older than 65 years. The most frequent cause of bleeding in the small intestine of the three groups studied was angiodysplasias in 9%. Multiple erosions were found in 8% of the patients. The presence of erosionaded small bowel tumors was observed in 5%. The endoscopic capsule in the detection of causes of digestive bleeding was useful in determining the etiology in 84% of cases. In the evident bleeding it was useful in 85%, in the anemia group 84% and in the group of occult bleeding in 85%. Conclusion: Small intestine digestive hemorrhage can occur at any age and in any gender. The most common findings of small bowel hemorrhage are angiodysplasias that are related to age, as well as multiple erosions of the intestinal mucosa. The endoscopic capsule is a very useful method in the etiological detection of small bowel hemorrhage. (AU)

Continuous Spatial Sequences of Lichen Sclerosus, Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Invasive Carcinomas: A Study of 109 Cases.

Lichen sclerosus (LSc) with penile cancer is found in about two thirds of specimens. It has been hypothesized that LSc represents a precancerous condition. To qualify as such, in addition to cytological atypia and similarity with the invasive tumor, a spatial correlation between LSc and neoplastic lesions needs to be demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate such a spatial relationship. Circumcision (28 cases) and penectomy (81 cases) specimens were evaluated. All cases had LSc, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), and/or invasive squamous cell carcinomas. We examined LSc in relation to invasive carcinoma, PeIN, and normal epithelia. Invasive squamous cell carcinomas, classified according to the World Health Organization criteria as non-human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and HPV-related PeIN, were present in 100 cases. Non-HPV-related (differentiated) PeIN was the most common subtype associated with LSc (89%). There were 5 spatial patterns identified: (1) LSc adjacent to PeIN (23%), (2) LSc adjacent and comprising PeIN (42%), (3) LSc next to and within invasive carcinomas (8%), (4) LSc throughout the sequence PeIN-invasive carcinoma (24%), and (5) LSc was separate (with normal tissue between the lesions) from PeIN and/or invasive carcinomas in a minority of cases (3%). LSc within the cancer was not previously described. In this series, we found 35 cases with LSc within invasive carcinomas. The striking continuous spatial relationship among LSc, PeIN, and/or invasive carcinoma as shown in this study may be a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the hypothesis postulating LSc as a penile precancerous lesion.

Medullary Carcinoma of the Penis: A Distinctive HPV-related Neoplasm: A Report of 12 Cases.

A third to half of penile invasive squamous cell carcinomas are human papillomavirus (HPV) related. Warty (condylomatous), warty-basaloid, and basaloid carcinomas are the most common subtypes associated with HPV. Less frequent are clear cell and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. Here we report a novel penile tumor associated with HPV. Twelve cases were selected from 1010 penile carcinomas, part of an international HPV detection study conducted at the Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain. Immunostaining with p16 was performed on all cases, and HPV-mRNA detection was also performed. En bloc full tumor staining was the utilized criteria for positivity of p16. For HPV-DNA detection, whole-tissue section polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed by SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25 (version 1). The patients' ages ranged from 42 to 92 years (average, 71 y). The tumor was most commonly located in the glans. A characteristic microscopic finding was the presence of a moderate to dense tumor-associated inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, or eosinophils. Tumors grew in large solid sheets, nests, or had a trabecular pattern. Cells were large and poorly differentiated or anaplastic. Keratinization was minimal or absent. Nuclei were large with prominent nucleoli. Mitoses were numerous. Tumor necrosis was common. Deep invasion of the corpora cavernosa was frequent. p16 and HPV-DNA were positive in all cases, whereas mRNA detection was positive in 9 cases only. The prevalent genotype was HPV16 (9 cases, 75%). Other genotypes were HPVs 58, 33, and 66. Medullary carcinomas of the penis are morphologically distinctive HPV-related high-grade neoplasms affecting older individuals. More studies are necessary to delineate the epidemiological, clinical, and molecular features of this unusual penile neoplasm.

Reporte de cáncer colorrectal atendido en el Hospital Metropolitano de Quito, 2013-2016 / Colorectal cancer report treated in the Metropolitan Hospital of Quito, 2013-2016

Resumen: En la revisión retrospectiva se contabilizó un total de 57 casos de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) atendidos en esta casa de salud: 32 (56%) hombres y 25 (44 %) mujeres; el grupo etario con mayor frecuencia es de >40 años; el sitio predominante es el recto (15 casos = 26%). Según el tipo histológico son: adenocarcinomas 47 casos (82%); de acuerdo a la diferenciación histológica la mayoría son moderadamente diferenciados: 24 casos (42%) y, finalmente, según el estadiaje de piezas quirúrgicas, la mayoría son CCR avanzados en estadio T4 (48%).

Abstract: In the retrospective review, a total of 57 cases of RCC attended in this health home were counted, of which 32 (56%) men and 25 (44%) women; The age group is most often 40 years or older. The predominant site is the rectum with 15 cases corresponding to 26%. According to the histological type, adenocarcinomas with 47 cases (82%); according to the histological differentiation of the most moderately differentiated cases with 24 cases (42%); and finally in relation to the set of surgical pieces, most of their children CCR advanced stage T4 (48%).

Warty/basaloid penile intraepithelial neoplasia is more prevalent than differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia in nonendemic regions for penile cancer when compared with endemic areas: a comparative study between pathologic series from Paris and Paraguay.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma shows an ample geographic variation in its prevalence with regions of low (North America, Europe, Japan, and Israel) and high (Africa, Asia, and South America) incidence. However, the geographic variation in the distribution of penile intraepithelial neoplasia is not well established. The aim of the present study was to compare the distribution of in situ and invasive lesions between geographic areas with low (France) and high (Paraguay) penile cancer incidence using a series of consecutive cases. The French series included 86 cases (57 in situ and 29 in situ + invasive squamous cell carcinoma), and the Paraguayan series, 117 cases (31 in situ and 86 in situ + invasive squamous cell carcinoma). Incidence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma in the overall samples was higher in the Paraguayan series (P < .00001). Comparing the Paraguayan and the French series, differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia was more prevalent in the former (65.0% versus 19.8%), whereas lesions showing warty and/or basaloid features predominated in the latter (35.0% versus 80.2%) to a significant level (P < .00001). This distinctive pattern of differential distribution was maintained when cases with associated invasive squamous cell carcinoma were excluded. The pattern of distribution of lichen sclerosus was also distinctive, with a significantly higher prevalence in the Paraguayan population when compared with the French series (32.5% versus 12.8%, P = .0015). In summary, there appears to be a distinctive distribution of penile precursor lesions depending on the geographic region in consideration. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia with warty and/or basaloid features predominated in low-incidence areas, whereas differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia was more prevalent in endemic regions for penile cancer. Further prospective studies in matched populations and from different geographic regions are needed to further clarify the reasons for this discrepancy.

Differentiated precursor lesions and low-grade variants of squamous cell carcinomas are frequent findings in foreskins of patients from a region of high penile cancer incidence.

AIMS: About 10-20% of all penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) originate in the foreskin, but knowledge about preputial precursor and associated lesions is scant. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of various precancerous and cancerous lesions exclusively affecting the foreskin, and to describe their pathological features. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred consecutive circumcision specimens from symptomatic patients living in a region of high penile cancer incidence were analysed. Clinical diagnoses included mostly phimosis and chronic balanoposthitis (40 and 35 cases, respectively), but also a tumour mass (11 cases). Histopathological lesions found included: squamous hyperplasia in 61 cases; lichen sclerosus in 53 cases; penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) in 30 cases (all differentiated PeIN, with two cases showing multicentric foci of basaloid and warty-basaloid PeIN); and invasive SCC in 11 cases (three usual, three pseudohyperplastic, two verrucous-pseudohyperplastic, and one case each of basaloid, papillary and mixed usual-basaloid carcinomas). Lichen sclerosus was present in all low-grade SCC cases. Patients with no lesions were younger (mean age 44 years) than those with precursor lesions (mean age 54 years) or with invasive SCC (mean age 68 years). Immunohistochemistry for p16(INK4a) was performed in 19 precancerous lesions. All differentiated PeINs (18 lesions) were negative, and one basaloid PeIN was positive. CONCLUSIONS: The frequent coexistence of lichen sclerosus, squamous hyperplasia, differentiated PeIN and low-grade SCC suggests a common non-human papillomavirus related pathogenic pathway for preputial lesions, and highlights the importance of circumcision in symptomatic patients for the prevention of penile cancer.

Developments in the pathology of penile squamous cell carcinomas.

Most penile cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) originating in the epithelium covering glans, coronal sulcus, and foreskin. Several histologic subtypes have been described, each with distinctive clinicopathologic and outcome features. The most common subtype is the usual SCC, representing one half to two thirds of penile carcinomas. Penile verruciform tumors encompass verrucous, warty (condylomatous), and papillary, not otherwise specified, carcinomas. As a group, verruciform tumors are low grade, with low metastatic and mortality rates. In contrast, basaloid and sarcomatoid carcinomas are among the most aggressive penile tumors. Other SCC variants, such as carcinoma cuniculatum and pseudohyperplastic, adenosquamous and acantholytic carcinomas, are rare. The most relevant clinicopathologic and outcome features are outlined for each of these SCC subtypes, and an algorithm that might aid the pathologist in the histologic classification is presented. In addition, recommendations for handling penile cancer specimens, frozen section specimens, and pathology reports are provided.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma clinicopathological features, nodal metastasis and outcome in 333 cases.

PURPOSE: We evaluated clinicopathological features and outcomes in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 333 patients with homogeneous surgical treatment, including circumcision in 4, local excision in 2, partial penectomy in 194 and total penectomy in 133. Of the patients 153 also underwent bilateral groin dissection. Followup was 8 to 453 months (average 100). RESULTS: The usual type of squamous cell carcinoma was noted in 65% of cases. Higher histological grade, deeper anatomical infiltration, and vascular and perineural invasion were common findings in sarcomatoid, basaloid and adenosquamous carcinoma cases, correlating with a higher rate of nodal metastasis and mortality. These features were unusual in verrucous, papillary and warty carcinoma cases. Recurrence in 22% of cases was common for the sarcomatoid, basaloid and adenosquamous types but was not noted for verrucous carcinoma. Locoregional relapse was more common in cases of usual, mixed, papillary and warty carcinoma, and systemic relapse was typical in sarcomatoid and basaloid carcinoma cases. The overall metastasis rate was 24% and the 10-year survival rate was 82%. The highest mortality rate was observed within the first 3 years of followup. High grade tumors were more common in penectomy cases and carcinoma exclusive of the foreskin had a better prognosis. The nodal metastasis risk groups were low--verrucous, papillary and warty, intermediate--usual and mixed, and high risk--sarcomatoid, basaloid and adenosquamous. Mortality risk groups were low--mixed, papillary and warty, intermediate--usual and basaloid, and high risk--sarcomatoid. CONCLUSIONS: These data should help clinicians to design therapeutic strategies and followup protocols.

Pseudoglandular (adenoid, acantholytic) penile squamous cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and outcome study of 7 patients.

Almost half of penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are of the usual type but there is a variegated spectrum of morphologically distinctive subtypes. In a pathologic review of 375 uniformly diagnosed and treated patients with penile SCC, we found 7 tumors with predominant pseudoglandular or adenoid features. The aim of the study was to delineate clinicopathologic features and outcome of an unusual variant of penile SCC. Clinical charts and pathologic materials were reviewed. The following informations were obtained: patient's age, tumor site, size, histologic grade (1, 2, and 3), thickness in millimeters, anatomic level of invasion [corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum (CC)], vascular and perineural invasion, groin nodal status, and follow-up in months. These features were compared with those of 224 cases of usual SCCs. Median age of the patients was 54 years. Tumors were large (average 4.6 cm) and involved multiple sites in 4 cases; exclusively the glans in 2 and site was unknown in 1. Microscopically, tumors were SCC with acantholytic areas ranging from solid nests with early necrosis or empty pseudoluminal spaces lined by 1 layer of squamous cells or cylindrical cells strikingly simulating glands. Tumors were deeply infiltrating (4 invaded CC, 2 corpus spongiosum, and 1 invaded preputial dermis) and were of high histologic grade (6 cases). Vascular invasion was present in 4 cases and perineural invasion in 2. The differential diagnosis was with gland forming penile tumors (surface adenosquamous, mucoepidermoid, and urethral adenocarcinomas) and the angiosarcomatoid variant of sarcomatoid carcinomas. There was regional nodal metastasis in 3 patients, 2 of which died from disease. The other 5 were either alive with no evidence of disease (12 and 21 y after diagnosis) or died from causes other than penile cancer (3, 4, and 7 y after diagnosis). Comparing with usual SCCs, pseudoglandular SCCs were of higher grade (88% vs. 44%), invaded deeper into CC (71% vs. 52%), and showed a higher incidence of regional metastasis (42% vs. 25%) and higher mortality (29% vs. 19%).

Síndrome de Budd Chiari, presentación de caso y revisión de literatura / Budd Chiari syndrome, case presentation and literature review

Se reporta el caso de una paciente femenina de 41 años con distensión abdominal de 6 meses de evolución, acompañado de dolor en cuadrante superior derecho, hepatomegalia discreta, ascitis, cambios en pruebas hepáticas e imágenes de trombosis de las venas supra- hepáticas. Se describe su evolución y revisión de la literatura.

Remifentanil: o regime de infusão faz diferença na prevenção das respostas circulatórias à intubação traqueal? / Remifentanil: does the infusion regimen make a difference in the prevention of hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation?

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os opióides em doses elevadas diminuem a resposta circulatória à intubação traqueal. Entretanto, o lento perfil de recuperação dos opióides tradicionais pode limitar a utilização em altas doses. O remifentanil possui tempo de início e de término de ação rápidos e previsíveis, o que o diferencia dos demais. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi verificar a hipótese de que não há necessidade de iniciar a administração de remifentanil antes da indução com o propofol. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos, que receberam anestesia geral venosa total. No Grupo 1, a infusão de remifentanil (0,3 'g.kg-1.min-1) foi iniciada dois minutos antes da indução e, no Grupo 2, juntamente com a indução. Foram avaliadas as pressões arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média (PAS, PAD, PAM), freqüência cardíaca (FC), concentrações no local efetor de propofol (CEF-prop) e de remifentanil (CEF-remi) em três momentos: basal (M0); após a perda do contato verbal (M1); e após a intubação traqueal (M2). RESULTADOS: As pressões arteriais apresentaram reduções significativas em ambos os grupos, em M1 e M2. A CEF-remi foi maior no Grupo 1, em M1 e maior, no Grupo 2, em M2 (p < 0,05). Houve correlações estatísticas significativas entre o índice de sobrecarga vascular (ISV) e a variação tensional sistólica após perda do contato verbal, no Grupo 1 (r = -0,80; p < 0,01), e após a intubação traqueal, no Grupo 2 (r = -0,60; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: O remifentanil, administrado dois minutos antes da indução, com o propofol, não causou proteção cardiovascular adicional às manobras de intubação traqueal. Isso sugere que o início da infusão de remifentanil dois minutos antes da indução seja desnecessário.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High doses of opioids decrease the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation. However, the slow recovery profile of traditional opioids may limit the use of high doses. Remifentanil has a fast time of onset and is short acting, which differentiates it from the other drugs in this class. The primary objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that there is no need to initiate the administration of remifentanil before the induction with propofol. METHODS: Thirty patients, divided in two groups, who received total intravenous anesthesia, were evaluated. In Group 1, the infusion of remifentanil (0.3 'g.kg-1.min-1) was initiated two minutes before induction, and in Group 2, at the same time of the induction. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBP, MAP), heart rate (HR), concentration of propofol (CEF-prop) and remifentanil (CEF-remi) in the effector area in three moments: baseline (M0), after losing verbal contact (M1), and after tracheal intubation (M2) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in blood pressure in both groups at M1 and M2. CEF-remi was greater in Group 1, at M1, and greater in Group 2, at M2 (p < 0.05). There was a significant statistical correlation between the vascular overload index (VOI) and the variation of the systolic pressure after the loss of verbal contact in Group 1 (r = -0.80; p < 0.01) and in Group 2 after tracheal intubation (r = -0.60; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil administered two minutes before induction with propofol did not offer additional cardiovascular protection to tracheal intubation. This suggests that it is not necessary to start the infusion of remifentanil two minutes before anesthetic induction.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los opioides en dosis elevadas disminuyen la respuesta circulatoria a la intubación traqueal. Sin embargo, el lento perfil de recuperación de los opioides tradicionales puede limitar la utilización en altas dosis. El remifentanil posee tiempo de inicio y de término de acción rápidos y previsibles, lo que lo diferencia de los demás. El objetivo primario de este estudio fue verificar la hipótesis de que no hay necesidad de iniciar la administración de remifentanil antes de la inducción con el propofol. MÉTODO: Fueron evaluados 30 pacientes, divididos en dos grupos, que recibieron anestesia general intravenosa total. En el Grupo 1, la infusión de remifentanil (0,3 'g.kg-1.min-1) se inició dos minutos antes de la inducción y, en el Grupo 2, conjuntamente con la inducción. Se evaluaron las presiones arteriales sistólica, diastólica y promedio (PAS, PAD, PAM), frecuencia cardiaca (FC), concentraciones en el local efector de propofol (CEF-prop) y de remifentanil (CEF-remi) en tres momentos: basal (M0); después de la pérdida del contacto verbal (M1); y después de la intubación traqueal (M2). RESULTADOS: Las presiones arteriales presentaron reducciones significativas en los dos grupos: M1 y M2. La CEF-remi fue mayor en el Grupo 1, en M1 y mayor en el Grupo 2, en M2 (p < 0,05). Hubo correlaciones estadísticas significativas entre el índice de sobrecarga vascular (ISV) y la variación de tensión sistólica después de la pérdida del contacto verbal en el Grupo 1 (r = -0,80; p < 0,01) y después de la intubación traqueal en el Grupo 2 (r = -0,60; p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: El remifentanil administrado dos minutos antes de la inducción con el propofol no causó protección cardiovascular adicional a las maniobras de intubación traqueal. Eso nos sugiere que el inicio de la infusión de remifentanil dos minutos antes de la inducción sea innecesario.

[Remifentanil: does the infusion regimen make a difference in the prevention of hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation?]. / Remifentanil: o regime de infusão faz diferença na prevenção das respostas circulatórias à intubação traqueal?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High doses of opioids decrease the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation. However, the slow recovery profile of traditional opioids may limit the use of high doses. Remifentanil has a fast time of onset and is short acting, which differentiates it from the other drugs in this class. The primary objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that there is no need to initiate the administration of remifentanil before the induction with propofol. METHODS: Thirty patients, divided in two groups, who received total intravenous anesthesia, were evaluated. In Group 1, the infusion of remifentanil (0.3 microg.kg-1.min-1) was initiated two minutes before induction, and in Group 2, at the same time of the induction. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBP, MAP), heart rate (HR), concentration of propofol (CEF-prop) and remifentanil (CEF-remi) in the effector area in three moments: baseline (M0), after losing verbal contact (M1), and after tracheal intubation (M2) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in blood pressure in both groups at M1 and M2. CEF-remi was greater in Group 1, at M1, and greater in Group 2, at M2 (p < 0.05). There was a significant statistical correlation between the vascular overload index (VOI) and the variation of the systolic pressure after the loss of verbal contact in Group 1 (r = -0.80; p < 0.01) and in Group 2 after tracheal intubation (r = -0.60; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil administered two minutes before induction with propofol did not offer additional cardiovascular protection to tracheal intubation. This suggests that it is not necessary to start the infusion of remifentanil two minutes before anesthetic induction.

Prevalencia de infección por Helicobacter Pylori en pacientes sometidos a endoscopia alta / Prevalence of infection to helicobacter pylori in patients submissive endoscopía high

Tiene como objetivo fundamental la determinación de la prevalencia de Helicobacter Pylori, tanto en pacientes que padecen patología gastroduodenal como en individuos presumiblemente asintomáticos, que concurrieron al Hospital Metropolitano de Quito, a realizarse un estudio de endoscopía alta, durante un período de 26 meses. Fueron incluidos 3200 pacientes, divididos en un grupo sintomático (n=2480) y un grupo control (n=720), presumiblemente asintomáticos, sometidos a chequeo médico ejecutivo ambulatorio. Se tomaron muestras de biopsia del antro gástrico para análisis de ureasa y cuando se consideró necesario, para estudio histopatológio. No se realizaron estudios serológicos ni bacteriológicos. el Helicobacter Pylori fue encontrado mediante test de ureasa y técnica histológica en 1562 de 2480 (62.98 por ciento) de pacientes sintomáticos con patología gastroduodenal y en 417 de 720 (57.9 por ciento) de pacientes control...

Diagnóstico endoscópico del cáncer colo-rectal / Endoscópico diagnosis of the colo-rectal cancer

Ciento un pacientes con cáncer colo-rectal entraron en nuestro estudio retrospectivo desde 1994 hasta 1997. La edad en que predominó esta patología fue entre 60 y 70 años de edad y el sexo femenino resultó ser el más afectado. El principal motivo de consulta ffue el dolor abdominal, seguido de la pérdida de peso. El tipo histológico predominante es el adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado y la localización anatómica más frecuente estuvo en el recto. Nosotros revisamos las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes y debemos resaltar la importancia del diagnóstico endoscópico con Colonoscopias hechas en todos los casos. El aspecto macroscópico de todas las lesiones fue la variedad Ulcero-vegetante la cual se presentó en 66 pacientes.

Prevalencia de infección por helicobacter pylori en gastritis cronicas del antro: Discusión patogenica

Se estudia una poblacion de 100 casos consecutivos de gastritis crónicas histologicas de antro y se reconocen cuatro formas, que constituyen una serie continua por la edad media de individuos en cada grupo: gastritis crónica superficial, cronica superficial activa, cronica difusa y cronica atrofica. Se observa una prevalencia de 53 por ciento de helicobacter pylori en la población , es mayor en la gastritis cronica superficial activa (67 por ciento), hay incremento de la presencia del bacilo solo hasta los 40 años de edad, y de gastritis cronica hasta los 50 años, el numero de bacilos en los casos positivos, tiene alguna relación con el tipo de gastritis y es algo mayor en las formas activas, con colonización en la mayor parte de foveolas, aunque, cuando hay polimorfonucleares en la mucosa y microabcesos cripticos, pueden desaparecer completamente. Se discute el posible significado etiologico del bacilo, en las gastritis crónicas de antro, pero se postula también la hipótesis de que el bacilo curvo pudiera constituire}se en un habitante de la biota normal del estomago. La prevalencia de esta infección en esta casuistica de un hospital privado, es comparable a la de países desarrollados.

Pólipos en Colon

Los pólipos en colon son elevaciones que se proyectan a la luz del intestino y pueden ser únicas o múltiples, sésiles o pediculados. El conocimiento de la variedad de pólipo que se la puede realizar por biopsia y/o resección es muy importante para el diagnóstico y tratamiento. En el servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Metropolitano, se encontró una incidencia de póliposis de 7.5 por ciento luego de realizar 3309 estudios endoscópicos bajos, en los cuales se investigó el sexo, edad, localización y variedad histológica, enconstrándose mayor porcentaje de pólipos adenomatosos neoplásicos y no-neoplásicos.

Leiomiomas en el tracto gastrointestinal

El leiomioma (LM) representa el tumor benigno más comúndel tracto digestivo. El cuadro clínico depende del sitio de localización:en esófago cursan con disfagia sin provocar hemorragia. En estómago, duodeno e intestino delgado producen sangrado microscópico o masivo con melenas y rectorragias;y aquellos localizados en el colon, provocan por lo general, cambios en el hábito defecativo con presencia o no de sangre oculta en heces.La Endoscopía digestiva en todas sus formas, es un elemento diagnóstico y terapéutico de gran importancia. En el presente trabajo presentamos el resumen de ocho casos de leiomiomas, dos de localización esofágica, uno en estómago, uno en duodeno, uno en yeyuno y tres en el recto que corresponden a la mayoría de esta serie (37.5). La endoscopiadigestiva fue diagnóstica en el 87.5 de casos, se excluye el yeyunal por su inaccesibilidad. El de localización gástrica fue reportado en las biopsias endoscópicas como un LM, pero el estudio histopatológico de la pieza reveló que era un leiomiosarcoma. Dos casos de leiomioma rectal fueron hallazgos de endoscopia digestiva en pacientes sometidos a chequeo general. Solo un caso, el yeyunal,se presentó como masa abdominal palpable.

Intoxicación por fósforo blanco: lesiones hepáticas

Durante los años 1980-1982, se estudió la epidemiología y las características clínicas de pacientes de este servicio intoxicados por fósforo clanco. Se revisaron un total de 40 casos, todos los cuales presentaron vómito y dolor espigástrico; 92.5% desarrollaron ictericia. La mortalidad fue del 25.5%. Los hallazgos patológicos demostraron, en general, que la estructura lobulillar del parénquima hepático estuvo conservado al igual que las células de Kupffer. El hepatocito se presento con edema y condensación del citoplasma en una banda entre el núcleo y el polo secretorio. Necrosis hepatocelular se presentó solamente en siete pacientes