Interface-modulated kinetic differentials in electron and hole transfer rates as a key design principle for redox photocatalysis by Sb2VO5/QD heterostructures.

The efficient conversion of solar energy to chemical energy represents a critical bottleneck to the energy transition. Photocatalytic splitting of water to generate solar fuels is a promising solution. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are prime candidates for light-harvesting components of photocatalytic heterostructures, given their size-dependent photophysical properties and band-edge energies. A promising series of heterostructured photocatalysts interface QDs with transition-metal oxides which embed midgap electronic states derived from the stereochemically active electron lone pairs of p-block cations. Here, we examine the thermodynamic driving forces and dynamics of charge separation in Sb2VO5/CdSe QD heterostructures, wherein a high density of Sb 5s2-derived midgap states are prospective acceptors for photogenerated holes. Hard-x-ray valence band photoemission spectroscopy measurements of Sb2VO5/CdSe QD heterostructures were used to deduce thermodynamic driving forces for charge separation. Interfacial charge transfer dynamics in the heterostructures were examined as a function of the mode of interfacial connectivity, contrasting heterostructures with direct interfaces assembled by successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and interfaces comprising molecular bridges assembled by linker-assisted assembly (LAA). Transient absorption spectroscopy measurements indicate ultrafast (<2 ps) electron and hole transfer in SILAR-derived heterostructures, whereas LAA-derived heterostructures show orders of magnitude differentials in the kinetics of hole (<100 ps) and electron (∼1 ns) transfer. The interface-modulated kinetic differentials in electron and hole transfer rates underpin the more effective charge separation, reduced charge recombination, and greater photocatalytic efficiency observed for the LAA-derived Sb2VO5/CdSe QD heterostructures.

Linker-Assisted Assembly of Ligand-Bridged CdS/MoS2 Heterostructures: Tunable Light-Harvesting Properties and Ligand-Dependent Control of Charge-Transfer Dynamics and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

We used linker-assisted assembly (LAA) to tether CdS quantum dots (QDs) to MoS2 nanosheets via L-cysteine (cys) or mercaptoalkanoic acids (MAAs) of varying lengths, yielding ligand-bridged CdS/MoS2 heterostructures for redox photocatalysis. LAA afforded precise control over the light-harvesting properties of QDs within heterostructures. Photoexcited CdS QDs transferred electrons to molecularly linked MoS2 nanosheets from both band-edge and trap states; the electron-transfer dynamics was tunable with the properties of bridging ligands. Rate constants of electron transfer, estimated from time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) measurements, ranged from (9.8 ± 3.8) × 106 s-1 for the extraction of electrons from trap states within heterostructures incorporating the longest MAAs to >5 × 109 s-1 for the extraction of electrons from band-edge or trap states in heterostructures with cys or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3MPA) linkers. Ultrafast transient absorption measurements revealed that electrons were transferred within 0.5-2 ps or less for CdS-cys-MoS2 and CdS-3MPA-MoS2 heterostructures, corresponding to rate constants ≥5 × 109 s-1. Photoinduced CdS-to-MoS2 electron transfer could be exploited in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via the reduction of H+ to H2 in concert with the oxidation of lactic acid. CdS-L-MoS2-functionalized FTO electrodes promoted HER under oxidative conditions wherein H2 was evolved at a Pt counter electrode with Faradaic efficiencies of 90% or higher and under reductive conditions wherein H2 was evolved at the CdS-L-MoS2-heterostructure-functionalized working electrode with Faradaic efficiencies of 25-40%. Dispersed CdS-L-MoS2 heterostructures promoted photocatalytic HER (15.1 µmol h-1) under white-light illumination, whereas free cys-capped CdS QDs produced threefold less H2 and unfunctionalized MoS2 nanosheets produced no measurable H2. Charge separation across the CdS/MoS2 interface is thus pivotal for redox photocatalysis. Our results reveal that LAA affords tunability of the properties of constituent CdS QDs and MoS2 nanosheets and precise, programmable, ligand-dependent control over the assembly, interfacial structure, charge-transfer dynamics, and photocatalytic reactivity of CdS-L-MoS2 heterostructures.

Effect of Stereochemically Active Electron Lone Pairs on Magnetic Ordering in Trivanadates.

Stereoactive electron lone pairs derived from filled 5/6s2 states of p-block cations are an intriguing electronic and geometric structure motif that have been exploited for diverse applications such as thermoelectrics, thermochromics, photocatalysis, and nonlinear optics. Layered trivanadates are dynamic intercalation hosts, where the insertion of cations can be used to tune electron correlation, charge localization, and magnetic ordering. However, the interaction of 5/6s2 stereoactive electron lone pairs with layered trivanadates remains unexplored. In this study, we contrast s- and p-block trivanadates and map off-centering in the coordination environment and reduction in symmetry arising from the stereochemical activity of lone pair cations to the emergence of filled antibonding lone-pair 6s2-O 2p hybridized states. The former is studied by high-resolution single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of TlV3O8 and isostructural RbV3O8 to probe distinct differences in Tl and Rb coordination environments and the resulting modulation of V-V interactions in V3O8 slabs. The latter has been probed by variable-energy hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements, which manifest orbital-specific contributions from bonding and antibonding interactions of stereoactive Tl 6s2 electron lone pairs in TlV3O8. The spectroscopic assignment of valence band states to stereoactive lone pairs is further corroborated by first-principles electronic structure calculations, crystal orbital Hamilton population analyses, and electron localization function maps. The presence of the Tl 6s2 electron lone pair in TlV3O8 brings about the off-centering of Tl+ cations, which leads to anisotropy in Tl-O bonds. The off-centering of Tl ions weakens V-O bonds in one direction, which subsequently strengthens directional V-V coupling. Magnetic measurements reveal ferromagnetic signatures for both RbV3O8 and TlV3O8. However, the differences in V···V interactions significantly affect the energy balance of the superexchange interactions, resulting in an ordering temperature of 140 K for TlV3O8 as compared to 125 K for RbV3O8. The results demonstrate the distinctive effects of stereochemically active lone pairs in modifying electronic structure near the Fermi level and for mediating superexchange interactions.

The neurocognitive impact of loneliness and social networks on social adaptation.

Social adaptation arises from the interaction between the individual and the social environment. However, little empirical evidence exists regarding the relationship between social contact and social adaptation. We propose that loneliness and social networks are key factors explaining social adaptation. Sixty-four healthy subjects with no history of psychiatric conditions participated in this study. All participants completed self-report questionnaires about loneliness, social network, and social adaptation. On a separate day, subjects underwent a resting state fMRI recording session. A hierarchical regression model on self-report data revealed that loneliness and social network were negatively and positively associated with social adaptation. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis showed that loneliness was associated with decreased FC between the fronto-amygdalar and fronto-parietal regions. In contrast, the social network was positively associated with FC between the fronto-temporo-parietal network. Finally, an integrative path model examined the combined effects of behavioral and brain predictors of social adaptation. The model revealed that social networks mediated the effects of loneliness on social adaptation. Further, loneliness-related abnormal brain FC (previously shown to be associated with difficulties in cognitive control, emotion regulation, and sociocognitive processes) emerged as the strongest predictor of poor social adaptation. Findings offer insights into the brain indicators of social adaptation and highlight the role of social networks as a buffer against the maladaptive effects of loneliness. These findings can inform interventions aimed at minimizing loneliness and promoting social adaptation and are especially relevant due to the high prevalence of loneliness around the globe. These findings also serve the study of social adaptation since they provide potential neurocognitive factors that could influence social adaptation.

How Climate Literacy and Public Opinion Are the Driving Forces Behind Climate-Based Policy: A Student Perspective on COP27.

Despite the existence of a substantial amount of climate-related scientific data, misconceptions about climate change are still prevalent within public opinion. Dissemination of misinformation to the public through subjective media sources is a major challenge that climate scientists face. Implementation of climate policy is crucial for mitigation and adaptation measures required to curtail anthropogenic rooted climate change. This paper will discuss student perspectives on the 2022 United Nations climate summit in Egypt (COP27) related to climate literacy and public opinion as the driving forces behind the enactment and execution of important climate-based policy.

Thermochromic Fenestration Elements Based on the Dispersion of Functionalized VO2 Nanocrystals within a Polyvinyl Butyral Laminate.

The energy required to heat, cool, and illuminate buildings continues to increase with growing urbanization, engendering a substantial global carbon footprint for the built environment. Passive modulation of the solar heat gain of buildings through the design of spectrally selective thermochromic fenestration elements holds promise for substantially alleviating energy consumed for climate control and lighting. The binary vanadium(IV) oxide VO2 manifests a robust metal-insulator transition that brings about a pronounced modulation of its near-infrared transmittance in response to thermal activation. As such, VO2 nanocrystals are potentially useful as the active elements of transparent thermochromic films and coatings. Practical applications in retrofitting existing buildings requires the design of workflows to embed thermochromic fillers within industrially viable resins. Here, we describe the dispersion of VO2 nanocrystals within a polyvinyl butyral laminate commonly used in the laminated glass industry as a result of its high optical clarity, toughness, ductility, and strong adhesion to glass. To form high-optical-clarity nanocomposite films, VO2 nanocrystals are encased in a silica shell and functionalized with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, enabling excellent dispersion of the nanocrystals in PVB through the formation of siloxane linkages and miscibility of the methacrylate group with the random copolymer. Encapsulation, functionalization, and dispersion of the core-shell VO2@SiO2 nanocrystals mitigates both Mie scattering and light scattering from refractive index discontinuities. The nanocomposite laminates exhibit a 22.3% modulation of NIR transmittance with the functionalizing moiety engendering a 77% increase of visible light transmittance as compared to unfunctionalized core-shell particles. The functionalization scheme and workflow demonstrated, here, illustrates a viable approach for integrating thermochromic functionality within laminated glass used for retrofitting buildings.

Abdomen agudo quirúrgico relacionado con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a covid-19 en pediatría: reporte de caso / Acute surgical abdomen related to multisystem inflamatory syndrome associated with covid-19 in pediatrics

Resumen En el contexto de la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, se ha descrito una afección poco usual denominada síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños, asociada a COVID-19, en la cual los síntomas más frecuentes son los gastrointestinales. El dolor abdominal agudo severo se presenta hasta en un 60 % de los casos, requiriendoprincipalmente un diagnóstico diferencial con la apendicitis aguda. Se reporta el caso clínico de un adolescente quién presentó dolor abdominal, distensión, fiebre y diarrea, con proteína C reactiva muy elevada y hallazgos tomográficos compatibles con apendicitis aguda, por lo que se llevó a cirugía. Fue diagnosticado posteriormente con la enfermedad mencionada, tras reconsultar con fiebre y dolor abdominal. La apendicitis aguda en este síndrome se asocia con isquemia por la vasculitis intestinal y es una complicación inmunológica potencialmente mortal que debe considerarse por riesgo de perforación intestinal.

Abstract In the context of the disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, an unusual condition called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 has been described, and its most common symptoms are gastrointestinal. Severe acute abdominal pain occurs in up to 60% of cases, requiring mainly a differential diagnosis with acute appendicitis. It is described the clinical case of an adolescent who presented abdominal pain, bloating, fever and diarrhea, with very high C-reactive protein and tomographic findings compatible with acute appendicitis, for which he underwent surgery. He was later diagnosed with the disease, after consulting again with fever and abdominal pain. Acute appendicitis related to this syndrome is associated with ischemia due to intestinal vasculitis and is a life-threatening immunological complication due to the risk of intestinal perforation.

Supramolecular structure and technofunctional properties of starch modified by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP): A review.

This review focuses on describing and discussing recent findings regarding the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the supramolecular structure and technofunctional properties of starch, as well as on analyzing the hypothesis to explain these changes. The non-thermal modification of starch through HHP involves complex supramolecular structural changes that depend on the botanical source, amylose content, and treatment intensity. Overall, the granular morphology, lamellar and crystalline structures, and double helices undergo different degrees of modification/disorganization during HHP, but these changes are distinguished from thermal modification by an improvement at the same gelatinization degree. The HHP-induced supramolecular modifications determine the properties of starch, including water solubility, swelling power, pasting, water and oil holding capacity, thermal properties, and in vitro digestibility.

Tumor de colon como hallazgo incidental en un paciente con endocarditis por Streptococcus gallolyticus: experiencia desde la práctica clínica / Colon tumor as an incidental finding in a patient with endocarditis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus: experience from clinical practice

El Streptococcus gallolyticus del colon. La fisiopatología que explica este fenómeno implica el aumento local de niveles de lactato puede presentarse como el germen causal de la endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes con lesiones premalignas y malignas, colágeno, fibrinógeno y fibronectina secundario a la hiperactividad metabólica tumoral que genera un ambiente adecuado para el crecimiento y adhesión bacteriana a la pared intestinal y posterior translocación al torrente sanguíneo. Simultáneamente, se establece la presencia de infecciones secundarias por la formación de biofilms, tanto a nivel colorrectal como en válvulas cardíacas. El objetivo del manuscrito es un mapeo en la literatura médica disponible sobre la correlación entre la endocarditis por Streptococcus gallolyticus y las lesiones premalignas y malignas de colon. Simultáneamente, exponer la experiencia clínica de un hombre de 82 años con diagnóstico de endocarditis por Streptococcus gallolyticus y el hallazgo incidental de pólipos adenomatosos del colon(AU)

Streptococcus gallolyticus can present as the causative germ of infective endocarditis in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions of the colon. The pathophysiology that explains this phenomenon involves the local increase in lactate that can be presented as the causal germ of infective endocarditis in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions, collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin levels secondary to tumor metabolic hyperactivity, which generates a suitable environment for bacterial growth and adhesion to the intestinal wall and subsequent translocation to the bloodstream. Simultaneously, the presence of secondary infections is established due to the formation of biofilms, both at the colorectal level and in the heart valves. The objective of the manuscript is a mapping in the available medical literature on the correlation between Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis and premalignant and malignant colonic lesions. Simultaneously, to present the clinical experience of an 82-year-old man diagnosed with Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis and the incidental finding of adenomatous polyps of the colon(AU)

Hemoperfusión con dispositivo CytoSorb en paciente con COVID-19 / Hemoperfusion with the Cytosorb device in a patient with severe COVID-19

Resumen La enfermedad COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa ocasionada por el virus SARS-CoV 2 cuya presentación clínica es muy heterogénea: puede ir desde personas asintomáticas hasta pacientes críticamente enfermos, con tormenta de citoquinas, distrés respiratorio agudo, disfunción de órganos e incluso la muerte. Las terapias actuales para su tratamiento van encaminadas a reducir el impacto de la cascada inflamatoria, y dentro de estas encontramos las tecnologías de hemoadsorción como la membrana CytoSorb. A continuación, presentamos un paciente masculino de 31 años de edad, quien consultó por sintomatología severa de COVID-19 y mostró una evidente mejoría clínica y bioquímica posterior al uso del dispositivo CytoSorb. Este es el único paciente documentado en Colombia al que se le haya realizado terapia de hemoperfusión con este dispositivo en conjunto con terapia de reemplazo renal intermitente prolongada y se hayan registrado desenlaces clínicos favorables.

Abstract The COVID-19 disease is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV 2 virus whose clinical presentation is very heterogeneous: it can range from asymptomatic people to critically ill patients, with cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress, organ dysfunction and even death. Current therapies for its treatment are aimed at reducing the impact of the inflammatory cascade, and within these we find hemoadsorption technologies such as the CytoSorb membrane. Next, we present a 31-year-old male patient, who consulted due to severe symptoms of COVID-19 and showed an evident clinical and biochemical improvement after using the CytoSorb device. This is the only documented patient in Colombia who has undergone haemoperfusion therapy with this device in conjunction with prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy and favorable clinical outcomes have been recorded.

Study on health risk factors as a basis to implement programs that promote a nutritional culture in students of the la Sabana University.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays the importance of lifestyles in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome has been largely accertained. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our work is to implement programs that promote a nutritional culture in adolescents and young adults of the La Sabana University. METHODS: The methodology entailed, after the corresponding informed consent, taking measures of the triceps and supraescapular skinfolds, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), lean mass, and fat mass. Fasting blood samples were also taken to quantify cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). RESULTS: The results obtained show that of the 165 students, 10.3% were underweight, 13.93% were overweight and 0.6% were obese. With regards to gender, 4.8% of the men and 9% of the women were overweight, 3% of the men and 7.2% of the women were underweight, and 0.6% of the women were obese. The blood chemistry showed that 30% had hypercholesterolemia, 18% hypertriglyceridemia, 17% reported low HDL levels and 67% reported high LDL levels. Of all the cases studied, 40% are at risk of a metabolic syndrome. 60% claimed not to practice any physical activity - especially women who reported 44.70%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have allowed us at the institution to implement a culture of healthy habits. The have also allowed us to identify students with risk factors for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is why the cardiometabolic monitoring and control based on healthy eating and physical activity are important.

Respuesta al tratamiento inmunomodulador como criterio diagnóstico de cirrosis por hepatitis autoinmunitaria en una adulta colombiana / Response to immunomodulator treatment as diagnostic criterion of cirrhosis due to autoimmune hepatitis in a Colombian adult

Resumen: La hepatitis autoinmunitaria es una enfermedad inflamatoria progresiva que daña directamente los hepatocitos, a largo plazo y sin tratamiento oportuno lleva a cirrosis. En todo el mundo se estiman 11.6-35.9 casos/100,000 habitantes, por tanto, en la práctica médica es poco considerada entre los diagnósticos de hepatitis crónica; entre otras causas, debido a que los criterios diagnósticos simplificados para esta enfermedad son complejos, pues se centran en medios diagnósticos costosos y en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, se dificulta el acceso, la oportunidad del diagnóstico y el tratamiento, además, es importante considerar la sensibilidad de éstos. Se comunica el caso clínico de una paciente adulta con características clínicas de cirrosis por hepatitis autoinmunitaria, en quien la utilización de los métodos diagnósticos recomendados no favoreció el diagnóstico de enfermedad autoinmunitaria. El caso comunicado es atípico, destaca la mejoría clínica con el tratamiento inmunomodulador como criterio diagnóstico único de los criterios clásicos de 1999 para establecer el diagnóstico de hepatitis autoinmunitaria por la elevada sensibilidad de la respuesta al tratamiento evidenciada a las 48 horas. Es importante considerar el inicio del tratamiento inmunomodulador contra la hepatitis autoinmunitaria una vez descartadas las principales causas de hepatopatía crónica, a pesar de no cumplir los criterios diagnósticos, con lo que se frenó el avance de la enfermedad y el desenlace fatal en el paciente.

Abstract: Autoimmune hepatitis is a progressive inflammatory disease that directly attacks the hepatocytes, in the long term and without timely treatment leads to cirrhosis. Worldwide, it is estimated between 11.6-35.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants, therefore, in medical practice it is low considered in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis; because the simplified diagnostic criteria for this disease are complex, insofar as they focus on costly diagnostic means, and in lowand middle-income countries, it makes difficult the access, the opportunity for diagnosis and treatment. In addition, it is important to consider the sensitivity of these diagnostic means. This paper reports the clinical case of an adult woman with clinical features of cirrhosis due to autoimmune hepatitis, in which the use of recommended diagnostic methods did not directly favor the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. This clinical case is atypical, highlighting the clinical improvement with immunosuppressive treatment, considered a single diagnostic criterion of the classical criteria of 1999 to determine the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis, due to the high sensitivity of the response to the treatment evidenced at 48 hours. It is important to consider the initiation of immunosuppressive treatment of hepatitis autoinmunitaria, once the main causes of chronic liver disease have been ruled out, despite not meeting the diagnostic criteria, thus slowing the progression of the disease and a fatal outcome in the patient.

Miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho / Arrytmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

La miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho es una patología, en la mayoría de los casos de origen genético autosómico dominante caracterizado por el compromiso, tanto morfológico como funcional, del ventrículo derecho en el que se reemplaza el tejido del miocardio normal por tejido fibroadiposo, generando un sustrato arritmogénico. Se debe sospechar en todo paciente joven que presente síncope, taquiarritmia ventricular o paro cardiaco. Su diagnóstico se establece por la sumatoria de criterios que incluyen hallazgos morfológicos, electrocardiográficos y alteraciones funcionales. En la actualidad no hay un tratamiento único establecido; sin embargo, se sigue trabajando en el diagnóstico temprano y el uso de terapias más avanzadas. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura en el contexto de la presentación de un caso clínico diagnosticado en la ciudad de Bucaramanga en un adulto joven de género masculino. MÉD.UIS. 27(3):123-134.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is a pathology, mostly genetic of dominant autosomic pattern characterized by both morphologic and functional compromise of the right ventricle in which normal myocardial tissue its replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue generating an arrhythmogenic substrate. It must be evaluated in all young patients presenting syncope, ventricular tachyarrhythmia or cardiac arrest. Its diagnosis it's established upon the consideration of morphological criteria, electrocardiographic findings and functional alterations. Currently there is not a definite treatment established; however there is ongoing research in early diagnosis and advanced therapies usage. In this article we provide a literature review in the context of a clinical case diagnosed in a male young adult from the city of Bucaramanga in Colombia. MÉD.UIS. 27(3):123-134.

Factores promotores de cultura nutricional en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes de la Universidad de La Sabana / Promoting factors of nutritional culture in adolescents and young adult of the Universidad de La Sabana

Objetivo: Evaluar la composición corporal, el perfil lipídico y principales hábitos de vida saludable en la población estudiada. Materiales y métodos: Medición de la composición corporal por medio de impedanciómetro, muestras de sangre para la determinación de colesterol total, triglicéridos y lipoproteínas (HDL y LDL) en 161 jóvenes universitarios (17-28 años). Resultados: 74.6 % normopeso, 10.5 % bajo peso, 14.2 % sobrepeso y 1 % obesidad. Química sanguínea: 23 % presentaba hipercolesterolemia, 13.7 % hipertrigliceridemia, 31% bajo c-HDL y 2.5 % alto c-LDL. Un 40.63 % de las mujeres y 50 % de los hombres son fumadores; 40 % de las mujeres y 21.5 % de los hombres consume frutas diariamente; 17 % de las mujeres y 33.33 % de los hombres consume alcohol de manera semanal. El 62.50 % de la población entrevistada que se encuentra en sobrepeso refirió que no realiza actividad física. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos nos sugieren que es importante reforzar en nuestra población una cultura de hábitos saludables, caracterizada por una alimentación saludable y una mayor actividad física, que constituyen dos de las principales alternativas para la prevención de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles.

Introduction: The assessment of body composition, as well as knowledge of risk factors among young university students is of great interest. Objectives: To evaluate body composition, lipid profile and characterize students' health lifestyles. Materials and methods: University students (n=161) (17-28 years), were tested for body composition by impedance meter, blood samples for total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein (HDL and LDL). Results: 74.6 % had normal weight, 10.5 % were underweight, 14.2 % overweight and 1 % were obese. Blood chemistry: 23% had hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia 13.7 %, 3% low HDL-C and 2.5 % high LDL-C. A 40.63 % of women and 50% of men are smokers, 40% of women and 21.5 % of men consume fruits daily, 17 % of women and 33.33 % of men consume alcohol on a weekly basis. Of the surveyed overweight population, 62.50 % do not engage in physical activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest the importance of strengthening healthy practices in the students population; healthy diet and increased physical activity, are two of the main alternatives for the prevention of chronic non-reportable diseases.

La obesidad y su relación con otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población de estudiantes universitarios del centro de Bogotá / Obesity and its relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors in a population of university students in downtown Bogotá

La obesidad y sus complicaciones constituyen una de las principales pandemias a nivel mundial, en especial la Diabetes tipo 2 que está asociada a la resistencia a la insulina. El propósito de este trabajo es describir la relación existente entre la obesidad y otros de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población de estudiantes universitarios del centro de Bogotá. Previo consentimiento informado, se procedió a la medición de la composición corporal, a través de la toma de: pliegue tricipital y supraescapular mediante adipometro, perímetro de cintura, índice de Masa Corporal, Masa Magra, Masa Grasa y porcentaje de grasa entre otras. También se realizaron tomas de muestras de sangre para determinar glucemia, colesterol total, triglicéridos y lipoproteínas, cuya relación permite el cálculo del índice aterogénico. De una muestra final de 76 estudiantes, el 15,5% presenta sobrepeso; el 76,5 % está dentro de rangos considerados normales; y el 8,0% presenta bajo peso. En lo referente a los datos por sexo, se encontró que un 5,5 % de hombres y un 19,0% de las mujeres presentaban sobrepeso y un 5,5% de los hombres y un 8,6 % de las mujeres presentaban bajo peso, en ningún caso hubo personas obesas. El perímetro de cintura varió entre 68 y 97 cm en hombres y entre 61 y 92 cm en mujeres, finalmente el porcentaje de grasa estuvo entre 27,6 a 30,7 en hombres y entre 11,0 a 36,9 en mujeres. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos, es importante promover en nuestra población una cultura de hábitos saludables, caracterizada por una alimentación saludable y una mayor actividad física; también se recomienda, especialmente durante los primeros años de vida, ya que es en esta etapa donde se adquieren o instauran gran parte de los mismos y que en muchos casos permanecerán toda la vida.

Obesity and its complications are one of the major pandemics at the global level, especially type 2 diabetes that is associated with insulin resistance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors of university students in downtown Bogota. After obtaining an informed consent, we proceeded to the measurement of the following body parts: triceps skinfold and suprascapular through adipometer, waist circumference, body mass index, lean mass, fat mass and fat glucose, total percentage among others. Blood samples were also taken to determine blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins, whose relationship allows the calculation of the atherogenic index. From a final sample of 76 students, 15.5 % was overweight; 76.5 % was considered within normal ranges; and the 8.0 % was underweight. In regard to the data by sex, it was found that a 5.5 % of men and 19.0 % of women were overweight and 5.5 % of men and 8.6 % of the women had low weight, there were no obese people in any case. The waist perimeter varied between 68 and 97 cm in men and between 61 and 92 cm in women, finally the fat percentage was between 27.6 and 30.7 in men and from 11.0 to 36.9 in women. Taking into account the results obtained, it is important to promote in our population a culture of healthy habits, characterized by a healthy diet and increased physical activity; it is also recommended, especially during the first years of life, as it is in this stage where the majority of these habits are acquired and will last for life.

Expresión de los receptores hormonales (RE/RP) y sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu en carcinoma ductal infiltrante / Expression of hormone receptors receptors (ER/RP) and overexpression of HER-2/neu protein overexpression in infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Introducción: El grado de diferenciación tumoral, la expresión de los receptores de estrógeno y progesterona y la sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu son factores de tipo pronóstico y predictivo importantes en la evolución y conducta terapéutica del carcinoma mamario infiltrante. Se ha encontrado en diversos estudios que los inmunofenotipos que no expresan los receptores hormonales o que sobre expresan la proteína HER-2/neu se asocian con pobre diferenciación tumoral. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil inmunofenotípico del carcinoma ductal infiltrante y establecer su relación con el grado de diferenciación tumoral. Metodología: Usando técnicas de inmunohistoquímica se determinaron los receptores de estrógeno (RE) y progesterona (RP), y la sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu en muestras de carcinoma ductal infiltrante y se identificaron sus fenotipos basados en la clasificación de Cheang. La variedad histológica y el grado de diferenciación tumoral en los carcinomas ductales infiltrantes fueron evaluados en tejido coloreado con hematoxilina-eosina. Resultados: Se incluyeron las muestras de 58 pacientes con carcinoma ductal infiltrante. El 15,5% de los carcinomas eran bien diferenciados, 63,8% moderadamente diferenciados y el 20,7% restante pobremente diferenciados. El inmunofenotipo triple negativo se presentó en 29,3% de las muestras, HER2+ en el 20,7%, luminal/ HER2+ en el 1,7%, luminal A en el 43,1% y ER-/PR+/HER2- en el 5,2%. Conclusión: En nuestro estudio, no se encontró asociación entre el grado de diferenciación tumoral y los inmunofenotipos. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 149-158.

Introduction: The degree of tumor differentiation, the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2/ neu protein overexpressing are important prognostic and predictive factors in the evolution and therapeutic management of invasive breast carcinoma. In different studies were found that the immunophenotypes that do not express hormonal receptors or the HER-2/neu protein overexpressing have been associated with poor tumor differentiation. Purpose: To determine the immunophenotypic profile of invasive ductal carcinoma and establish its relationship with the histological grade. Methodology: Using immunohistochemistry were determined the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone (PR) and HER-2/neu protein overexpression in invasive ductal carcinoma samples and their phenotypes were identified based on classification of Cheang. The histological subtype and degree of tumor differentiation in invasive ductal carcinomas were evaluated in tissue stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results: In this study were included 58 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. 15.5% of the carcinomas were well differentiated, 63.8% moderately differentiated and the remaining 20.7% poorly differentiated. The triple-negative immunophenotype was show in 29.3% of the samples, HER2+ in the 20.7%, luminal/HER2 + in the 1.7%, luminal A in the 43.1% and the phenotype (ER-/PR+/HER2) in the 5.2%. Conclusion: In this study don't was found association between the degree of tumor differentiation and the immunophenotypes. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 149-158.

Algunas consideraciones sobre la prevalencia actual de Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, coccidios, microsporidios y mixosporidios en Colombia / Some considerations on the actual Prevalence of: Histolytica Entamoeba, Giardia duodenalis, Coccidios, Microsporidios and Mixosporidios in Colombia

Las enfermedades producidas por protozoos intestinales patógenos son causa de alta morbilidad, aunque no de una alta mortalidad. Se diseminan fácilmente al transmitirse por el consumo de agua o alimentos contaminados con materia fecal de individuos o de animales infectados. La distribución de estos protozoos intestinales es amplia en todo el territorio nacional, pero se desconoce su prevalencia actual. Por lo anterior, es importante incentivar a las autoridades en salud a mantener registros actualizados de prevalencia de Entamoeba histolytica y Giardia duodenalis; además, diagnosticar y confirmar la presencia de otros agentes etiológicos como coccidios, microsporidios y mixosporidios. Estos últimos se transmiten por el consumo de pescado. Por lo anterior, es necesario implementar medidas de prevención y control adecuado, teniendo en cuenta la situación actual de cada departamento del país...

The diseases caused by intestinal protozoa pathogens cause high morbidity, not of high mortality. They spread easily by transmission consuming water or food contaminated with fecal material from infected animals or human beings. The distribution of these intestinal protozoa is huge in all the national territory, but its prevalence is unknown. Therefore, is very important incentive the health autorities to keep actualized information of the prevalence of the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis. Furthermore try to diagnose and confirm the presence of any other etiological agents as coccidias, microsporidias and mixosporidias. These previous one transmitted via fish. Therefore, it’s very important to implement adecuate ways to prevent and control, taking into account the real situation of each state of the country...

Estandarización de una técnica de inyección de resinas poliéster para el estudio de la vasculatura cerebral / Standardization of a technique of injecting polyester resins for studying the brain vasculature

Introducción: La enfermedad cerebro vascular en nuestro medio tiene una alta tasa de morbi mortalidad. Dentro de las técnicas anatómicas utilizadas para el estudio de la irrigación de diversas estructuras y órganos se destaca la inyección de látex neopreno, acetato de vinilo y de diferentes polímeros tipo silicona, seguida de corrosión parcial o total de las estructuras anatómicas. Para poder establecer el patrón de irrigación de una muestra de población colombiana se desarrolló una técnica de inyección de resinas tipo poliéster. Materiales y métodos: Para la implementación de la técnica se analizaron 122 encéfalos de sujetos mestizos de sexo masculino provenientes de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Las edades de los sujetos variaron entre los 15 y 65 años que no presentaban ninguna patología que comprometiera el sistema nervioso. El procedimiento incluyó la cateterización de las arterias carótida interna (ACI) y vertebral en forma bilateral, lavado y prefijado del lecho vascular con 100 ce de formaldehído al 10% y la posterior inyección de 100 ce de resina de poíiésíer impregnada de color rojo mineral. Conclusiones: Esta técnica económica pennite por medio de la fácil manipulación de las muestras, conservar las características anatómicas de los vasos sanguíneos, su apariencia, relaciones estructurales externas, lo cual es de gran relevancia en la evaluación de las diferentes alteraciones.

Introducción: La enfermedad cerebrovascular en nuestro medio tiene una alta tasa de morbimortalidad. Dentro de las técnicas anatómicas utilizadas para el estudio de la irrigación de diversas estructuras y órganos se destaca la inyección de látex neopreno, acetato de vinilo y de diferentes polímeros tipo silicona, seguida de corrosión parcial o total de las estructuras anatómicas. Para poder establecer el patrón de irrigación de una muestra de población colombiana se desarrolló una técnica de inyección de resinas tipo poliéster. Material y métodos: Para la implementación de la técnica se analizaron 122 encéfalos de sujetos mestizos de sexo masculino provenientes de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Las edades de los sujetos variaron entre los 15 y 65 años que no presentaban ninguna patología que comprometiera el sistema nervioso. El procedimiento incluyó la cateterización de las arterias carótida interna (ACI) y vertebral en forma bilateral, lavado y prefijado del lecho vascular con 100 cc de formaldehído al 10 % y la posterior inyección de 100 cc de resina de poliéster impregnada de color rojo mineral. Conclusiones: Esta técnica económica permite por medio de la fácil manipulación de las muestras, conservar las características anatómicas de los vasos sanguíneos, su apariencia, relaciones estructurales externas, lo cual es de gran relevancia en la evaluación de las diferentes alteraciones.

Serun insulin in clomiphene responders and nonresponders with polycystic ovarian disease

Objetivo. Investigar las concentraciones plasmáticas de insulina de mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) respondedoras y no respondedoras citrato de clomifeno (CC). Diseño. Estudio abierto y prospectivo. Sitio. Consulta externa de una clínica de esterilidad en una institución médica de tercer nivel. Pacientes. Diez mujeres sanas (grupo 1) y 35 pacientes con SOP clasificadas como respondedoras. (grupo 2 n = 10) o no respondedoras (grupo 3 n = 25) con base en progesterona sérica ò 19 nmol/L en respuesta a la administración repetida de CC en dosis de hasta 250 mg/día por cinco días. Las mujeres fueron subsecuentemente divididas si su índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue menor (N) o mayor (A) a media + 3 desviaciones estándar del grupo. Intervenciones: se obtuvieron muestras de sangre durante una curva de tolerancia oral a 100 g de glucosa (CTOG) tanto en ayuno como cada 30 minutos por 2 horas. Métodos. De cada muestra de sangre se obtuvo suero y en él se midieron glucosa, insulina, testosterona libre (TL), sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEA-S) y androstenediona (A). Se calculó el área bajo la curva (ABC) de estas sustancias. Resultados. El grupo 3 tuvo mayor IMC, LH, insulina basal y ABC de insulina que los grupos 1 y 2; la TL fue más alta en los grupos 2 y 3 que en el 1, y la PRL fue mayor en el grupò 2 que en los grupos 1 y 3. Cuando se investigó un IMC ó 25.4 kg/m² (promedio + 1 desviación estándar del grupo 1) 77 por ciento de mujeres con SOP respondieron al CC (10 de 13); con IMC > a 25.4 km/m², ninguna de ellas respondió (n = 22), independientemente del nivel de insulina basal o en ABC. Conclusiones. Se sugiere que el sobrepeso, moderado o excesivo, está más frecuentemente asociado a una respuesta negativa al CC en mujeres con SOP que la hiperinsulinemia

Diagnóstico regional de los problemas territoriales del departamento de La Paz / Es

En este trabajo no se ha pretendido hacer un diagnóstico del problema regional integral sino más bien, un diagnóstico preliminar de caracter físico-espacial del departamento de La Paz y finalmente una propuesta de intervención en el medio, basado en modelos de desarrollo urbano rural planteados en un proyecto de grado elaborado en el año 1988 para el norte del departamento bajo convenio establecido entre la UMSA Y CORDEPAZ de esta manera se ha deseado contribuir con una base referncial para futuros trabajos de carácter multidisciplinario e interinstitucional